Introduction of Archaeology. Creating a writing research paper and including a creative short story.

1. MONTE VERDE 1
The Burden Antiquity of Monte Verde
Joanny Marte (50237682)
APY 108
Professor Zubrow
November 20, 2017

2. MONTE VERDE 2
The Ice Age, also known as the Pleistocene was the beginning of when humans adapted
to harsh climate changes, which impacted the human lifestyle and cultural evolution. It was a
time where human survival was dependent on successful hunting skills, weapons, and layered
clothing in order to stay warm during the frigid temperatures (Dickinson 2011: 201-202). Right
before warm weather started appearing, during the late Ice Age, human settlements began along
the coastlines, lakeshores and even river valleys. One of the early human settlements that was
discovered is located at Monte Verde, which is 25 kilometers from the coast of Puerto Montt
located in Chile around a small river valley (Meltzer 2009: 121). This paper will mainly focus on
the settlement history at Monte Verde and how it proved the Clovis Theory of human migration
to be false.
Recent research at Monte Verde has brought to light new data that has changed our view
about the site’s time period, culture, and early settlement patterns. According to Monte Verde a
Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile, the site was discovered in 1975 by locals who found a
mysterious bone in their field near the Chinchihuapi Creek, it was brought to the University to be
identified by the Professor Mauricio Van De Maele who had his inquiries about what it could
possibly be (Dillehay 1989: 4). They started doing field inspection, and although the specimen
was originally identified as a “cow bone,” it was later identified as a mastodon bone in
1976. (Dillehay 1989: 4). Alongside an interdisciplinary team, Dr. Tom Dillehay from the
Universidad Austral de Chile, began excavating in order to understand the material that was
being uncovered (Meltzer 2009: 120). Excavation of the site uncovered a new culture, which
proved to be older than the Clovis culture. The data proved to be very controversial since it
questioned previously accepted evidence of when the first humans settled in the Americas.

3. MONTE VERDE 3
The main techniques used in Dillehay’s site report in order to excavate were stratigraphy,
shovel test pits survey, systematic and stratified random sampling. Shovel test pits surveying
were used, which can infer that the soil can be screened in order to obtain small artifacts. This
was accomplished in order to record and examine the soil within every individual unit within the
area. According to the New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte
Verde, Chile reported, “The cores and test pits covered a total area of approximately 20,000 m2
between the MV-I (Monte Verde) and CH-I (Chinchihuapi Creek) sites” (Dillehay 2015). With
this technique they were able to identify how far apart the sites were from each other. The
mission with the use of the systematic strategy was to interpret any archaeological remains
within the south side of the present day in Chinchihuapi Creek. The site’s area during excavation
was assigned alphabetically making each block or area divided into the north and south columns
and rows of 1-meter unit as well as each column being numbered from east to west.
All the material and samples were then removed for analysis which indicated that the best
area to excavate was the north bank in Chinchihuapi Creek, where there is extensive evidence of
human occupation. This area contains strata MV-1 to MV-6. Monte Verde was revealed to have
underwent several phases of occupation, such as MV-II and MV-I during which trade occurred.
From MV-I to MV-II the archaeological record shows evidence of cool temperature adaptation
(Dillehay 2015). This helped identify how both cultural and natural formation processes occurred
within the site. The context of a find was discovered within the site which helped to further
understand the human activities, such as what people ate, or any of the environmental conditions
that affected how they lived, such as natural disasters. During the archaeological phases, while
planning or starting search patterns the archaeologists needed to take into account Monte Verde’s

4. MONTE VERDE 4
environment. They also needed to realize that contrary to the typical urban or agricultural
communities, hunter gatherers communities leave a dispersed imprint within the landscape.
Since they did use the systematic strategy they were able to plot the exact location of the finds
and its provenience. Dillehay’s team was able to be dependent on the qualitative and quantitative
information from its patterns found within the Monte Verde site. They were able make
inferences from the data they gathered which led them to conducting ethno archaeological and
“actualist” studies providing a wider range of discoveries concluding to the various association
patterns (Dillehay 1989: 7).
(Figure 1: Map of the Monte Verde and
Chinchihuapi sites showing the different site sectors, block excavation, test pits and cores
carried out (Dillehay 2015)
From Dillehay’s site report figure one is representing an overview of the landscape
within Monte Verde and showing the observations made within the site broken down into parts
and structured with the given labels of what each symbol represents. It indicates what was being
done surrounding the Chinchihuapi Creek and Monte Verde sites. It also shows that block
excavations were being mainly focused on a certain sectors of Monte Verde (MV-I), meanwhile
the MV-2 consisted more of test pits rather than the block excavations. This was the beginning of

