Origin of X-ray Purpose of X-ray Procedure of X-ray Risks associated with X-ray

1. X radiation
Origin
Purpose
Procedure
Risks
Dr. Jonathan Lalrinmawia
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2. ORIGIN
Discovery of X-rays
Roentgen produced and detected
X-rays on November 8, 1895,
while experimenting with a
Crookes's cathode ray tube.
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3. ORIGIN
What is Radiation?
Radiation occurs when energy is emitted by a
source and then travels through a medium, such
as air, until it is absorbed by matter.
Example -
Visible light, X-Rays, Heat from our body etc.
Application –
Communication, Security, Energy, Radar/oven,
Visibility, Medical etc.
Radiation used for tooth paste, shoe fitting fluo.,
entertainment etc. in early days. 3
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5. Classification of Radiation
Radiation
Ionizing
Radiation
Direct ionizing rad.
(electron, proton, alpha etc.)
Indirect-ionizing rad.
(X-ray, gamma ray etc.)
Non-ionizing Radiation
(Radio wave, microwave, visible light etc.)
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6. Non-ionizing radiation
Any type of radiation that doesn’t carry enough
energy to completely remove an electron from
and atom or molecule.
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7. Ionizing radiation
Radiation that carries enough energy to free
electrons from atoms or molecules.
Direct Ionization - Charged particles directly causes
ionization and excitation of atoms.
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Theratron, Zemabawk.
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Indirect Ionization - During
interaction with matter,
uncharged particle
transfer
energy to charged
particles.

8. Charge Particle Radiation
Radiation which are having electrical charge.
(electron, positron, alpha, heavy ion etc.)
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α
Nucleus
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9. Un-charge Particle Radiation
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Radiation which are electrically neutral.
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10. ORIGIN
X-ray Production
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11. PURPOSE
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12. RISKS
1. Deterministic effects –When the DNA or other
critical parts of a cell receive a large dose of
radiation, the cell may either die or be damaged
beyond repair. If this happens to a large
number of cells in a tissue or organ, early
radiation effects may occur.
Burns, cataracts, in extreme cases death.
Recent cases in Chernobyl (800 to
16,000mSv).
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13. RISKS
Early radiation doses and deterministic effects.
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Fig Average Annual Effective Occupational Radiation Dose

14. RISKS
Early radiation doses and deterministic effects.
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Fig Taking an X-ray image with early Crookes tube apparatus, late 1800s
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15. RISKS
.
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16. RISKS
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17. RISKS
2. Stochastic effects - In some cases, the DNA of the
cell may be damaged by radiation, but the damage
does not kill the cell. The cell may continue to live
and even reproduce itself.
Cancer, leukemia and hereditary effects. Atomic
bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
radiation worker etc.
Until the 1950s, scientific reports did not appear,
that concerned low levels of radiation exposure
used in diagnostic radiology late radiation effects
in patient.
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18. RISKS
Oldest working X-ray in Mizoram was installed in 1972,
44 years ago.
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19. SOURCE OF RADIATION
Natural + Artificial
Sources of Ionizing radiation?
Natural Background Radiation –
1. Cosmic radiation (0.3mSv) –mostly protons but can
be other particles or wave energy..
2. Terrestrial radiation (0.2mSv) –uranium, potassium
and thorium natural decay
3. Inhalation (0.9mSv) - radon, thoron
4. Ingestion (0.3mSv) -
Artificial – Medical, Industrial, Nuclear.
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20. SAFE
The word “safe” means different things to different
people. For many, the idea of being safe is the absence
of risk or harm. However, the reality is that there is a
level of risk in almost everything we do.
For example, speed limits on roads are set to maximize
safety. However, accidents occur even when drivers are
obeying the speed limit. Despite the risks, we make a
conscious decision to drive.
Similar conscious decisions are made when radiation is
used. Radiation exposure carries a health risk. Knowing
what the risks are helps the regulatory bodies set dose
limits and regulations that limit exposure to an
acceptable or tolerable risk (we may say a safe limit).
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21. AERB
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22. X RAY MACHINES
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23. CONGRUENCY
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24. REFERENCES
AERB, (2001). Safety Code No. AERB/SC/MED-2 (Rev. 1), ‘Safety Code for
Medical Diagnostic X-ray equipment and installations’ AERB, Mumbai.
Bennett BG. Exposures from medical radiation world-wide, Radiat. Prot.
Dosim. 1991; 36: 237–42.
Bushong SC. (1991). Radiation protection. In: Ballinger PW, editor. 7th ed.
Merrill’s atlas of radiographic positions and radiologic procedures, vol. 1
St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 17-33.
Grover S B, Kumar J, Gupta A and Khanna L. (2002). Protection against
hazards: Regulatory bodies, safety norms, dose limits and protection
devices. Indian J. Radiol. Imaging 12, 157 – 167.
John E. Moulder. "Static Electric and Magnetic Fields and Human Health".
WHO/IARC Classifies Electromagnetic Fields as Possibly Carcingenic to
Humans
Helv. Chim. Acta vol. 83 (2000), pp. 1766
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