Presentation 8: Viruses and Diseases

1. Presentation 8: Terms and
Abbrevations
By: Julianne Mangan

2. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
• A small DNA virus that belongs to the
Hepadnaviridae family.
• HBV causes Hepatitis B, a liver infection, in
humans.
• The virus contains an outer shell (or envelope)
that is composed of a protein called “surface
antigen”, which is produced in large quantities.
• The HBV test can detect this portion of the virus
in the blood of an infected individual.

3. • Hepatitis B is transmitted when blood, semen, or
another body fluid from an infected person
enters the body of someone who is not infected.
• This can be done through sexual contact, sharing
needles or syringes, or from mother to baby at
birth.
• Hepatitis B can lead to serious health issues such
as cirrhosis and liver cancer.
• Vaccination is the best way to prevent Hepatitis
B.

4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
• Chronic inflammation of all or part of the
digestive tract, primarily including ulcerative
colitis and Crohn’s disease.
• Ulcerative colitis causes long-lasting inflammation
and sores (ulcers) in the innermost lining of the
large intestine (colon) and rectum.
• In Crohn’s disease, inflammation often spreads
deep into affected tissues of different areas of the
digestive tract, including the large intestine, small
intestine, or both.

5. • Both of these inflammatory bowel diseases
usually involve severe diarrhea, pain, fatigue
and weight loss.
• IBD can be debilitating and sometimes leads
to life-threatening complications.

6. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1)
• The Herpes Simplex Virus is categorized into
two types: HSV-1 (oral herpes) and HSV-2
(genital herpes).
• The most common, HSV-1, causes sores
around the mouth sometimes referred to as
fever blisters or cold sores.
• HSV-1 can also cause genital herpes through
oral sex, but in most cases HSV-2 causes
genital sores.

7. • HSV-1 is transmitted through oral secretions. This can be
spread person-to-person through kissing, or sharing
toothbrushes or eating utensils.
• The herpes virus can go through periods of being
dormant, and it is important to understand that both
HSV-1 and HSV-2 can be spread even when sores are not
present.
• Attacks (or outbreaks) can occur from the following:
– General illness
– Fatigue
– Stress
– Immunosuppression due to medications or steriods
– Trauma to the affected area
– Menstruation

8. • Although there is no cure for herpes,
medications can decrease the pain related to
an outbreak and shorten healing time.

9. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
• A sore in the lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or in the
first part of your small intestine, called the duodenum
(duodenal ulcer).
• The most common symptom of an ulcer is a burning pain in
the upper abdominal area.
• It is difficult to know if the cause of pain is an ulcer without
a proper diagnosis, as there are many reasons for
abdominal pain.
• An EGD (also called “upper endoscopy”) is necessary to
identify an ulcer. This procedure is performed by inserting a
special lighted camera on a flexible tube into the person’s
mouth to look directly into the stomach.

10. • The two most important causes of ulcers are an
infection with Helicobacter pylori and a group of
medications known as NSAIDs.
• People with ulcers who are infected by the
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterium should treat
their infection with antibiotics, acid suppressants, and
perhaps a bismuth containing agent such as Pepto-
Bismol.
• NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) are a
group of medications typically used to treat pain such
as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. NSAIDs cause
ulcers by interrupting the natural ability of the stomach
and the duodenum to protect themselves from
stomach acid.
• An acid suppressing PPI can prevent or significantly
reduce the risk of an ulcer being caused by NSAIDs.

11. • Despite the many myths about peptic ulcers, they are not caused by
emotional stress, worrying, spicy foods, or a rich diet. Certain foods
might irritate an ulcer that is already there, however, the food is not
the cause of the ulcer.

12. References
• "Hepatitis B Virus." Hep B Virus Information: Hepatitis B Foundation. N.p.,
Feb. 2014. Web. 29 June 2015.
(http://www.hepb.org/hepb/hepatitis_b_virus.htm)
• "Herpes Simplex Virus: Type 1 and Type 2 Symptoms, Diagnosis,
Treatment." WebMD. WebMD, 30 Sept. 2014. Web. 29 June 2015.
(http://www.webmd.com/genital-herpes/pain-management-
herpes?page=2)
• "Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)." - Mayo Clinic. N.p., 18 Feb. 2015.
Web. 29 June 2015. (http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/basics/definition/con-20034908)
• Schafer, Theodore W., MD. "Peptic Ulcer Disease." Peptic Ulcer Disease.
N.p., Nov. 2007. Web. 29 June 2015. (http://patients.gi.org/topics/peptic-
ulcer-disease/)
• "Viral Hepatitis - Hepatitis B Information." Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 31 May 2015.
Web. 29 June 2015. (http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/)