Plant Pathogens (Cat 24)

Plants and
Pathogens
Super
Refresher
(GDA Approval Number R20-
00913; this is also the
course #.)
Recertification Credit: 2 CEU
Ornamental Plant and Turf Pest
Control (Category 24)
10/31/2020
© 2020 Academy of Understanding and Achievement. All
Rights Reserved.
1
Jeremiah Ebenzee Spence, M.Sc.,
Instructor | Albany Unified
Academy
jspence@myaua.org

Course Outline
10/31/2020
© 2020 Academy of Understanding and Achievement. All Rights
Reserved.
2
Ia. About MyAUA and Housekeeping……………………………Minutes: 2:00
• Background information on MyAUA and general instructions for the course and slide deck.
Ib. Topic: Review | Safety, Use of Pesticides, IPM and PPE ………………………Minutes: 35:00
 This topic introduces the subject of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and related
environmental science concepts. Specifically, this topic will provide applicators with a
fundamental and practical understanding of integrated pest management in a landscape
setting with emphasis on pest identification and control; pesticide application safety;
and legal requirements for state licensure, including keeping of pesticide use records.
PowerPoint presentation
II. Topic: Review | Ornamental Refresher, Entomology and Pest Primer…………Minutes: 35:00
 This portion of the course will review a handout on a diverse array of plant pests and
pathogens including insects, weeds, plant pathogens, nematodes, and vertebrate species.
III. Topic: Review and Videos | Equipment Maintenance, Use and Care ……………….Minutes: 15:00
 A review of the application equipment and its proper use on this video. Maintenance
should be done regularly according to this video, which concludes this topic.
IV. Topic: | Application Methods and Pesticide Preview ……...Minutes: 10:00
 A review of several application methods for the treatment of ornamentals and turf will
be covered in this topic, including, pruning (video), spot treatment, foliar sprays,
drenching and pre-plant soaking. Also, I will discuss the various pesticide classes and
formulations relevant to this category. PowerPoint presentation and
V. Topic: Quiz | Multiple Choice………………………………………Minutes: 15:00
Total Minutes: 112:00

About MyAUA
• Founded in 2020 as a Georgia corporation.
Minority-led, seeking to promote diversity,
scholarship and service to humanity.
• MyAUA offers educational services, such as
exam preparation, tutoring, and custom writing
services, for students who are 3rd grade
through college.
• Also offers continuing education courses for
commercial pesticide applicators, which are
delivered in an online format.
• MyAUA delivers website design services as
well. So please inquire.
10/31/2020
Rights Reserved.
3

Housekeeping
• Please compete the training record form. This is how
you will receive credit for the course complete. You
need to have at least a 70 on the quiz to receive
credit for course.
• There is information to share in the notes section on
some slides. To turn on this section in PowerPoint,
navigate to the View tab on the main menu. Then click
Notes under the Show section (see blue outline). The
notes will appear at the bottom of the presentation.
• Alternatively, switch to Notes Page view under the
Presentation Views section on the View tab.10/31/2020
© 2020 Albany Unified Academy. All rights reserved except
where noted.
4

Recertification Requirements
Recertification of
commercial
applicators is
required every 5
years according to
the Georgia
Department of
Agriculture.
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Federal Rules and Regulations
• The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA) is the federal law or statute that regulates
the production, transportation, dale, use, and disposal
of pesticides. FIFRA is administered by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
• The Worker Protection Standard provides protection of
agricultural workers and their family.
• According to the Federal Drug Administration
(FDA), tolerance is the EPA-established maximum residue
level of a pesticide chemical that is permitted in or
on a human or animal food in the United States. The
Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 sets safety
standards of pesticide tolerance levels.
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6

State-level Rules and
Regulations
• The Georgia Anti-Syphon Device Act protects
water supplies by requiring anti-syphon
device on systems delivering irrigation,
pesticide, and fertilizer.
• Georgia Pesticide Control Act of 1976
provides for the regulation of pesticide use
for insects, weeds, pathogens, and rodents.
• Georgia Pesticide Use and Application Act of
1976, “regulates the labeling, distribution,
storage, transportation, use, and disposal of
pesticides.”
• Records of pesticide use should be kept for
two years for inspection following10/31/2020 © 2020 Albany Unified Academy. All rights reserved except where noted. 7

