internet services come to us through different type of sources. but the most converging source of service provider is satellites. today this presentation use satellites to provide the service.

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Martensson
What is a satellite
• A satellite is an object that moves around a larger object.
• Man-made satellites are machines made by people. These
machines are launched into space and orbit Earth or another body
in space.
• . Some take pictures of our planet.
• Other satellites send TV signals and phone calls around the world.
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Parts of Satellite
Some parts of the satellite ar
• Antennas
e:Command and data control systems
• Power systems
• cameras and scientific sensors
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How Satellite
orbit Earth?
• A satellite orbits Earth when its
speed is balanced by the pull of
Earth's gravity.
• Without this balance, the satellite
would fly in a straight line off into
space or fall back to Earth.
• A geostationary satellite orbits
around the Earth in the same
direction the Earth is spinning and
with the same speed
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Crashing Of Satellites
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• NASA and other U.S. and international organizations keep track
of satellites in space.
• A satellite is launched and it is placed into an orbit designed to
avoid other satellites.
• But orbits can change over time.
• The chances of a crash increase as more and more satellites are
launched into space.

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First Satellites In Space
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• The Soviet Union was the first to launch
a satellite into space. The satellite was
launched in 1957 and was called Sputnik
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• NASA has launched many satellites into
space. The first was Explorer 1 in 1958.
Explorer was America's first man-made
satellite. The first satellite picture of
Earth came from NASA's Explorer 6 in
1959

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9. Communication
satellites

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• Working:
It works generally by the ground component which is a fixed
transmission,reception and space component which is a satellite itself.
A typical satellite link involves the transmission or uplinking of a signal from
an Earth station to a satellite. The satellite then receives and amplifies the
signal and retransmits it back to Earth, where it is received and reamplified by
Earth stations and terminals

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Martensson
Types:
1.Satellite phones:
Ththe first and historically most important use of communications satellites. The
fixed Public Switched Telephone Network carries telephone calls from landline
phones to an earth station, from where they are transmitted to a geostationary
satelliteey are.
The downlink follows an analogous path. With significant improvements in
submarine communications cables through the use of fiber optics, satellites are no
longer being used for fixed telephony on the same scale.

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2. Satellite Television
Satellite television is when television programming is delivered to viewers by relaying
it from a communications satellite orbiting the earth directly to the viewer’s location.
The signals are received through an outdoor parabolic antenna called a satellite dish
and a low-noise block downconverter.
A satellite receiver - either an external set-top box, or a built-intelevision tuner -
decodes the desired television programme for vprogram a television set. Satellite
television offers a wide range of channels and services.

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Martensson
3. Satellite Internet:
Satellite Internet access refers to Internet access made possible through communications
satellites.
Today, consumer grade consumer-gradernet service is typically offered to people through
geostationary satellites that can provide relatively high data speeds, especially thanks to
newer satellites using Ku band to achithe eve downstream data speeds up to 506 Mbit/s.
After the 1990s, satellite communication technology has been used as a means to connect
to the Internet using broadband data connections.

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4. Satellites used for Military Purposes:
Communications satellites are also used for military communications
applications, such as Global Command and Control Systems.
Military systems that use communication satellites are the MILSTAR, the
DSCS, and the FLTSATCOM of the United States, NATO satellites, UK
satellites (for example, Skynet), and satellites of the former Soviet Union.

15. Navigational Satellite

16. • Satellite Navigation is based on a global network of satellites that transmit radio
signals from medium earth orbit.
• these system spread around the world.
• it is used to locate the position of smartphone or car on ground recieves signals from
the satelites.
• some specific parameters in signals are used to find the position on earth.
• every country has their own navigational systems.
• the process of computing the position is very difficult.(navigation satelite to find our
position)

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Martensson
• The ground system also plays a critical role. measures signal
strength by antennas.
• then correction is computed and sent periodically to the satellites.
• GNNS is a modern navigational satellite.
• provide services with precise time and price measurements.
(report search and locating troubling people).
provides services for European government(high precision for
sensitive application

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• Whatsapp location sending location on
Facebook,visit your friends truck drivers to find
location.
• ships uses GNNS when you forget rout in
mountains, ship stuck in the sea.
• losing satelites one day creates problems in life.
• we cant repair satelites but earth equipments,also
maintain satellites.
Importance in Daily Life

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• We can built cars that runs without
man,packages can be sent through drones.
• There are two main resons for this;
• First literlly we have put our lives on
electronic machines.
• Second today man knows how to steal your
packages by penetrating through satelites.
• In future scientist wants to navigate satelites
on moon and mars.
Future Benefits

20. Weather Satellite

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• A weather satellite or meteorological satellite is a type of Earth observation satellite
that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. Satellites can
be polar orbiting (covering the entire Earth asynchronously), or geostationary
(hovering over the same spot on the equator).
• These satellites are able to photograph, track, and measure the conditions
of large-scale air movements.
• Satellites with meteorological instrumentation were first launched
in1950's.TRIOS-1 was the first meterological satellite.It was launched on April
1960.

