This tabular column makes you to learn Growth and Development easier.

1. 136
GROWTH OF ALL AGE GROUPS
GROWTH:
Increase in number and size of cells as they divide and synthesize new proteins; results in increased size and weight of the
whole or any of its parts.
DEVELOPMENT:
A gradual change and expansion; advancement from lower to more advanced stages of complexity; the emerging and
expanding of the individuals capacities through growth, maturation and learning.

2. 137
GROWTH OF INFANT (1-12 MONTHS)
Age Fine motor Gross motor Tooth eruption Visual acuity
1 MONTH
 Grasp reflex strong
 Hand clenches on contact
with rattle
 Assumes flexed position with
pelvis high but knees not
under abdomen when prone.
 Can turn head side to side
when prone.
 In sitting position, back is
uniformly rounded with
absence of head control.
- Visual acuity 20/40
2 MONTHS
 Hands often open
 Grasp reflex fading
 Less head lag when pulled to
sitting position
 Can maintain head in same
plane
 When prone, can lift head
almost 45 degrees
- Visual acuity 20/40
3 MONTHS
 Actively holds rattle but will
not reach for it.
 Grasp reflex absent
 Pulls at blankets and clothes
 Able to hold head more erect
when sitting.
 Assumes symmetric body
positioning
 When held in standing
position, able to hear slight
fraction of weight on legs.
- Visual acuity 20/40
4 MONTHS
 Tries to reach objects with
hand but overshoots
 Grasp object with both hands
 Play with rattle placed in
hand, shakes it but cannot
pick it up if dropped.
 Can carry objects to mouth
 Has almost no head lag when
pulled to sitting position
 Balances head well in sitting
position.
 Rolls from back to side
 Able to sit erect if propped
up.
- Visual acuity 20/40

3. 138
5 MONTHS
 Able to sit for longer periods
when back is well supported
back straight
 When sitting, able to hold
head erect and steady
 Can turn over from abdomen
to back
 When supine, pulls feet to
mouth.
 Able to grasp objects
voluntarily
 Uses palmar grasp,
bidextrous approach
 Plays with toes
 Takes object directly to
mouth
 Holds one cube while
regarding a second one
 Beginning signs
of tooth eruption. Visual acuity 20/40
6 MONTHS
 Resecures a dropped object
 Drops one cube when
another is given
 Grasps and manipulates
small objects
 Holds bottle
 Grasps feet and pulls to
mouth
 When prone, can lift chest
and upper abdomen off
surface, bearing weight on
hands
 Sits in high chair with back
straight
 Rolls from back to abdomen
 When held in standing
position, bears almost all of
weight
 Eruption of two
lower incisiors.
Visual acuity 20/40
7 MONTHS
 Transfers object from one
hand to another
 Has unidextrous approach
and grasp
 Holds two cubes more than
momentarily
 Bangs cubes on table.
 Sits, leaning forward on both
hands
 When prone, bears weight on
one hand
 Sits erect momentarily
 Bears full weight on feet
 When held in standing
position, bounces actively.
 Eruption of upper
central incisiors. Visual acuity 20/40-
8 MONTHS
 Sits steadily unsupported
 Adjusts posture to reach an
object
 May stand by holding a
furniture
 Rings bell purposely
 Releases objects at will
 Reaches persistently for toys
out of reach
- Visual acuity 20/40

4. 139
9 MONTHS
 Creeps on hands and knees
 Sits steadily on floor for
prolonged time (10 minutes)
 Pulls self to standing position
and holds a furniture
 Recovers balance when
leaning forward but cannot
do so when leaning sideways.
 Grasp third cube
 Compares two cubes by
bringing them together
 Preference for use of
dominant hand now evident
 Eruption of upper
lateral incisior
may begin.
Visual acuity 20/40
10 MONTHS
 Crude release of an object
beginning
 Grasps bell by handle
 Can change from prone to
sitting position
 Stands while holding onto
furniture, sits by falling down
 Recovers balance easily
while sitting
 While standing lifts one foot
to take a step
- Visual acuity 20/40
11 MONTHS
 Explores objects more
thoroughly
 Has neat pincher grasp
 Drops object deliberately for
it to be picked up
 Puts one object after another
into a container
 When sitting, pivots to reach
toward back to pickup an
object.
 Cruises or walks holding
unto furniture or with both
hands held
 Eruption of lower
lateral incisior
may begin.
Visual acuity 20/40
12 MONTHS
 Releases cube in cup
 Attempts to build two block
tower but fails
 Tries to insert a pellet into a
narrow necked bottle but
fails
 Can turn pages, many at a
time.
 May attempt to stand
momentarily, may attempt
first step alone
 Can sit down from standing
position without help
 Has 6-8 decidious
teeth. Visual acuity 20/40