Label and Labeling Defined
• Read the label: It’s the law!
• What is the difference between "label" and "labeling"?
• Pesticide law (FIFRA section 2(p)) defines the terms as
follows:
• The term label is defined as “the written, printed, or
graphic matter on, or attached to, the pesticide or device
or any of its containers or wrappers.”
• The term labeling is defined as “all labels and all other
written, printed, or graphic matter: (a) accompanying the
pesticide or device at any time; or (b) to which reference
is made on the label or in literature accompanying the
pesticide or device, except to current official publications
of the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States
Departments of Agriculture and Interior, and the Department
of Health and Human Services, State experiment stations,
State agricultural colleges, and other similar Federal or
State institutions or agencies authorized by law to conduct
research in the field of pesticides.”
10/31/2020
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Container Rinsing and
Recycling
• Some labels call for triple rinsing
and recycling of pesticide
containers.
• Recycling spares the environment of
unnecessary waste and is a green
solution which should be utilized.
• Please read more about this here.
10/31/2020 © 2020 Albany Unified Academy. All rights reserved except where noted. 9

Georgia Clean Day
• Georgia Department of Agriculture Clean Day is
an annual program that offers users the
opportunity to dispose of old, unusable, or
cancelled pesticides to a hazardous waste
contractor for disposal.
• Contact GDA for details: Rick Hayes
(mailto:ricky.hayes@agr.georgia.gov)
Pesticide Program Special Projects
Clean Day Program
Tele: (404)-656-4958
Fax: (404)-657-8378
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10

Pesticide Registration
• Types of pesticide registrations:
Section 3 are the most common type of registration,
which are represented by an EPA registration number.
Special local need (SLN) as Section 24(c) provides
legal provisions for the use of pesticides outside
current labeling. Supplemental labeling must
accompany each pesticide with SLN registration.
Emergency exemptions under Section 18 applies to
non-labeled pesticides for uses to address emergency
pest threats.
Minimum risk pesticides under Section 25(b) do not
go through the EPA registration process because of
their safety.
10/31/2020 © 2020 Academy of Understanding and Achievement. All Rights Reserved. 11

Safety Precautions
 Toxic chemicals, such as wood preservatives can irritate
and burn the skin, eyes, nose and throat and cause
dizziness and muscle spasms. Excessive contact,
particularly with some concentrates, can cause organ system
failure.
 Wood preservatives are mostly received, transferred, mixed,
stored and applied in closed systems. However, occasional
leaks can present sources of human exposure. Handling of
freshly treated wood is highly mechanized; thus, potential
dermal exposure of employees is usually minimal except for
maintenance and cleanup jobs.
 Constant, careless and accidental dermal or respiratory
exposure, however, can cause short or even long-term health
effects.
Exposure to wood preservatives can occur while handling and
mixing the chemicals, entering pressure-treatment cylinders,
working around spray or dip operations, handling freshly
treated wood, cleaning/servicing equipment, or disposing of
wastes. Closed systems for handling the chemicals and
mechanical handling of treated wood helps to reduce potential
exposure but does not eliminate the possibility of some
routine or accidental exposure for workers.
Because of the potential hazard of these preservatives, there
are EPA label requirements for their handling and use. In
addition to the potential hazards of chronic toxicity, a
single or short-term exposure may cause acute health
effects such as:
•Eye irritation, irreversible eye damage
12 10/31/2020 © 2020 Academy of Understanding and Achievement. All Rights Reserved.
The risk associated with pesticides
comes from personal exposure during
their application process.
Pesticides can harm the body in
three ways:
 Contact (skin)
 Ingestion (oral)
 Inhalation (respiratory)

