2. PRIMARY EDUCATION
● First stage of free and compulsory education.
● It is the stage when a child starts receiving formal
instruction in an institution.
Two stages: • Lower primary----6 to 9 years of age
(Std 1 to 4)
• Upper primary--- 10 to 12 years of age (Std 5 to 7)
It moulds the personality of the child.
He learns the fundamental skills and attitudes required
for leading a successful life in a democratic society
3. PROBLEMS OF PRIMARY EDUCATION
Apathy of parents
● A majority of parents in India do not bother
about the education of their children.
● Poverty of parents.
● Resistance to education of girls by certain
parents.
4. Problem of resources
There are only a few schools in India which
have all the primary facilities and materials
such as blackboards, furniture, drinking
water, urinals, etc
5. Inequality in educational opportunity
We must give equal chances of education to all pupils
irrespective of religion, caste, sex or economic status without
any hindrance.
Problem of finance to start and maintain the schools.
Problem of universal provision In rural and slum areas,
provision to provide primary education is very less.
6. Problem of staff
Most of the primary schools are run with unqualified
staff.
Faulty curriculum
No child centered, no life centered, not activity
centred, etc. It should be activity based and include
activities for creative expressions.
Miscellaneous
It includes physical weakness, continuous illness,
irregular attendance, heterogeneous age group of
students, etc.
7. Wastage and stagnation
Wastage can be defined as "the premature withdrawal of
children from school at any stage before the completion of the
course". Thus, the money invested on the individual is wasted.
Stagnation is “the retention of a child in a lower class for a
period of more than one year". He fails in his class and stays
there more than the required time due to poor progress. •
Stagnation discourages the child as well as his parents to think it
is better to withdraw the child from the school
8. SECONDARY EDUCATION
● It is the second level of schooling that falls
between the primary and higher education.
● It covers children aged 12 to 18.
● It is often referred to as high school and higher
secondary school.
● High school consists of Std VIII, IX and X.
9. The final two years of secondary is often called
Higher Secondary or HSS or simply the "+2" stage.
● Since the secondary stage of education coincides
with the adolescence period, it becomes the most
crucial period.
● It is the terminal stage of a large number of pupils
who enter life.
● It assists them to become useful members of a
complex modern society.
10. PROBLEMS OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
Heavy curriculum
● Secondary education is predominantly academic in
nature and bookish.
Rigid timetable
● No scope for experimentation and research in the
classroom situation on the part of the teacher.
11. Expensive scheme
● It creates heavy financial burden on parents.
Lowering of standard in certain subjects--- syllabus is not updated.
Not child centered
● It ignores individual difference in intelligence, aptitude and
interests of children.
Wastage and stagnation
Highly exam oriented
● Children learn to pass the exams and not for realizing the
developmental goals.
12. HIGHER EDUCATION
✓ Higher education is also known as post- secondary
education or third level education.
✓ Often delivered at universities, academies, colleges,
institutes of technology, etc.
✓ Higher education includes teaching, research, and
social services.
✓ It includes both the undergraduate level and the
postgraduate level
13. PROBLEMS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
❖ Colleges are too expensive and inefficient.
❖ Students don't work very hard and learn little.
❖ A minority of students graduate on time and many don't
graduate at all.
❖ The availability of online education will create laziness
among students
15. REMEDIES OF EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS
✓ Teachers have to be trained.
✓ Teacher educators must have a minimum qualification of
PG degree (M.Ed).
✓ Salary and service condition should be improved.
✓ Curriculum should be flexible and child centered.
✓ Examination system should be improved.
✓ Attempts should be made to change the attitude of parents
and society.
16. ✓ Preferential treatment to the poor and unprivileged.
✓ Value education.
✓ Introduction of vocational courses.
✓ All round extracurricular activities.
✓ Remedial or tutorial classes for weaker students.
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