2. CHROMOSOMES
AND
CHROMATIN
MADE BY:
JUAN NICOLÁS SARMIENTO
NARANJO
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
||| SEMESTER
TEACHER: LINA MARTINEZ
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Researchers discover
mechanism of gene silencing in
hormone-dependent breast
cancer cells. (2016, July 8)
http://www.news-
medical.net/news/20160708/Re
searchers-discover-mechanism-
of-gene-silencing-in-hormone-
dependent-breast-cancer-
cells.aspx
• Scientists discover X-
chromosome-inherited type of
osteogenesis imperfecta (2016,
July 6) http://www.news-
medical.net/news/20160706/Sci
entists-discover-X-chromosome-
inherited-type-of-osteogenesis-
imperfecta.aspx
MEDICAL UTILITY
This both news revealed how
science and all the medical stuff
are applying the tecnology to
find new techniques and
processes on the genetic
material to treat some
pathologies that are involved the
DNA in any form of packing:
chromosomes or chromatin.
The possibility to have a mistake
in some part of the DNA is very
big and cause many dissease, like
Cancer or Osteogenesis
imperfecta. The first one is one
of the most prevalent in all the
world and is guilty of the death
of many people. And the second
one, (O.I) doesn´t have the same
concurrence of CA but symptoms
are very serious.
3. INTRODUCTION
The DNA in eukaryotic cells is
a double helix that is
organized in a specific way ,
which presents a packing
process with some proteins
and resulting a condensation
called chromatin, and
subsequently condensed in
chromosomes to perform
the division.
In the cell cycle, the
chromosomes has a very
important job because
they´re the performer of the
equal division of genetic
material.
Scientists discover X-
chromosome-inherited type
of osteogenesis imperfecta
Some researchers from the
Zurich´s Hospital have found
that the X chromosome is
involved in the congenital
disease of Osteogenesis
imperfecta. Is a new tipe of
brittle- bone disease who is
caused for two mutations
of the gen
MBTPS2
in the X
chromosm.
This makes
men
(caryotip
XY) more
vulnerable.
STUDENT´S OPINION: I think this
discovery is very important because
all the medical staff can be more
forwarned of the treatments and
previous diagnosis of the
osteogenesis imperfecta, avoiding
the increase of the patients.
Researchers discover
mechanism of gene silencing in
hormone-dependent breast
cancer cells
Cancer cells have been studied
for many years, and now, some
researches have found a protein
that can interact repressing the
progesterone receptor, and
compacting the chromatin,
making
them very
difficult to
continue its
process
correctly,
and
intervene in
the proliferation or death of the
breast cancer cells, avoiding some
kind of neoplasia.
STUDENT´S OPINION: Today, the
breast cancer has elevated its
presence in women, affecting
them and now with the progress
of the science, reprresing that
cells is a very good step not only
for the medicine but also for the
people´s health
4. INTRODUCTION
The DNA has a packing procces with a condensation
Double helix, nucleosome, chromatosome, solenoid ( 30 nm
long), and chromosome.
A fundamental characteristic of cells is their hability to
divided.
The cell cycle is based in four steps: Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase and Telophase, with finally the cytokinesis.
6. SCIENTISTS DISCOVER X-CHROMOSOME-
INHERITED TYPE OF OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
Osteogenesis imperfecta is
one of the most brittle-
bone congenital dissease
that affects children in all
around the world.
The patients have symptoms
like bone fragility,
deformities and stunted
growth.
7. SCIENTISTS DISCOVER X-CHROMOSOME-
INHERITED TYPE OF OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
The osteogenesis
imperfecta is caused
by two mutations of
the same gen
(MBTPS2) in the x
chromosome, that
encodes a protease
involved on the bone
formation.