5. MONTE VERDE 5
using techniques to gather information from MV-I in order to figure out what sections that they
should be focusing on more. Besides MV-I and MV-2, in general test pits and cores are
illustrated in the figure 1 surrounding the entire region in patterns within rows. I did like how
Dillehay’s team kept measurements from MV-1 and MV-2 to CH-1 and CH-2 since it was also
an important factor to keep in mind to help them distinguish measurements within each site and
could potentially direct them to more information that involved any cultural evidence. The figure
one also shows that Dillehay’s team was trying to investigate additional locations within that
region that could not only just help them gain any cultural evidence, but if Chinchihuapi Creek
being 500 meters away from Monte Verde result of containing any remains (Dillehay 2015).
According to Dillehay’s site report he states,
“Twenty-five systematically placed test pits measuring 1 by 2 m to depths from
1.2 to 2.1 m also were excavated. Considering the previously defined dispersed
nature of possible archaeological deposits in the MV-I site [13,14], the distance
between test units, which were distributed along three parallel transects, was 25
m from each other” (Dillehay 2015).
Dillehay explains how it was a good idea to perform a systematic random sampling, in
which I agree because simple random sampling would have been a bad idea. When Dillehay
mentioned “dispersed nature of artifacts” he is referring to not knowing what he may find since
the site is randomly organized especially since it is mostly scattered. I would have done an open
air excavation instead of systematic random sampling to retrieve more parts that Dillehay missed
out on since he was only able to focus on certain parts and not excavate the whole area. I would
have also continued on excavating deeper rather than just stopping in order to get more of a
sense of what I would be dealing with.

6. MONTE VERDE 6
The measurements that were used for MV-1 he had incorporated that same technique for
the rest of the region as he explains the distance between the test units were forming a set of
equally spaced transects keeping an equal measurement of distance between each test pit. I agree
with Dillehay’s choice of using the parallel transects rather than squares because similar to the
Monte Verde area, it is used for dense vegetation like tropical rainforest or wetland settings. It
most likely helped them use transects as it created an easier pathway to walk along rather than
having to locate accurately a square. As Dillehay mentions about transects it can easily be
divided into units. The use of transect was also beneficial for them since it helped to record the
artifact densities in the landscape as they were able cover a large area.
They were considering to look for sparse scatters of surveying by studying the whole
regional environment to obtain a regional perspective in order to determine where they should be
concentrating. Dillehay also explains,
“In addition, ten excavation blocks (Units 17, 45(A), 55, 56,
57, 81 and 82 in MV-I, Units 5 and 6 in CH-I, and Unit 83 in CH-II,
measuring between 2 by 4 m and 5 by 6 m were excavated to depths
of 2.1 to 2.7 m. Five test pits of 1 by 2 m or 2 by 2 m were placed in
the MV-II site to a depth of ~1.5–1.7 m” (Dillehay 2015).
Since MV-1 was sort of like a protocol of the fieldwork they have done previously, it was
time for CH-1 and CH-2 the excavation process to begin with measurements ranging of a 2 by 4
or 5 by 6 meters to a depth that was less than 2.8 meters, but more than one meter. This inclusive
procedure was moderately dependent on the outcomes of the previous block excavations of MV-
1 and expanded the process of starting a cluster of test pits within the MV-2 site.

