2. DEFINITION
01
Table of contents
TERMINOLOGIES
FORMATION: PURPOSES
02 GENERAL WORDS vs
TERMINOLOGIES
03 CHANGE OF MEANING
04
How meanings change according
to different uses
TERMINOLOGY
FORMATION PROCESS
05
TRANSLATING
TERMINOLOGIES
06
6. ‘Istilah’ bermaksud perkataan atau
rangkai kata yang mempunyai erti yang
jitu dalam sesuatu bidang ilmu
pengetahuan sama ada pekerjaan atau
kesenian.
Kamus Dewan (2005)
Terminologies / Istilah
‘Istilah’ bermaksud kata, gabungan kata
atau frasa yang mengungkapkan
konsep yang khusus yang
terdapat di dalam sesuatu bidang ilmu
atau profesyen.
Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka (2005)
7. General definition
Istilah merupakan perkataan yang
mempunyai makna yang khas mengikut
bidang-bidang ilmu pengetahuan tertentu
yang kebiasaannya di beri untuk
membezakan fungsi sesuatu perkataan
mengikut sesuatu bidang. Istilah boleh
terdiri daripada kata atau gabungan kata
yang menerangkan makna, konsep,
keadaan atau ciri sesuatu benda atau
objek.
A term is a word that has a special
meaning according to certain fields of
knowledge that are usually given to
distinguish the function of a word
according to a field. A term can consist of
words or combinations of words that
describe the meaning, concept, state or
characteristic of a thing or object.
8. 8
GENERIC WORDS
• Words used daily.
• *Has a common meaning.
• *Can be a term.
EXAMPLE
TS: His business absorbs him.
TSS: Dia memberikan perhatian
sepenuhnya kepada perniagaannya.
TERMINOLOGIES
• *Words that have meanings,
concepts and others that
specialize in a particular field.
EXAMPLE
• TS: Plants absorb oxygen.
• TSS: Tumbuhan menyerap
oksigen.
9. Terminology is one of the important aspects in the
construction of the Malay language.
New terms and words were created to enrich
the Malay vocabulary . Lack of terminology
became a problem in the implementation of the
National Education Policy at an early stage.
Why do we need to translate
/ form new terms?
10. Meaning expansion factor
In a language, the change of
meaning is one of the
language phenomena that
always occurs in any language
in the world. Due to its
dynamic and evolutionary
nature, and the consequences
of being exposed to various
phenomena such as change
caused by;
Limiting factors or narrowing
of meaning
Symbolic and stylistic purpose
factors.
Change of meaning in words:
12. Limitation or narrowing of
meaning for fixed purposes
Eg: sarjana merujuk orang yang pandai/bijak, cendekiawan
Dibatas kepada “orang yang telah lulus ijazah pertama, seperti “Sarjana Muda Sastera dan
Sarjana Muda Ekonomi”.
13. Change in meaning due to
symbolic & stylistic purposes
Commonly seen in literary works, especially in poetry.
Eg: kumbang = lelaki
Bunga = perempuan
merah = keberanian, putih = kesucian
18. DIFFERENT TERMS FOR CHARGE:
Tuduhan (Law)
He was charged with murder.
Dia dituduh sengaja membunuh.
Serangan (Military)
Our soldiers charged the enemy.
Askar kami menyerang pihak musuh.
Bayaran (Trading)
The charge was one hundred
dollars.
Bayarannya adalah seratus dolar.
Tugas (Management)
He was charged with the task of
keeping the company’s account.
Dia ditugaskan menjaga akaun
syarikat.
Isi (Engineering)
The battery needs to be charged.
Bateri itu perlu diisi lagi.
Arahan
(Administration)
They were charged not to fail in their
duties.
Mereka diarahkan supaya jangan gagal
melaksanakan tanggungjawab mereka.
19. DIFFERENT TERMS FOR CHARGE:
Caj (Physics)
Protons are positively charged.
Proton itu bercaj positif.
Isi (Weaponry)
Jumlah ubat bedil yang
digunakan untuk letupan. Rekod (Accounting)
The purchases were charged to the
company’s account.
Semua pembelian itu direkodkan dalam
akaun syarikat.
Tanggungan (Civic)
He became a charge on the
public.
Dia menjadi beban tanggungan
awam.
The canon is being charged with a
high amount of explosive.
Meriam tersebut diisi dengan ubat
bedil yang banyak.
20. TERMINOLOGY VS
CONCEPT
The concept of an object does not
necessarily reflect the terminology itself.
One should be careful in understanding the
concept and using the terminology
provided to avoid any confusion.
Black box = alat perakam keselamatan
Building line = garis bangunan (istilah) had tapak bangunan (konsep)
Shipping line = lini perkapalan (istilah) syarikat perkapalan (konsep)
Lunatic fringe = pinggir gila (istilah) hampir gila (konsep)
Black box = kotak hitam (istilah) alat perakam keselamatan (konsep)
Meteorite = tahi bintang (istilah) meteor (konsep)
21.
22. Find the definition:
Verbal assault =
Physical assault =
Sexual assault =
Police assault =
Military assault =
Assault bot =
Assault craft =
23. Find the definition:
Verbal assault = maki hamun ✅ serangan perkataan ❌
Physical assault = menyerang / mencederakan ✅
Sexual assault = perkosa ✅ serangan seks ❌
Police assault = serbuan polis ✅ serangan polis ❌
Military assault = serangan tentera
Assault bot = bot penyerang
Assault craft = kapal penyerang
24. Culture &
Terminology
The culture of a
language is reflected
through the ecology,
religion & belief,
values, etc. As a
result, the formation
of certain English
terms are influenced
by these
characteristics.
25. COINING NEW TERMINOLOGY: WHY?
Source
New creations
Karaoke
(カラオケ)
New findings coronavirus
New
understanding
theories
27. STEP 1:
SELECTING
EQUIVALENCES
IN MALAY
The formation of terms can be taken from the general
words from the Malay language, including archaic or
dialect words. The chosen equivalence must fulfil these
requirements:
i) Fulfil the intended meaning, concept, process,
condition, or characteristics.
ii) Must be the shortest (if compared to other synonyms)
iii) Does not contain negative connotation or awkward
pronunciation.
28. STEP 2:
SELECTING
EQUIVALENCE
S FROM SAME
LANGUAGE
CLUSTERS
Terms can also be formed by adapting from
languages of the same clusters as Malay, if the first
step could not be fulfilled.
Examples:
29. STEP 3:
BORROWING
WORDS FROM
ENGLISH
If the required term is not available from the Malay
language or the cluster languages related to Malay,
then the term can be taken from the original
language or a foreign language.
30. STEP 4:
BORROWING
WORDS FROM
FOREIGN
LANGUAGES
Foreign terminologies could be borrowed on the principles
of;
i) appropriate meaning;
ii) shorter than its translated term in Malay;
iii) borrowed foreign words should be standardised in its
usage
Foreign terms or certain expressions whose pronunciation
and spelling remain the same in all languages, will also be
used in the Malay language. However, the term needs to
be underlined or italicized.
Examples:
Genre, Esprit de corps, fait accompli, weltanschauung,
schadenfreude