5. 140
GROWTH OF TODDLER (1-3 YEARS)
Age Fine motor Gross motor Tooth eruption Visual acuity
AFTER 1
YEAR
 Constantly casting objects to
floor
 Builds tower of two cubes
 Holds two cubes in one hand
 Releases a pellet in an
narrow-necked bottle
 Scribbles spontaneously
 Uses cup well but often
rotates spoon before it
 Walks without help
 Creeps upstairs
 Kneels without support
 Cannot throw ball without
falling
 Runs clumsily
 Falls often
- Visual acuity 20/50
2 YEARS
 Builds tower of 6 or 7 cubes
 Aligns two or more cubes
like a train
 Turns pages of book one at a
time
 Unscrews lid
 Turns door knob
 Able to remember and
imitate some actions and
gestures
 Goes up and down stairs
alone with two feet on each
step
 Picks up object without
falling
 Kicks ball forward without
over balancing
 Primary dentition
of 16 teeth
Visual acuity 20/40
UPTO 3
YEARS
 Builds tower of eight cubes
 Adds chimney blocks to train
of block
 Good hand-finger
coordination; holds crayon
with fingers rather than fist
 In drawing, imitates vertical
and horizontal strokes; draws
circle
 Jumps with both feet
 Jumps form chair or step
 Stands on one foot
momentarily
 Takes a few steps on tiptoe
 Primary dentition
(20 teeth)
completes
Visual acuity 20/30

6. 141
GROWTH OF PRE-SCHOOLER (3-5 YEARS)
Age Fine motor Gross motor Tooth eruption Visual acuity
AFTER 3
YEARS
 Builds tower of 9-10 cubes
 Builds bridge with three
cubes
 Adeptly places small pellets
in narrow-necked bottle
 In drawing, copies a circle
imitates a cross, names what
has been drawn; cannot draw
stick figure but may make
circle with facial features.
 Rides tricycle
 Jumps off bottom step
 Stands on one foot for few
seconds
 Goes upstairs using alternate
feet; may still come down
using both feet on step.
 Broad jumps
 May turn to dance, but
balance may not be adequate
- Visual acuity 20/30
4 YEARS
 Uses scissors successfully to
cut out picture following
outline
 Can lace shoes but may not
be able to tie bow
 In drawing, copies a square,
traces a cross and diamond,
adds three parts to stick
figure
 Skips and hops on one foot
 Catches ball reliably
 Throws ball overhead
 Walks down stairs with
alternate footing. - Visual acuity 20/30
5 YEARS
 Ties shoelaces
 Uses scissors, simple tools,
or pencil very well
 In drawing, copies a diamond
and triangle; adds seven to
nine parts to stick figure;
prints few letters, numbers or
words, such as first name.
 Throws and catches ball
well
 Skates with good balance
 Walks backward with heel
to toe
 Jumps form height of 12
inches and lands on toes
 Balances on alternate feet
with eyes closed
- Visual acuity 20/30