Other Safety Precautions
Don't eat, drink or smoke in the work area;
worker's hands can transmit residues to
whatever they touch.
Wash hands often, especially before using the
bathroom, smoking or eating.
Remove gloves to handle paperwork, phones or
equipment that others may handle with
unprotected hands.
At commercial treatment plants, protective
clothing must be left at the plant. If work
clothes must be washed at home, keep them
separate from other laundry.
.
10/31/2020
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13

Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
According to the GDA, the pesticide(s) you use will determine
what PPE is necessary.
In general, PPE includes:
Long sleeves and pants (disposable sleeves are also an
acceptable alternative to long sleeves)
Close-toed, non-porous shoes or boots
Impervious Gloves
Labels often require nitrile gloves, or unlined gloves that
will not absorb chemicals.
Eye and/or face protection (goggles or face shield)
Safety equipment must be in good, working condition.
Dust/mist filtering respirator
Respirator cartridges should be stored singled and not around
pesticides

More on the Label
Posting Documentation and Technical Data
Certain documentation is available on site when
wood treating chemicals are used, such as:
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), available
for each treating compound as shown in included
examples.
Technical data sheets, available from
manufacturer and/or vendor.
Toxicity data, available from the manufacturer

First Aid
Follow the product label and Safety Data Sheets supplied by chemical manufacturers for all first aid
directions.
The following general steps apply to accidental exposure to wood preservatives:
• Skin contact
First remove contaminated clothing in contact with the skin. Immediately wash the affected areas with
mild soap and water. Do not irritate the skin by scrubbing. Consult a physician if you notice inflamed
skin, redness or itching in the affected area.
• Eye contact
Immediately flush the eyes with running water. Lift the upper and lower eyelids for complete irrigation
and continue for 15 minutes, then see a physician.
• Inhalation
Move the victim to fresh air and apply artificial respiration as needed. Get medical help immediately.
• Ingestion
In case of chemical ingestion, call medical help immediately. Only induce vomiting if the label first aid
calls for it. Follow the instructions and get medical help immediately. Never attempt to give anything
by mouth to an unconscious person. Never induce vomiting in an unconscious person.

Emergency Response Plan
• Every pesticide
applicator needs to
follow an emergency
response plan,
detailing the actions
that should be taken
in response to a fire,
transportation
accident, chemical
spill, natural
disaster.
• In case of an
emergency, first call
911.
• The next slide has
important numbers to
call in case of an
emergency.
© 2020 Academy of Understanding and Achievement. All Rights Reserved. 10/31/2020 17

