3. Introduction to radiation
Radiation: is energy in the form of moving particles or
electromagnetic waves.
Thereare two typesof radiation:
- Non-ionizing radiation:does not have enough energy
to remove an electron from the atom or molecule.
Microwave, radiowave,…
- Ionizing radiation: Radiation with
enough energy to remove an electron
or more from the atom or molecule,
producing ions.
Alphaparticles,Betaparticles,gamma-rays, X-rays
4.
5. Radioactivity
• The process by which unstable atoms
spontaneously transform into new
atoms and emit radiation
during theprocess.
6. Isotope & Radioisotope
• Isotopes: Atoms of the same element, that
contain the same number of protons, but
different number of neutrons.
• Radioisotope: unstable isotope of an element
that has radioactivity: undergoes spontaneous
decay,emitting radiation.
Radiation Safety Officer: OsamaTaqatqa
7. Units of Activity
•
Henri Becquerel,FrenchPhysicist (1852-1908)
Marie Curie,PolishPhysicist(1867–1934)
Curie(Ci):3.7X1010disintegration per
second.
• Becquerel(Bq): 1 disintegration persecond.
1mCi=37MBq
9. AlphaRadiation
• Helium Nucleus.
• Most massivetype of radiation.
• Alpha particles have a relatively
large electric charge, thus a very
strong interaction with matter.
Because of this they have a short
range.
• Hazardous only via ingestion or inhalation of alpha emitters
(Internal Hazard).
10. BetaRadiation
Positivelychargedbeta particles
(Positrons)
• Annihilation of radiation: The
interaction beta particle
and the from the
surrounding
between
electrons
atoms, producing 2
gammarays.
Negativelychargedbeta particles
(Electrons)
There are 2 main mechanisms
of interaction:
1- Ionization: The interaction
between the beta particle and the
orbital electrons of surrounding
atoms.
2- Bremsstrahlung
• Externalhazardto skinand eyes.
11.
12. e
-
e
-
X-ray
Bremsstrahlung: Bremsen-Strahlung
- Conservationof Energy:Someof the kinetic energyof the movingelectron isconverted
into aphoton.
bremsen "to brake" andStrahlung"radiation
- Bremsstrahlungiscausedbythe deflectionof high-energyelectron bythe electric
field of anatomicnucleus.
K1
K2
K1-K2=hv
15. Definitions (1)
• Exposure (R): Amount of charge
produced per unit mass of air
from ionizedradiation.
(1905–1965) British Physicist
• Absorbed Dose (Gy): Amount of
energy deposited per unit mass of
material (J/kg).
Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) German
Physicist
1 Gy=100rad
1 R=2.58X10-4 C/kg
16. Definitions (2)
• DoseEquivalent (Sv):
Thequantity DE(J/kg) is used to describe the human
health risk due to the exposure to radiation.
Forexample:
For equal absorbed doses, alpha
particles could be 20 times more
damaging than betaparticles.
Rolf Sievert (1896–1966) SwedishMedicalPhysicist
1 Sv=100 remDE=DX WR
D:Absorbeddose
WR:RadiationWeighting Factor
29. Gammaor x-ray
Lead
Because of its high density, and large
number or electrons, LEADis a very good
medium for scattering x-rays and
gamma-rays.
30. - The most effective shielding materials are
hydrocarbons, e.g. polyethylene, paraffin wax ,
or water.
- Light atoms slow down the neutrons by elastic
scattering, sothat they canthen beabsorbed.
Suitable Shieldof Neutron Source