7. 142
GROWTH OF SCHOOLER (6-12 YEARS)
Age Motor changes Mental changes Tooth eruption Visual acuity
6 YEARS
 Central mandibular incisor
erupt
 Loses first tooth
 Gradual increase in dexterity
 Often returns to finger
feeding
 More aware of hands as a
tool
 Likes to draw, print, color
 Vision reaches maturity
 Develops concept of
numbers
 Can count 13 rupees
 Knows whether it is
morning or afternoon
 Defines common objects
such as fork and chair in
terms of their use
 Obeys 3 commands in
succession
 Knows right and left hands
 Says which is pretty and
which is ugly as a series of
drawings of faces
 Attends first grade
 The secondary
tooth erupts at this
age beginning
with the molar.
 Loses first tooth.
 Central
mandibular
incisior erupt.
Visual acuity 20/20
7 YEARS
 Maxillary central incisors
and lateral mandibular
incisors erupt
 More cautions approaches to
new performances
 Repeats performance to
master them
 Jaws begins to expand to
accommodate permanent
teeth
 Notices the certain items are
missing from pictures
 Can copy a diamond
 Repeats three numbers
backward
 Develops concept of time;
uses clock for practical
purposes
 Attends second grade
 More mechanical in reading;
skips words such as “it”,
“the” and “he”.
 Maxillary central
incisor and lateral
mandibular
incisor erupts
Visual acuity 20/20

8. 143
8 YEARS
 Lateral incisors and
mandibular cupids’ erupt
 Movement fluid; often
graceful and poised
 Always on the go; jumps,
chases, skips.
 Gives similarities and
differences between two
things from memory
 Counts backward from 20 to
1; understands concept of
reversibility
 Repeats days of the week
and months in order; knows
the data
 Describes common objects
in detail, not merely in their
use
 Makes change out of a
quarter
 Attends third grade
 Reads more; may plan to
wake up early just to read
 Lateral maxillary
incisors erupts.
Visual acuity 20/20
9 YEARS
 Increased smoothness and
speed in fine motor control;
uses cursive writing
 Dresses self completely
 Hard to quiet down after
recess
 More limber; bones grow
faster than ligaments
 Reads classic books; but
also enjoys comics
 More aware of time; can be
relied on to get to school on
time
 Can grasp concept of parts
and whole
 Attends fourth grade
 Classifies objects by more
than one quality
 Produces simple paintings
and drawings
 The mandible
cuspid erupts Visual acuity 20/20

9. 144
10 YEARS
 Posture is more similar to an
adult
 Reminder of teeth will erupt
and tend toward full
development.
 Perform tricks on bicycle –
races, participate in sports.
 Writes brief stories
 Attends fifth grade
 Writes occasional short
letters to friends or relatives
on own initiative
 Reminder of teeth
will erupt and
tend toward full
development.
 First bicuspid in
mandible erupts
Visual acuity 20/20
11 YEARS
 Will overcome lordosis
 Dresses neatly
 Likely to overdo
 Uses telephone for practical
purposes
 Writes good inspirational
stories
 Attends sixth grade
 Knows right and wrong
 First bicuspid in
maxilla erupts Visual acuity 20/20
12 YEARS Girls:-
Pubescent changes may
begin to appear; body lines
soften and round out.
Boys:-
Slow growth in height
and rapid weight gain; may
become obese in this period
 Responds to magazine,
radio or other advertising
 Reads for practical
information or own
enjoyment
 Attends seventh grade
 Second bicuspid
teeth in maxilla
will get
developed.
Visual acuity 20/20

10. 145
GROWTH OF ADOLESCENT (13- 18 YEARS)
Age
Reproductive Organ
development Cognitive development Tooth eruption Visual acuity
13 YEARS
Male:
 Prostate begins functioning
 Penis begins to lengthen
Female:
 Internal and external
organs continue growing
 Pubic hair becomes darker,
coarser and curlier
 Adolescent learn to think
new ways to understand
complex ideas.
 The peer group usually
consists of non-romantic
friendship.
 Second molar in
mandible erupts Visual acuity 20/20
14 YEARS
Male
 Pubic hair grows
 May experience wet
dreams, spontaneous
erections, ejaculations.
 Growth sprut may begin.
Female:
 Underarm hair growth
 Onset of menstruation
 Pregnancy is now possible
 Mind has great ability to
acquire and utilize
knowledge.
 Members of the peer group
often try to act alike, dress
alike, have secret codes &
participate in same
activities.
- Visual acuity 20/20
15 YEARS
Male:
 Rapid growth of the penis.
 Testes color deepens.
Female:
 Underpants maybe wet at
times with a clear mucus;
Flow is often behavior in
teen years and will
continue naturally with
sexual arousal.
 Categories thought into
usable forms.
 Imaginative thinking
develops
 The peer group expands to
include romantic
friendships.
- Visual acuity 20/20