7. MONTE VERDE 7
Further excavation and analysis of the site resulted in data demonstrating human activity, such as
shelters and daily life activities. Dr. Tom Dillehay excavated Monte Verde from 1977 to 1985.
Using radiocarbon dating, he was able to show that the site was inhabited from 12,220 and 11,
390 BCE (Meltzer 2009: 33). The results of this study demonstrated that the occupation of the
site was much earlier than previously expected. Not only were there surveying and stratigraphic
techniques used, but a method that helped examine the site even more was radiocarbon dating.
Monte Verde’s environment allowed for rare preservation of organic and some inorganic
remains that made it easier for archaeologists to identify certain artifacts. Excavations at
Chinchihuapi Creek were flourishing and expanding our current knowledge of the foragers who
lived there. Dillehay and his interdisciplinary team were able to retrieve data on well preserved
organic materials due to the fact that they were dealing with peat bogs. As a result of the
preservation, his team was able to perform DNA analysis the human remains. I would have done
an isotopic analysis in order to identify their nutrition and to show me if they were migrating or
if there was any movement going on. As well as proceeded to do a dental analysis to help me
retrieve more information possibly to determine their age estimation. According to Meltzer, the
excavations uncovered “wooden artifacts and house planks, fruits, berries, seeds, leaves, and
stems, as well as marine algae, crayfish, chunks of animal hide, and what appeared to be several
human coprolites found in three small pits” (Meltzer 2009:120). The floral remains have helped
shed light on people’s diet and nutrition. It has also helped identify and make inquiries on what
was surrounding them and what was provided or eaten was mainly by the coastal shore. They
kept themselves close to shore because they were dependent on what was provided for them if it
was either food or for medical use. Many of the dwellers were limited and most likely survived
off of hunting and gathering.

8. MONTE VERDE 8
There has been a critique of this work by Stuart Fiedel who strongly believes the
“inconsistency” of the Monte Verde sites and misrepresents Dillehay’s site report. Many are in
believe that Fiedel’s statements are not knowledgeable since he makes unproven claims that
contradict the methodological issues within the Monte Verde site. I disagree with his statements
as Dillehay employed good methodology to gain information about the indigenous people who
lived along Monte Verde. As well as the results of people actually living within the cold non-
glacial climate. Although when they were sampling it might have been problematic since the
excavations that were dealt with were peat bogs. In Dillehay’s site report it discusses how
although there might not be any evidence dealing with floods occurring causing the wood and
plant to remain, they end up having data of water gradually rising possibly from an overflowing
pond or bog which was the main cause of the bog development and the site being well preserved.
Flooding is dangerous for the context and way have caused things to move and not
corresponding to the correct stratum. Dillehay was well aware of this and took further steps by
excavating as carefully and delicately as possible in order to not cause any damages. He was well
aware of the problematic quantity of organic remains that was covered within the MV-5 peat
stratum that could cause problems within the excavation and preservation, but he mentioned that
work was done indoors, contamination from the deposition of modern material was prevented.
Dillehay's team had to excavate slowly and without the usual metal tools of the trade, using
instead fine-haired brushes, small air pumps, even their fingers (Meltzer 2009: 120). Although
there might have been factors to have caused confusion of numbering, overall Fiedel’s argument
is invalid because it doesn’t change facts of what Dillehay and his team were able to uncover.
For the Monte Verde sites as well as other sites, I believe that some of the new technologies
and methodologies that could be used for further research is Archaeological geophysics that

9. MONTE VERDE 9
could benefit them. Archaeological geophysics could be used in order to examine changes within
the landscape and its physical properties. The remote sensing tools in archaeology is very useful
as it can detect and create images of the area within the sky. This would help a lot since you will
be able to investigate the subsurface with the use of techniques such as magnetic surveying,
ground penetrating radar, or electrical resistivity imaging. This is most suitable in terms of
archaeology for applying it to the areas within Monte Verde that would have helped locate any
buried structure like archaeological artifacts or even animal depositions. It can help
tremendously in terms of surveying the area with full coverage and being able to detect even the
small objects for Dillehay and his team. It would make it even easier to do interpretation within
the site because of being able access the graphic display instantly. As modern technology is
making its way to create better ways for archaeologist to subsurface survey before excavating,
the development of creating a broader opportunity for those who need it guarantees more data to
be gathered and speculations within the area.
Monte Verde’ site is a great example of a modern social problem of not knowing exactly
what occurs in our generation as well as not being able to distinguish facts from false statements.
Our society not giving accurate information about certain evidence published, as well as not
knowing what occurs and explicitly just wanting to publish and letting the public misinterpret
any given information of a certain topic or discovery. In comparison, in the modern world many
of us are reliant on what the internet tells us, since it is where we receive most of our daily news
from. Most of the time what we read on the internet might not be true and we still may believe it
to be true. Being more careful on witnessing the real news from the fake news is essential and
can help society in general to be aware of what goes on in this world. Dillehay’s team provides
in-depth evidence of the Monte Verde site being one of the first locations of people’s new

