Terrorism Type, Nature, and Prevention

1. Terrorism Its Type,Nature
and Prevention
Avinash Rajput
Criminology 1st Semester
Lok Nayak Jayprakesh Narayana National
Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science
Ministry of Home Affairs

2. Definitions of Terrorism
 “Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against person or Property to
intimidate or coerce o government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in
furtherance of political or social objectives.”
- F.B.I Definition
 "calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear. It
is intended to coerce or intimidate governments or societies ... [to attain]
political, religious, or ideological goals."
- U.S. Army Manual
 “Terrorism is the use or threatened use of force designed to bring about political
change.”
- Brian Jenkins
 “Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of force to achieve a political objective when
innocent people are targeted.”
- Walter Laqueur

3. Types of Terrorism
 National Terrorism
 International Terrorism

4. National Terrorism
National Terrorism involves groups whose
terrorist activities are directed at elements
of our government without foreign
involvement. Oklahoma City is a primary
example.

5. International Terrorism
International terrorism involves groups
whose terrorist activities are foreign-based
and/or directed by countries or groups
outside the United States. Sept. 11 is an
example of International Terrorism.

6. Other Types of Terrorism
• State Terrorism
• Bio Terrorism
• Cyber Terrorism
• Eco Terrorism
• NuclearTerrorism
• Narco Terrorism

7. State Terrorism
 State terrorism may refer to acts of
terrorism conducted by a state against a
foreign state or people.
 State terrorism refer to acts of violence by
a state against its own people.
 State terrorism is a system of political
domination based on the spreading of
terror in society.

8. Bio Terrorism
Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the
intentional release or dissemination of
biological agents. These agents are
bacteria, viruses, or toxins.
Bioterrorism is the term used for terrorist
activities in which biological substances are
used to cause harm to other people.
Example: They can be contaminated
water, food, air and packages to create
infection.

9. Cyber Terrorism
In this Terrorist use Information
Technology to attack civilians.
In this Terrorist use Computer System and
Telecommunications as a tool to attack.
Example: The internet worms and
viruses that are designed to take down
some of the systems that the government
uses.

10. Eco Terrorism
Eco terrorism is a recently coined term
describing violence in the interests of
environmentalism.

11. Nuclear Terrorism
"Nuclear terrorism" refers to a number of
different ways nuclear materials might be
exploited as a terrorist tactic.
Nuclear terrorism is any different way that
nuclear weapons might be used for
terrorism.
Example: Use of Radioactive materials
through explosion. Use of nuclear reactor
method.

12. Narco Terrorism
In Narco terrorism, terrorists
making, transporting, and selling illegal drugs
to fund terrorists activities.
Narco terrorism has denoted violence used
by drug traffickers to influence governments
or prevent government efforts to stop the
drug trade.
Example: Making, transporting, and selling
illegal drugs to fund terrorists activities.

13. Characteristics of Terrorism
It is exercised by organized groups
It is inspired by Political Motive
Use of Violence is intended to arouse
fright or alarm
There is systematic and indiscriminate use
of violence and breach of Law

15. Psychological Impact of
Terrorism
Strong motivation to terminate terror
Evokes classic ego defense mechanisms
and displacement
Often produces
frustration-aggression reaction
general increase in mental illness
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

16. Causes Of Terrorism
Injustice
Politicians
Poverty and Illiteracy
Media ( Controlled By Politicians)
Religious causes

17. Methods of Terrorism
Firearms
Explosive and Incendiary Devices
Chemical Agents
Biological Agents
Nuclear Weapon

18. HOW TERRORISTS OPERATE
ASSAULTS & MURDERS
KIDNAPPING & SKYJACKINGS
ARSON & BOMBINGS
WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

19. Purpose of Terrorism
Fear
Panic
Disruption
Demoralization
Intimidation
Embarrass Government
Media Attention

20. Similarities Between Terrorist
and Organized Crime Groups
Hierarchy structure
Operate secretly
Underground network
Control over the individual is strong
front organizations (Businesses or
Charities)
Similar tactics

21. Differences Between Terrorist
and Organized Crime Groups
Terrorist
 ideologically or
politically motivated
 seek media attention
 Victimization is
generally less
discriminate
 wish to compete with
governments for
legitimacy
Organized Crime
 profit-oriented
 Do not seek media
attention
 Victimization is generally
less discriminate
 Do not do this

22. ISLAMIC EXTREMISTS
AL-QAEDA
AL-JIHAD
AL-GAMA’A
HAMAS
HIZBALLAH
AL-ISLAMIYYA
AL-TAHID

23. Different Acts for Terrorism
Terrorism Act 2000
Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Prevention Act of 2004
ANIMAL ENTERPRISE TERRORISM ACT

24. Prevention of Terrorism
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention

25. Primary Prevention
Education!!!
Understand the differences in
cultures, religions, beliefs and human
behaviors
Think of the peace, freedom and
equality of all human beings, not just
“my group of people”
Eliminate the root of terrorism

26. Secondary Prevention
Establish surveillance and monitoring
system on terrorism attack
Improve protective system for citizens

27. Tertiary Prevention
Early detection of the sources
Prevent the extension of impairments
Rescue the survivors
Console the rest of the population

28. Solutions for Terrorism
Remove Poverty
Justice
Dealing with media
Improving international behaviour