11. 146
16 YEARS
Male:
 Under arm hair
 Mustache begins as a fine
hair starting at outside lip
edges about 2 years after
pubic hair starts to grow
 Voice change begins.
Female:
 Most of the growth sprut
complete (Ht)
 They learn selectively
 They have better memory
 Often feel the need to
establish their sexual
identity by becoming
comfortable with their body
and sexual feelings.
-
Visual acuity 20/20
17 YEARS
Male:
 Average age that sperm
matures and cause
pregnancy
 Majority of the growth
sprut complete (Ht)
Female:
 Acne
 Voice deepens, although
not much as males.
 Problem solving skill gets
improved.
 Learn to express and receive
intimate or sexual advances.
-
Visual acuity 20/20
18 YEARS
Male:
 Chest and shoulders fill out
 Facial and body hair
becomes heavier
 Acne
Female:
 Full height achieved
 Able to think in logical way
 Able to sound judgment and
develop abstract thinking.
- Visual acuity 20/20

12. 147
DEVELOPMENT OF ALL AGE GROUPS
GROWTH:
Increase in number and size of cells as they divide and synthesize new proteins; results in increased size and weight of the
whole or any of its parts.
DEVELOPMENT:
A gradual change and expansion; advancement from lower to more advanced stages of complexity; the emerging and
expanding of the individuals capacities through growth, maturation and learning.

13. 148
DEVELOPMENT OF INFANT (1-12 MONTHS)
Psychosocial
(Erick Erickson)
Psychosexual
(Freud)
Spiritual
(Fowler)
Moral
(Kohl Berg)
[Sense of trust Vs Mistrust]
Trust – Firm believing the
reliability, truth or ability
of someone or something
Mistrust – Lack of trust or
confidence; distrust.
[Oral stage]
This is the first social and
sexual stage of an infant’s
development, during which the
infant focuses on satisfying
hunger. This is satisfied by
chewing, sucking and biting.
[Undifferentiated]
Feeling of trust, warmth
and security from the foundation
of the later development of faith.
[Pre-conventional morality
stage] (0-2 years)
 Unable to understand good
or bad
 The good is what I like
and want
Intellectual
(Jean Piaget)
Language Play
(New Hall)
Behavioral problems
[Sensory motor] (0-2 years)
Stimuli are recognized,
absorbed and incorporated into
existing action.
Receptive language:
 Responds to human voices
Expressive language:
 Cries when hungry or
uncomfortable
6 – 8 words at one year
[Solitary play]
Alone; without companions;
done without assistance or
accompaniment
Infants can play alone for
longer periods.
Maternal deprivation:
Deviation from mother
(or) a closed one.

14. 149
DEVELOPMENT OF TODDLER (1-3 YEARS)
Psychosocial
(Erick Erickson)
Psychosexual
(Freud)
Spiritual
(Fowler)
Moral
(Kohl Berg)
[Sense of Autonomy Vs Doubt
and Shame]
Autonomy – Right of a person to
control his own affairs.
Doubt – a feel of uncertain
Shame – a feel of guilt that you
get when you do wrong.
[Anal stage]
Obtain pleasure from the
feeling of a distended bladder,
from masses of feaces in the
rectum and from release of
content from those organs.
[Intuitive projective]
Imitates religious behavior
such as bowing the head in
prayer, but does not understand
the meaning.
[Pre conventional morality
stage]
 Birth to 2 yrs – The good
is what the child like and
wants
 2 to 3 yrs – Child is
punished for doing
something, its wrong; if
not punished it must be
right.
Intellectual
(Jean Piaget)
Language Play
(New Hall)
Behavioral problems
 Preoperational (2 to 7
years)
 Pre-conceptional phase (2
to 4 years)
 Beginning of mental
representation of events
and differentiates past and
present.
 1 year – 6 to 8 words
 2 years – 300 words
 3 years – 900 words
[Parallel play]
A form of play in which a
very young child plays
independently in the presence of
another child or children.
Negativism – Doing opposite
thing
Temper tantrum – Roll on floor,
shouting, asking aloud,
holding breath.
Ambivalence – Demonstrating
love and hatred toward same
person at same time.
Thumb sucking – sucking his
thumb
Dawdling – Slowness in doing
works.