Emergency Response Contacts
American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC)
515 King Street
Suite 510 |
Alexandria, VA 22314
Toll-Free: 1-800-222-1222
https://www.aapcc.org/
Animal Poison Control Center (APCC)
424 E. 92nd Street
New York, NY 10128-6804
Toll-Free: 1-888-426-4435
(A $65 consultation fee applies, but up to 90% of this charge is covered if
the animal has the ASPCA Pet Health Insurance.)
https://www.aspcapetinsurance.com/veterinarians/apcc-animal-poison-
control-center/
CHEMTREC
2900 Fairview Park Drive
Falls Church, VA 22042
Toll-Free: 1-800-424-9300
https://www.chemtrec.com/
Georgia Department of Agriculture
Pesticide Division
19 M.L.K. Jr. Drive SW
Room 410
Atlanta, GA 30334
Phone: 404-656-4958
Fax: 404-657-8378
http://agr.georgia.gov/pesticides.aspx
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
2 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive SE
Suite 1456, East Tower
Atlanta, GA 30334
Air Branch: 404-363-7000
Land Branch: 404-362-2537
Watershed Branch: 404-463-1511
Wildlife Resources Division: 770-918-6401
Emergency Operations Center: 1-800-241-4113
https://epd.georgia.gov/
Georgia State Patrol
Post 40
830 Liberty Expressway, SE
Albany, GA 31705
Phone: 229-430-6585
Dial *477 on mobile phone for spills on public roadways.
National Capital Poison Center (NCPC)
National Poison Control Hotline (human or animal)
(Spanish speakers available) (800) 222-1222
3201 New Mexico Avenue, Suite 310,
Washington, DC 20016
Phone: 202-362-3867
Emergency phone: (Spanish speakers available) 1-800-222-1222
Fax: 202-362-8377
Email: pc@poison.org (Provide your name, address, and phone number via
email.)
https://www.poison.org/
National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC)
Oregon State University
310 Weniger Hall
Corvallis, OR 97331-6502
Toll-Free: 1-800-858-7378
Email: npic@ace.orst.edu
http://npic.orst.edu/
National Response Center (NRC)
U.S. Coast Guard Sector San Diego
2710 N. Harbor Dr.
San Diego, CA 92101
Toll-Free: 1-800-424-8802
NRC Watch Email: NRC@uscg.mil
University of Georgia (UGA) Cooperative Extension
Dougherty County Cooperative Extension
125 Pine Ave, Suite 100
Albany, GA 31701-2545
Phone: 229-436-7216
Fax: 229-436-6760
Email: uge4095@uga.edu
https://extension.uga.edu/county-offices/dougherty.html
UGA Pesticide Safety Education
Dr. Milton Taylor (Program Coordinator)
0413 Biological Science,120 Cedar St.
Athens, GA 30602 0000
(706) 540-4108
Email: mickeyt@uga.edu
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 4
Valerie Nowell
Sam Nunn Atlanta Federal Center
61 Forsyth Street, SW
Atlanta, GA 30303-8960
Email: nowell.valerie@epa.gov
Phone: (404) 562-9555
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Chief, Endangered Species
1875 Century Blvd., Suite 200
Atlanta, GA 30345
http://www.fws.gov/southeast/endangered-species-act/

Container Rinsing and
Recycling
• Some labels call for triple
rinsing and recycling of
pesticide containers.
• You can read more about this
here.

Pest Problems
• Pests become resistance when they become less
susceptible to control measures.
• According to CropLife International, the overuse of pesticides
has led to the following:
Development of pest resistance to pesticides…pest resurgence, the
development of secondary pests into major pests, an increase in
pesticide use, an increase in production costs, and uneconomic crop
production. These effects have resulted in production of those crops
being abandoned, as well as the contamination of food, water and soil.
Source: CropLife International (2011). Trainee Manual: Introduction to Integrated Pest Management. [Available Online]
Accessed 6 August 2020. https://croplife.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf_files/IPM-Trainee-Manual-
2011-update.pdf

The Water Cycle

Off-target Movement of Pesticides
Point Source Pollution:
• Run-off
• Drift
• Leaching
See notes section for more
details.
Source: Tops Water Protection
Source: BASF

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
•Involves holistic practices of pest
management, using the most effective tools
to control pest populations.
•IPM provides safe methods to minimize the
negative effects of pesticide use.

IPM (cont’d)
• IPM involves several control methods, including:
• Biological control, which is the introduction of a natural enemy or
predator to manage pest populations (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis
israelensis, Bti is used to control mosquito larvae).
• Genetic control creates organisms that are less susceptible to pests.
These organisms are called transgenetic because their genes have
been changed to include information from another species (e.g., use of
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Bti and Roundup Ready crops).
• Chemical control is the use of toxic substances to manage pests
(e.g., the use of pesticides or herbicides).

IPM (cont’d)
• Mechanical control uses barriers to prevent entry of pests
(e.g., fencing and screening around a perimeter to block pest
entry).
• Cultural control involves habits that decrease pest
populations (e.g., taking out the garbage regularly as well as
other sanitary measures, regular mowing and irrigation)
• Regulatory control by quarantine and ordinance hopes to
prevent the introduction of pests into certain environments.
Quarantine prevents pests from entering areas which are
free from pests. Total elimination of pests is called
eradication.

