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1. ﷽

2. National College of Business
Administration & Economics

3. Group Members
• M Shahid Zafar
• Wamiq Ali
• M Sarmad Shuja
• Zain Abid

4. Satellite
Communication
Wireless Communication

5. History The Soviet Union
• October, 1957: Soviets launch first artificial satellite
into Earth orbit. Fifty years ago, on October 4, 1957,
the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first man-
made satellite, shocking the American public and
beginning the Space Age.

6. Satellite
• A satellite is a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or
star. ... Usually, the word "satellite" refers to a machine that is
launched into space and moves around Earth or another body
in space.
• Earth and the moon are examples of natural satellites.
• Thousands of artificial, or man-made, satellites orbit Earth.

7. Natural Satellite

8. Artificial Satellite
• An artificial satellite is an object that people
have made and launched into orbit using
rockets.
• There are currently over a thousand active
satellites orbiting the Earth.
• The size, altitude and design of a satellite
depend on its purpose

10. Stable Orbit
• Gravity provides the force needed to maintain the
stable orbit of both planets around a star and also of
moons and artificial satellites around a planet. ... If
the satellite is moving too slowly then the
gravitational attraction will be too strong, and the
satellite will fall towards the Earth

12. LEO (low earth orbit)
• LEO satellites are much closer to earth than GEO
satellites, ranging from 500 to 1,500 km above the
surface. LEO satellites do not stay in fixed position
relative to the surface, and are only visible for 15 to
20 minutes each pass.

13. MEO (Medium Earth Orbit)
• Medium earth orbit satellites are
visible for much longer periods of time
than LEO satellites usually between 2
to 8 hours. MEO satellites have a larger
coverage area than Low Earth Orbit
satellites.

14. GEO (Geostationary or Geosynchronous)
• A geosynchronous orbit (GEO) is a prograde,
low inclination orbit about Earth having a
period of 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds.
• A spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit appears
to remain above Earth at a constant longitude,
although it may seem to wander north and
south

16. Passive Satellite
• A passive satellite is the one that just reflects the signal from
one earth station to other earth station(or stations) without
any amplification or retransmission

17. Active Satellite
• An active satellite is one which has transmitting equipment
aboard, such as a transponder, a device which receives a
signal from Earth, amplifies it, and retransmits the same signal
back to Earth (either immediately or after a delay)

18. Earth Station
An earth station is a collection of equipment installed
on the earth's surface that enables communications
over one or more satellites. ... Earth stations are part
of a satellite network's ground segment, which
consists of all earth stations operating in a satellite
system

19. Satellite Footprint
• The footprint of a communications satellite is
the ground area that its transponders offer
coverage, and determines the satellite dish
diameter required to receive each
transponder's signal

20. Satellite Network
• Satellite networks are the key to staying connected, no matter
where you go. ... In this configuration, satellites are placed at a
higher altitude — about 22,000 miles above Earth – along the
equator.
• They are set to orbit at the same speed of Earth's rotation,
essentially keeping them stationary above us

21. Uplink Frequencies
• The uplink frequency is the frequency which is
used for transmission of signals from earth
station transmitter to the satellite.
• Modem (Baseband Signal into Intermediate Frequency)
• Up-Converter (IF Signal into Radio Frequency)
• High Power Amplifier (Increase the power of RF)

22. Downlink Frequencies
• The downlink frequency is the frequency
which is used for transmission of signals from
the satellite to the earth station receiver.
• The satellite transmitter generates a signal
that would jam its own receiver; if both uplink
and downlink shared the same frequency.
• Low Noise Amplifier
• Down Converter (RF to IF)
• Modem (IF to Original Data)

24. Satellite Get Power
• Spacecraft that orbit Earth, calleds satellites, are
close enough to the Sun that they can often use
solar power.
• These spacecraft have solar panels which convert
the Sun's energy into electricity that powers the
spacecraft.
• The electricity from the solar panels charges a
battery in the spacecraft.

25. Types of Satellite Communication
• Telecommunications
• Broadcasting
• Data communications

26. Telecommunications
• Telecommunication (from two words, tele meaning
'from far distances' and communication meaning to
share information) is the assisted transmission of
signals over a distance for the purpose of
communication.

27. Broadcasting
• In general, to broadcast information is to transmit it to many
receivers. For example, a radio station broadcasts a signal to
many listeners, and digital TV subscribers receive a signal that
is broadcast by their TV provider. ... The group of eligible
devices is called a broadcast domain

28. Data Communications
• Data communications are the exchange
of data between two devices via some
form of transmission medium such as a
wire cable. For data communications to
occur, the communicating devices must
be part of a communication system
made up of a combination of hardware
(physical equipment) and software
(programs)

29. Features
• RF receivers.
• Satellite Modems.
• Splitters.
• Switchover units.
• Transceivers.
• Translators.
• Transmitters.

30. APPLICATIONS
• Telephony - Fixed points, earth station, Satellite, earth
station, fixed points.
• Television & Radio - e.g. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) &
Fixed service satellite (FFS)
• Mobile satellite technology - Special antenna called
mobile satellite antenna.
• Amateur radio - Access to OSCAR satellite. - Low earth
orbits.
• Internet - High Speed. - Useful for far away places.
• Military - Uses geostationary satellites.

31. Advantages
• Flexibility.
• Ease in putting in new circuits.
• Distances are effortlessly taken care of and expense doesn't make a
difference.
• Broadcasting conceivable outcomes.
• Each and each side of the earth is secured.
• User can control the system
• The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds
• that of a terrestrial system
• Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of
• the distance from the centre of the coverage area
• Satellite to satellite communication is very precise
• Higher bandwidths are available for use

32. Disadvantages
• Satellite manufacturing requires more time. Moreover
satellite design and development requires higher cost.
• Satellite once launched, requires to be monitored and
controlled on regular periods so that it remains in the orbit.
• Satellite has life which is about 12-15 years. Due to this fact,
another launch has to be planned before it becomes un-
operational.
• Redundant components are used in the network design. This
incur more cost in the installation phase.
• In the case of LEO/MEO, large number of satellites are
needed to cover radius of earth. Moreover satellite visibility
from earth is for very short duration which requires fast
satellite to satellite handover. This makes system very
complex.

33. Thank You 