15. 150
DEVELOPMENT OF PRE-SCHOOLAR (3-6 YEARS)
Psychosocial
(Erick Erickson)
Psychosexual
(Freud)
Spiritual
(Fowler)
Moral
(Kohl Berg)
[Sense of initiative Vs Guilt]
Initiative – An introductory act or
step; leading action.
Guilt – A feeling of responsibility
or remorse for some
offense, crime, wrong
Independent and trust
worthy, they are ready to find out
what they can do.
[Phallic stage]
Oedipus complex – Boys desire
their mothers while experiencing
an increased hostility towards
their fathers.
Electra complex – Girls want
their fathers and find their
mothers in their way.
[Intuitive projective]
Imitates religious behavior
such as bowing the head in
prayer, but does not understand
the meaning.
[Pre conventional morality]
Strictly for the purpose of
self interest that to avoid
punishment and to have favors
turned.
Intellectual
(Jean Piaget)
Language Play
(New Hall)
Behavioral problems
[Intuitive phase] (4-7 yrs)
 Children can repeat the
event in play that occurred
many hours or day before.
 Unable to accomplish true
inductive or deductive
reasoning.
 Believes that all objects in
the environment are there
to satisfy the human
needs.
 3 years – 900 words
 4 years – 1500 words
 5 years – 2100 words
[Co-operative play]
Children begins to exchange
ideas with other children and
gradually interact in play
activities.
 Selfishness
 Hurting others
 Destructiveness
 Enuresis
 Encopresis
 Bad language
 Masturbation
 Sibling rivalry

16. 151
DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOLAR (6- 12 YEARS)
Psychosocial
(Erick Erickson)
Psychosexual
(Freud)
Spiritual
(Fowler)
Moral
(Kohl Berg)
[Sense of industry Vs
Inferiority]
Industry- The people who are
involved in providing
a service.
Inferiority- A state of feeling less
important.
[Latent phase]
 Associate with same sex
 Peers ignore the opposite
sex
[Mythical literal faith]
 Follows the rituals
practiced in the
family/society
 Believes others,
differentiate their thinking
[Conventional stage]
They think that what other
people tell them to do is right and
what they themselves think is
wrong.
Intellectual
(Jean Piaget)
Language Play
(New Hall)
Behavioral problems
[Concrete operational stage]
 Able to understand, read
and write
 Developing problem
solving abilities
 Asks questions
 20,000 – 30,000 words
[Competitive play]
Girls:
 Cooking
 Grooming
 Teaching
Boys:
 Kites
 Cycling
 Team sports
 Truancy
 Fear of darkness (night
mares)
 School phobia
 Stealing
 Nail biting, Teeth grinding
 Tics
 Hurting others

17. 152
DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENT (12- 18 YEARS)
Psychosocial
(Erick Erickson)
Psychosexual
(Freud)
Spiritual
(Fowler)
Moral
(Kohl Berg)
Early- [Identity Vs Role
confusion]
Identity - Wrong person
Role confusion - Confusion in
their own role
Later- [Intimacy Vs Isolation]
Intimacy – Having close personal
relationship with someone.
Isolation – Separate from others.
[Genital stage]
Masturbation and sexual
fantasies are common
[Conventional faith]
Personal and social values
evolved to support their identity
to explore religious affiliation.
[Post conventional stage]
Able to differentiate from
right and wrong.
Intellectual
(Jean Piaget)
Language Play
(New Hall)
Behavioral problems
[Formal operational stage]
Thinking is oriented to
things and events that they can
observe directly.
Continuous to learn new
concepts.
[Social play]
 Sports
 Parties
 Telephone conversations
 Watching TV
 Computer game
 Risk for parenting and family
maladjustment
 Risk for intentional and
unintentional injuries
 Dietary habits
 Sexual and emotional abuse
 Risk for depression and
suicide
 Learning and school problem
 Hero worship, teenage
pregnancy