10. MONTE VERDE 10
settlements that occurred within the Americas. This proves to show how it is important for
society to be informed and research something they find interesting to identify whether it is true
or not. Avoiding to believe something that claims to be true, but in reality is just trying to get
audience attention of something that is a deception.
There are many things that our world may learn each day that may interfere with other
past results, but we are in need of making sure to give updates of what we find out to be more
accurate. Just like, Monte Verde site that proves settlements earlier than the Clovis site. Dillehay
site report helped me understand how it takes a lot of trial and error in order to come up with
results of the sites. Also, when working in a pesky site like Monte Verde, the more people who
you are able to bring with you will result in what you will be able to find. It takes an entire
interdisciplinary team to be able to analyze and educate Monte Verde to achieve well informed
knowledge, also patience and precaution. It takes explicit and careful work to be done in order to
get accurate results.

11. MONTE VERDE 11
Creative Narrative Story
“You see Anita, we shouldn’t be afraid of them because they are terrified of us, be careful and
pass me the seeds I told you to hold,” my father said, as I was too scared to even step one foot
more around the Mastodon.
“But, dad it is much bigger than I am,” I said, shaking my head in terror.
I wanted to make my father proud, especially since I was the oldest one from my family
who still didn’t know how to hunt. I opened my eyes slowly and saw that it was already staring
at me, I quickly closed my eyes again.
My father started laughing and stated, “My dear, they aren’t capable of hurting you, my
dear they only eat plants and fruits”.
My father was right I was just being really chicken not wanting to be near it. I decided as a nine-
year-old to toughen up and have no mercy. So I grabbed the seeds I had given my dad and made
my way as close to the Mastodon, as I heard my father in disbelief of what was going on I felt a
sense of pride and joy of what I had just done. I realize compared to my size how small I was
actually compared to it. I froze with my hands out with the seeds. The Mastodon looked at me,
and started to look down at me, I could feel its heavy breath and even though my dad said to me
that I shouldn’t feel scared. I freaked out when it was getting super close to me

12. MONTE VERDE 12
“Ahhhhhhh!”, I said shaking again and seeing that I also startled it. My father came out of
nowhere to the rescue taking out his spear, since we promised our family to come back with
dinner.1
I heard him scream in pain, not knowing what was going on, my dad had then thrown me the
spear and told me, “My dear, I believe in you”.
I attempted to defeat the Mastodon with my spear, but I did not know how to actually use it
properly. The Mastodon continued to circle around me and I felt incapable of doing anything as I
continued to hear its big stomps. Up to this point, I couldn’t take it any longer I started to scream
out for help as if anyone would actually hear me.
After what seem to feel like forever, people from my community started to appear with worried
looks. Six guys started to attack the Mastodon with long spears2 as the other two guys were
throwing boulders and one of them made their way to rescue me to be away from it.
I started screaming, “My dad, my dad!! He is hurt please, help him” and he looked at me and
went to help my dad.
As I saw my dad still in pain trying to get up, I looked back witnessing how they kept attacking
the Mastodon until it started to collapse, this was when they reached another stone to throw it on
its head to make it unconscious. They then started to butcher the animal; skinning it and
1 According to Dillehay and Casamiquela eight mastodon bones were recovered from artifact
concentrations in Areas D-DW. (Dillehay 1989: 16)
2 Various stone technology was found at the site, such as bifacial flakes, which could have been
used for butchering animals (Dillehay 1989: 15).

13. MONTE VERDE 13
removing it for the use of clothing and began to open up the animal, removing and cutting the
meat parts.
They started to then gather parts of meat they butchered stacking it in order to bring it back to
Chinchihuapi Creek. I run towards him and realize that a huge piece of wood from a log had cut
into his knee deep. My father was limping, in shocked I started crying like any nine-year-old girl
would possibly do.
My dad still in pain yelled out, “Yes! My dear”.
I was so confused on why he was praising me when I couldn’t even simply look at the Mastodon
directly at its eye. Simply it being triple my size frighten me and hoe I was just a mouse
compared to it.3
With a disappointed face looking down at my feet I said, “I didn’t do anything father, I failed
you”.
My dad looked at me beaming and said, “My dear, I know you wouldn’t be able to do it, but I
wanted to see you face your fear, you showed true courage”.
The man who rescued me, helping my dad up said, “Yes! You are truly a courageous little girl. I
remember at your age every time I would have to face one I would run into the woods without
looking back”.
I started to feel better knowing that they believed in me and how I actually faced my fear.
3 According to Dillehay the Mastodon family of the Gomphotheriidae, the size and weight of this
animal suggests that mobility in the wetland forests, where numerous bogs, marshes, and “quick
muds” are located would have been very difficult (Dillehay 1989: 208).