The prevalence of
the X chromosome
makes men more
vulnerable to
present this
disease, and
makes the woman
the agent that can
pass the DNA with
the codificated
information
8. SCIENTISTS DISCOVER X-CHROMOSOME-
INHERITED TYPE OF OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
One gen is a part of the material genetic
that its expression is very important to the
develop of any sickness. The gen MBTPS2 of the
X chromosome is one of the cause of the O.I but
also of dermatological disease, and maybe it can
be the guilty of many illnes but now, the science
can´t show us all the intervetion of the gens in all
kind of phenotypes.
9. STUDENT´S OPINION: I think this
discovery is very important because
all the medical staff can be more
forwarned of the treatments and
previous diagnosis of the
osteogenesis imperfecta, avoiding
the increase of the patients.
SCIENTISTS DISCOVER X-CHROMOSOME-
INHERITED TYPE OF OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
11. RESEARCHERS DISCOVER MECHANISM OF GENE SILENCING
IN HORMONE-DEPENDENT BREAST CANCER CELLS
The breast cancer is a neoplasia
wich mainly affects women and
in low proportion men in the
actuallity, with a differential
sign that is a tumor in any part
of the breast.
12. RESEARCHERS DISCOVER MECHANISM OF GENE SILENCING
IN HORMONE-DEPENDENT BREAST CANCER CELLS
Hormones are a substance that is
excreteated by endocrine glands
and are related with the cell
metabolism. There are many kinds
of hormones, one of this are the
steroid hormones that are involved
in the activity of the gens´s
expression. Progesterone is one of
the hormones that the reaserchers
study to inhibited their receptors
and
SILENCE GENS
13. To repress a hormonal receptor they
need a Complex of proteins wich are
FOX A1 and BRG1 that make a change
on the chromosome estructure
generating a condensation of the
genetic material and avoiding its
separtion to read all the information.
RESEARCHERS DISCOVER MECHANISM OF GENE SILENCING
IN HORMONE-DEPENDENT BREAST CANCER CELLS
FOX A1
BRG1
Some gens are relacionated in death or proliferation cell, it
depends of the complex that they are joined
14. STUDENT´S OPINION: Today, the
breast cancer has elevated its
presence in women, affecting them
and now with the progress of the
science, reprresing that cells is a
very good step not only for the
medicine but also for the people´s
health
RESEARCHERS DISCOVER MECHANISM OF GENE SILENCING
IN HORMONE-DEPENDENT BREAST CANCER CELLS
16. MEDICAL UTILITY
DNA studies and investigations has
allowed in the present been
reached of any specific part of the
genetic material related to fenotipic
expression in all the people.
This has been a very big progress of
the science, medicine and
molecular biology. Scientists of past
centuries proposed theories and
techniques that now with all the
technology we can do more easly.
17. MEDICAL UTILITY
PCR is one of the process that is used to obtain a
clone of genetic material and get an amplification of
some especific part of the DNA to view some mistake
or some special secuency.
Some techniques used in DNA process
are
Human Genome Project is a research with the
objective to show all the sequences of the DNA and
later make the process more convenient.
18. MEDICAL UTILITY
Cancer and Osteogenesis imperfecta
are diseases with a bad forecast for
the patient, and find a cure for this
illness is very hard because the
science can´t get finally it. But, get a
treatment for the symptoms that
pacients suffer is not only a step
more in the science, but also is a
step to be more close of the end of
the disease.
19. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Researchers discover mechanism of gene silencing in hormone-
dependent breast cancer cells. (2016, July 8) http://www.news-
medical.net/news/20160708/Researchers-discover-mechanism-of-gene-
silencing-in-hormone-dependent-breast-cancer-cells.aspx
• Scientists discover X-chromosome-inherited type of osteogenesis
imperfecta (2016, July 6) http://www.news-
medical.net/news/20160706/Scientists-discover-X-chromosome-
inherited-type-of-osteogenesis-imperfecta.aspx
20. THE ART OF MEDICINE CONSISTS IN AMUSING
THE PATIENT WHILE NATURE CURES THE DISEASE
-VOLTAIRE