18. 153
ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
Age
Height
(cm)
Weight
(kg)
H.C
(cm)
C.C
(cm)
M.A.C
(cm)
Temp.
(oF)
Pulse
(beats/
min)
Respiration
(breaths/
min)
B.P
(Systole/Diastole)
(mm. Hg)
M F M F M F M F M F M F
New born 50.4 49.9 3.54 3.25 33.5 32.8 31.6 31.4 - - 99.2 120-180 35 80/38 80/42
3 months 56.7 55.4 4.43 4.18 41 40 39.4 38.8 11.5 11 99.4 120-220 34 85/40 86/45
6 months 63.4 61.8 6.20 5.76 43.9 42.8 41.2 40.4 12.2 12 99.5 120-220 33 89/44 92/48
9 months 68.0 66.1 7.52 6.84 44.9 43.7 42.6 41.4 12.5 12.4 99.6 80-180 31 92/46 95/50
1 year 72.5 70.5 8.5 7.5 46.3 45.2 46.3 45.2 12.8 12.6 99.7 80-160 30 94/49 97/52
2 years 87.5 86.6 12.6 12.3 48.2 47.5 - - 14.1 14.2 99.5 80-150 25 97/54 98/57
3 years 96.2 95.7 14.6 14.4 49.1 48.1 - - 15.0 14.3 99.0 70-150 25 100/59 100/61
4 years 103.4 103.2 16.5 16.4 49.7 48.9 - - 14.9 14.9 98.4 70-140 23 102/62 101/64
5 years 108.7 108.1 18.5 18.4 50.2 49.4 - - 15.3 15.3 98.6 70-140 22 104/65 103/66
6 years 118.9 117.3 22.1 21.4 50.8 50 - - 15.5 15.6 98.4 70-130 21 105/68 104/68
7 years 123.9 122.7 24.5 24.8 51.1 50.2 - - 16.2 16.4 98.3 70-130 21 106/70 106/69
8 years 127.9 126.8 26.4 26.1 51.4 50.6 - - 16.2 16.8 98.2 70-120 20 107/71 108/71
9 years 133.6 132.3 30.0 19.7 51.7 50.9 - - 17.5 17.8 98.1 70-120 20 109/72 110/72
10 years 138.5 138.5 32.4 33.5 51.9 51.3 - - 18.1 17.4 98.1 70-110 19 111/73 112/73
11 years 143.4 144.1 35.3 36.5 52.3 51.7 - - 18.6 18.5 98.0 60-100 19 113/74 114/74
12 years 148.9 150.3 38.8 42.6 52.7 52.3 - - 19.3 19.4 97.9 60-90 19 115/74 116/75

19. 154
Age
Height
(cm)
Weight
(kg)
H.C
(cm)
C.C
(cm)
M.A.C
(cm)
Temp.
(oF)
Pulse
(beats/
min)
Respiration
(breaths/
min)
B.P
(Systole/Diastole)
(mm. Hg)
M F M F M F M F M F M F
13 years 154.9 153.0 42.9 44.4 - - - - 19.4 20.2 97.8 60-90 18 117/75 117/76
14 years 161.7 155.1 48.3 46.7 - - - - 22.0 21.4 97.6 60-80 18 120/75 119/77
15 years 165.3 155.3 52.2 47.2 - - - - 22.2 20.8 97.9 60-80 17 122/76 120/78
16 years 168.4 155.4 55.5 49.8 - - - - 24.4 21.8 98.0 55-90 17 125/78 121/78
17 years 169.9 156.4 59.0 49.9 - - - - 24.6 22.0 98.4 55-90 16 127/80 122/78
18 years 169.9 156.8 61.1 50.1 - - - - 24.5 22.2 98.6 50-90 16 130/80 124/80