14. MONTE VERDE 14
We started to help my dad make his way to the Mastodon, as we got closer he started saying
things like “Woah, that is incredible!”, “This can feed the whole village”, “We will have enough
food for a long time”.
He started grinning and passed some to me to store it so we can bring it back to our home.
“WHERE WERE YOU”, my mom said in a worried voice. “We were so worry that you
guys wouldn’t come any time sooner”, said my mom.
She started helping my dad inside our hut and laying him down. I wasn’t surprised that our
community knew everything that went on, there were approximately 20-30 of us that were living
in 12 huts around the Chinchihuapi Creek.4
Alongside the river from the Chinchihuapi Creek that was forty-five miles away from the Pacific
Ocean. So you can assume that our business is everyone else’s business. We all knew each other
pretty well since it was pretty small, no one hardly didn’t know anyone.
“Are you listening to me, Anita?”, my mom asked me in an eager tone.
My mom came out and asked me to collect wood. “Yes, mom”, I contently told her knowing
there was plenty of wood around.
As I walked out, I noticed that my mom wasn’t the only one preparing for dinner, I saw other
kids collecting wood for their mother. At this moment I remembered that the men who returned
home with the meat, and now the women were starting to prepare a huge feast.
4 According to Dillehay in Chinchihuapi Creek there seem to be a small community living there
(Dillehay 2011).

15. MONTE VERDE 15
I started to get excited getting all the different cooking smells of meat, I noticed how although
we were celebrating over the Mastodon they were still cooking the birds and frogs.
I made my way back to my mother and mentioned, “Mom, everyone looks really happy is father
okay?”.
My mom glanced at me and said, “Yes, your father is resting right now”. I tell my mom in a
worried tone, “I hope he will enjoy the feast that is happening today”.
Since I was the oldest out of my siblings I helped my mother cook dinner and told her about how
terrified I was to be around the Mastodon feeling like the size of a mouse. My mom started
laughing and this made me happy knowing that she was worried about dad.
Once we finished, we waited by the hearth5, around the nice warm fire while the smell of the
meat was making my stomach growl.
My mom must have heard my stomach growling, she left and came back to sit next to me
brushing my hair while she told me a story of a courageous girl.
“Mom! Kimbur found some weird bug and brought it home!”, my sister Lusi said.
“It’s disgusting”, my little sister Nina said.
“No it is not!”, exclaimed Kimbur who is the second oldest from my siblings.
Heire snatched the insect away from Lusi and started running around her in circles.
5 According to Dillehay many of the plant specimens in samples from hearths or food pits were
found burned, assuming that the inhabitants of the site during this period controlled fire and were
able burn wood for cooking, heating (Dillehay 1989: 84).

16. MONTE VERDE 16
“You won’t catch me’’, said my brother Heire.
My brothers and sisters were just coming from playing along the river, but it seems as if play
time was not over yet.
“Heire stop playing around with your sister, you are going to make her cry!”, my mom said.
Heire then made his way to me and gave me the small mythical creature that took me a while to
realize it was a beetle.6
He said, “Lusi, will thank me later that I gave it to you”. I looked at him confused and went back
to staring at it.
I was thinking to myself that if he would have given it to me any other day before today I would
have freaked out and it would have been bye-bye beetle.
I stared at the beetle as it stared back, as if it was staring back into my soul.
“Anita! I want to see it!”, said Lusi excited to see her big sister examining the beetle. I bring out
my hands closer to Lusi and show her the holographic beetle.
“It is so pretty!”, Lusi said.
Nina made her way to us and said, “Wow, it isn’t ugly”. As we continued looking at the beetle
and Heire arguing with Kimbur on who jumped and screamed first we then stopped as the food
was ready. All of the people in our community gathered and we all celebrated and enjoyed the
feast.
6 According to Dillehay the beetles are invariably the most abundant fossils (Dillehay 1989:211).