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Martensson
How do these satellites work?
• weather satellites carry instruments called radiometers (not cameras) that scan the Earth to
form images. These instruments usually have some sort of small telescope or antenna, a
scanning mechanism, and one or more detectors that detect either visible, infrared, or
microwave radiation for the purpose of monitoring weather systems around the world.

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Uses :
• El Niño and its effects on weather are monitored daily from satellite images.
• Detect movement of storm systems and cloud patterns.
• Can detect effects of pollution, auroras, sand storms, energy flows and other envoirnmental
information is collected using weather satellites.
• Even pollution can be pinpointed.
• The visual and infrared photos show effects of pollution from their respective areas over the
entire earth.
• Aircraft and rocket pollution can also be spotted.
• Ice floes, packs, and bergs can also be located and tracked from weather spacecraft.

24. Polar satellites
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• . A satellite that revolves in a planar orbit.
• . These satellites revolved around the earth in a north south direction
around the earth as opposed to east west like the geostationary satellites.
• Examples:
• Landsat,( NOAA-15, -18 , -19, -20 AND -21) ERSetc.
• Importance of polar satellites:
• Polar satellites provide imagery and atmospheric soundings of temperature and
moisture data over the entire earth.
• Circle at a low altitude, between 200 and 100 km above the serface

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Martensson
• Polar is a cylindrical satellite of 2.4 meters in height built by the “astro space”
division of martin Marietta.
• WiND is a stabilized satellite rotation at a speed of 10 rpm about its axis which is
maintained perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic.
• . height range between 500 to 800 kilometers.
Characteristics:
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• For the polar satellite of the earth the period of revolution or orbital period is
approximately 100 minutes.
• Sometimes these satellites takes one and a half hours to complete the one
revolution in its orbit.
Time period
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 Through satellite transmission, coverage over geographical area is quite large mainly for sparsely populated
areas. High bandwidth and broadcast possibilities .
 Wireless and mobile communication applications can be easily established by satellite communication
independent of location.
 It is used in wide variety of applications such as global mobile communication, private business networks,
Long distance telephone transmission, weather forecasting, radio/TV signal broadcasting, gathering
intelligence in military, navigation of ships and air crafts, connecting remote areas, television distribution
etc.
 Security in satellite transmission is usually provided by the coding and decoding equipment.
 Service from one single provider is easy to obtain and uniform service is available.
 Over long distances, it can be cheaper

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Martensson
 The laying and maintenance is easy and cheap in satellite communication therefore it is best
alternative.
 During critical condition, each Earth Station may be removed relatively quickly from a location and
reinstalled somewhere else.
 Ground station sites are easy to install and maintain.
 Point to multipoint communication is possible.
 Satellite cost is independent of the distance.
 Sending and receiving information is independent of distance.
 24 hours communication can be possible.
 High capacity in comparison to terrestrial networks.
 High-quality components are used to work in robust conditions and links are also designed to work in
extreme weather conditions.

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 Design, development, investment, and insurance of satellite requires higher cost.
 There can be a congestion of frequencies.
 propagation issues and interference may arise.
 Launching satellites into orbit is an expansive process.
 To reach the satellite from Earth, time can vary between 270 milliseconds and return again to 320 milliseconds. This
propagation delay can cause an echo over telephone connections
 Satellites are not easy to repair and maintain.
 Some circumstances like weather or sunspots affect the satellite’s signal and can cause interference and make proper
operation of the satellite very difficult.
 It requires to be monitored and controlled on regular periods so that it remains in the orbit, once it has been launched.
 Propagation delay of satellite system is more than that of conventional terrestrial system.
 Transmitter and receiver used in satellite communication requires high power and large diameter antennas.
 Due to aging effect the efficiency of satellite components decreases.
 Free space loss is more.

33. Thank
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