The document summarizes key features of the Indian constitution: 1. It is one of the longest and most detailed written constitutions in the world, originally containing 395 articles across 22 parts and 8 schedules, and now containing 448 articles across 25 parts and 12 schedules after amendments. 2. It establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government and an independent judiciary. 3. It guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens and also outlines corresponding fundamental duties. It aims to balance rigidity and flexibility through different amendment procedures for ordinary and special provisions. 4. The constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950. It

1. Internal Assessment
Subject-: DEGG
Name -: Kaustubh Narhar Ahirrao
Enrollment no -: V/20/004
Feathers and Characteristics of Indian
constitution .

2. About constitution
 The indian constitution is a supreme
law of india .It frames fundamental
and political principles ,procedures ,
practices ,rights ,powers and duties of
government .
 The constitution of india was adopted
on 26th nov 1949 ,and it came into
effect on 26 jan 1950.
 Constitution of india was drafted by
Dr B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman of
drafting comittee)

3. 1.Lenthiest written constitution.
 It is one of the bulkiest constitution in the world.
 The bulkiness of the Constitution is due to many features which have been
borrowed by India from Constitutions of various countries.
 Originally it contains 395 articles, 22 parts and 8 schedules.
 After Amendments now it contains 448 articles ,25 parts and 12 schedules.
 Last amendment became on 25 january 2020.
 It has been amended by 104 times .
 The length of the constitution is because of several factors: -
1. It incorporates the experience of all leading constitution.
2. It prescribes constitution for the union as well as for the states.
3. It incorporates detailed provisions regarding centre – state relations.
4. It incorporates special provisions for Jammu Kashmir.
5. It includes justifiable and non – justifiable rights.
6. It contains special provisions to meet regional problems.

4. 2. Single citizenship
 There is provision of single citizenship in India.
 A person may be living in any state, but he is the citizen of India alone.
 The principle of double citizenship promotes regionalism and
provincialism whereas the principle of single citizenship promotes national
unity, therefore the principle of single citizenship is adopted in India.
 Under the Constitution, everyone is a citizen of India who on the 26th Of
January, 1950 had domicile of India and who
• Is born in India
• Either whose parents was born in India
• Had been ordinarily resident in India for not less than 5 years.

5. 3. Fundamental Rights
 The fundamental Rights are guaranteed by the constitution to all its
citizens through Part III of the constitution
 i) Right to Equality
 (ii) Right to Freedom
 (iii) Right to freedom of Religion .
 (iv) Cultural and Educational Rights.
 (v) Right against Exploitation.
 (vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32).
 One can approach the Supreme Court directly in case of violation of
Fundamental Rights.

6. 4. Fundamental duties .
 Constitution provides a list of 11 duties of the citizens, known as
the Fundamental Duties (Article 51A).
 To abide by the Constitution and respect the ideals and Institutions.
 To respect the National Flag and the National Anthem.
 To realize and follow the essential ideals of secularism, democracy and
non-violence.
 To preserve the culture and heritage.
 To protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of the nation.
 To safeguard the public property.
 To defend the country even at the cost of our life.
 To develop scientific temper.
 To protect natural resources.
 To avoid Dowry, Gambling, and other Social evils.
 To strive towards excellence in the respective spheres of activities of
the individuals

7. 5.India as Democratic ,socialist
,sovereign ,secular and republic state.
 Democratic state: means that the citizens of India have the power to elect their
representatives in the government and , the government is responsible to the
people.
 Socialist state because the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution the achievement
of socialist goals are through democratic and non-violent means.
 Sovereign state because it is absolutely independent and it is not under the
control of any other state. Manages its all internal and external affairs freely.
 Secular state as the state has no specific religion of its own. Every citizen is free to
follow, practice, and profess the religion of their choice.
 Republic state :as it is not ruled by a heredity monarch, whereas, the head of the
state (the President) is elected by the people indirectly for a fixed period of 5 years.

8. 6.Parliamentary system of Government.
 Indian Constitution provides for a parliamentary form of
government.
 President is the nominal or Constitutional head of the state.
He is elected from elected members from Rajya Sabha
(Council of States) and Lok Sabha (the House of the People),
as well as the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies
of States and the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry,
according to the Election Commission for a fixed period of 5
years.
 Prime Minister is the real or executive head of the state and
is collectively responsible for the management of the Council
of Ministers. The Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers
are directly elected by the Indian citizens in their respective
constituencies.

9. 7.Independent Judiciary.
 The constitution provides Independent judiciary
 i.e is free from interference from the other organs of the government.
 Judges are appointed by the President.
 Judges of Supreme Court cannot be removed from office except
through an extremely complex process.
 Supreme Court judges salaries, pensions, and allowances are charged
to India's Consolidated Fund
 Power to punish for self – disregard.
 Ban on judges practice after retirement…etc

10. 8. Mixture of Rigidity and Flexibile.
 The Constitution of India is said to be the perfect mixture of rigidity and
flexibility.
 It is because some provisions of the Constitution can be amended very easily
while complex processes can only amend the others.
 As per Article 368, of the Constitution provides for two special methods of
amendment:
 (i) Most of the provisions of the Constitution can be amended by the Union
Parliament by passing an Amendment Bill by a majority of total membership
and 2/3rd majority of members present and voting in each of its two Houses.
 (ii) For the amendment of some specified parts, a very rigid method has been
provided. Under it, first the Union Parliament passes the Amendment Bill by a
majority of total membership and 2/3rd majority of members present and
voting in each house , and then it goes to the State Legislatures for ratification.
The Amendment gets passed only when it is approved by not less than one
half of the several states of the Union.

11. 9. Directive Principles of State Policy
 Part IV of the Constitution, the Directive Principles of State Policies
aims to make India a welfare state.
 This part of the Constitution mentions certain guidelines for the State
with the objective of socio-economic development.
 All three governments of the country, Central, State, and Local are
expected to frame welfare policies in accordance with this part of the
Constitution
 The Directive Principles are not enforceable by the courts for their
violation.

12. 10.Judicial Activism and Judicial Review.
 Judicial Activism:
 Through the Public Interest Litigation system (PIL) and many
other ways, the judiciary has been keeping an eye on the
functioning of the legislature and the executive and if the
judiciary feels that there is a need for some more effective
policies or laws on a certain topic of public importance, the
Judiciary can suggest or make temporary laws in the favor of
those topics.
 Judicial Review:
 This part of the Constitution gives the judiciary a right to
review each law and further declare them as unconstitutional
or invalid according to the decisions.

13. Thank you