17. MONTE VERDE 17
“Get ready to leave”, my mom told me.
I wasn’t expecting this to happen so suddenly, my brothers and sisters weren’t too content either
about this. “But why mom?”, I asked with an upset face.
“We are going to get your father more medicine”, my mom said with a tired face.
I knew what that meant, going around the river to locate seaweed since my mom was running out
of it. I remember when I was sleeping, hearing my father yell in pain when she finally took out
the piece of wood from his leg. As I peeked in, I noticed that the wound looked pretty bad. I
knew she wasn’t going to stop telling us to get ready, until we were finally prepared. Once, we
were finally prepared we started going towards the Maulin River.
After finally arriving to the Maulin River, my siblings started to play around once again and I
was forced to help my mom gather the seaweed.7 We noticed a few of the people on boats as if
they were planning to go on a long journey, some of them carried a massive pile of products.
This was when I thought to myself and asked, “Mom, we should try and see how much seaweed
are we able carry back home”.
My mom replied, “Sure, there can never be enough of seaweed”. We started gathering up as
much seaweed as we could possibly carry back. Once we finished getting a sufficient amount me
and my mom started heading back as my siblings helped out to carry it.
7 According to Dillehay Maullin River is an important body of water in the region, as a route of
transportation of trade goods between the coast and interior areas (Dillehay 1989: 89-90).

18. MONTE VERDE 18
Once we were home I started helping my mom unpacked the seaweed.
“Anita, do you want to help me make the seaweed paste for your dad and the drink?”, she asked
me contently.
I told my mom, “Yes, I would love to”.
I started helping my mom prepare seaweed soup and a seaweed paste for my father to use for his
knee. We soaked the seaweed in water, then we cut it up to pieces that was then transferred to
start heating it up with the meat and some salt. We also used some of the seaweed that was still
warm and soft to use it on my father to soothe the swelling of his injury.
Once, we finished making the soup my mom asked me to go take some to my father and
wrap the seaweed around his injury.
I made my way to my father that woke up from the smell of the soup.
“I see you brought me some food that you and your mother made”, my father said.
“Yes, I hope you are feeling better, I also came with something else to help you not feel so much
pain father”, I said with a worried look. “Anita, no need to be so worried I will get better soon
and once I do we can go hunting together”, my dad said beaming. I looked at my dad and started
to wrap the lukewarm seaweed around the wound, I tried to be as careful as possible8.
8 According to Dillehay a large number of seaweed species are used for food, medications and
trading purposes (Dillehay 1989: 71).

19. MONTE VERDE 19
“owwah”, my father said. “I am so sorry”, I told my dad trying to focus more on being more
careful. “My dear, it is okay you are doing a better job at me not screaming in pain so much than
your mother” my dad said.
Once I finished, me and my father were thinking about all the fun and exciting things we would
do.
My dad then stated, “My dead I am extremely proud of you, you really are growing into a young
and wonderful mature girl. I remember you chasing the birds and running away from them when
they would make a sound. Lusi told me how you held the beetle in order to show it to her. I am
really impressed with everything that you have been capable of managing to do on your own”.
I looked at my father and said, “Thank you father this means so much to me”.
I decided to speak to my father about the man who saved me and my father the day of the
mastodon. I was mentioning to my father about how when we were walking back home the man
showed me his weapons 9 who he enjoyed to make, he even showed me a few from his collection
that he was the most proudest on. How I hope to one day be as proud of something just like he
was.
9 According to Dillehay three different stone technologies were identified within the site;
percussion flaked stone technology, naturally fractured and culturally used stone tool, and
pecked-ground stone technology. Bifacial flaked, willow-leaf shaped tools, grinding stones,
hammer stone (Dillehay 1989:15).

20. MONTE VERDE 20
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Americas. Antiquity.
Dickinson, W. (2011). Geological perspectives on the Monte Verde archaeological site in Chile
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production and social organization.
Dillehay, T et al., (2015, November 18). New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human
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Dillehay, T. 1989. Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile. Smithsonian Institution
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21. MONTE VERDE 21
Dillehay, T. 1989. Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile. Smithsonian Institution
Press: (pp. 211) Washington and London.
Meltzer, D. J. (1997). Monte Verde and the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas. Science. New
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