Key Terms
● Toxicity is the measurement of potential harm caused by a substance, e.g.,
pesticide.
● Hazard = Toxicity x Exposure. “Hazard, or risk, is the true concern for the
applicator or handler. It is the potential or probability for harm (injury,
illness, or allergy) to occur because of the combination of the product’s innate
toxicity and the level of human exposure.”
o The signal word indicates the toxicity: Danger-Poison, Danger, Caution, and
Warning. Pesticides that contain the word Danger are very toxic and cause
irreparable skin and eye damage.
o All labels contain, the statement, “Keep out of the reach of children,” unless
waived by EPA.
o Classification of pesticide is determined by toxicity, use and effect on the
environment.
● Toxicity: local (contact) symptoms or effects vs. systemic (acute or chronic).
● Acute toxicity is described by LD50 or LC50 values. The lower the LD50 value of a
pesticide, the less it takes to kill 50% of the population of test animals.
Therefore, the greater the toxicity of the chemical.
● The unit of measurement for the LD50 is milligrams of pesticide per kilogram of
the test animal’s body weight (mg/kg). LD50 is stated for oral and dermal routes
using animal studies.

Components of IPM
The steps of IPM include the following:
• Inspection of site and identification of pests.
• Monitoring of pest threshold levels (e.g., economic threshold or
ET is the level or pest density per unit area at which pest
control methods are required before the pest reaches the economic
injury level or EIL, which is equal to the lowest number of pests
that will cause damage equal to the cost of pest control. The ET
should be set below the EIL. An action threshold (AT), “is the
pest level at which some type of pest management action must be
taken.” AT is zero for some pests. General equilibrium level is
the average population density.
• Develop pest management protocol.
• Evaluate and record results.
• IPM recommends “spot treatments or using reduced rates of
pesticides” O’Conner-Marer (2006).

Plant Cell Structure
Source: Christensen et al. 2019

10/31/2020
© 2020 Albany Unified Academy. All rights reserved except
where noted.
30
Pesticide Formulations
Types Abbreviation Overview Advantages Disadvantages Uses
Emulsifiable
concentrates
EC Liquid;
oil-
soluble
active
ingredien
t (a.i.)
Will not clog or
damage sprayer; easy
to pour, transport,
and handle; leave
residual for up to
28-90 days
High [a.i.] leads to
overdosing or
underdosing;
phytotoxic; absorption
through skin is
common; flammable;
solvents causes wear
and tear
To control insects
and weeds around
the buildings.
Low Concentrate
Solutions
S; RTU, RTS Liquid;
ready-to-
use;
contain
1% or
less
active
ingredien
t.
Mixing not required,
thus toxicity is
reduced.
Not widely
distributed; expensive
Can be used to
control a wide
variety of pest and
lawn care
Concentrated
Solutions
C; LC; or
WSC/WSL
Liquid;
concentra
ted a.i.;
which
must be
mixed
with
solvent.
No residues left; do
not clog equipment;
easy to handle. Do
not require excessive
agitation.
High risk of
absorption through
skin; not widely
distributed.
Good for weed
control.
Baits B Liquid or
solid;
contains
low
amount
(5% or
less) of
a.i.
Can be used to
control ants; roaches
and rodents; covers
defined territory;
gel baits are
odorless with minimal
toxicity
Need to be refilled
often; bait shyness is
common. Children and
pets could be harmed;
can causes residue;
risk of cross-
contamination with
other pesticides and
Stations are mixed
with water or other
food and placed
near pest habitat;
Good for insects,
rodents, birds, or
slugs.

Application Methods and
Techniques
• Spot treatment involves small areas of
the area surrounding plants.
• Foliar sprays are directed at the
plant leaf surface.
• Drenching is the addition of diluted
control products directly to the base
of a plant.
• Pre-plant soaking is the submersion of
a potted plant into water to promote
root hydration.

Rotary
and
Drop
Spreade
rs

Maintenance of broadcast
spreader

Pruning techniques
Jaydee of the Utah
State Extension
Service talks
about pruning
techniques

Conclusion
Please take time to complete the
quiz. And thank you for
completing this course. If you
have any questions, please
contact MyAUA at
jspence@myaua.org.
10/31/2020
Rights Reserved.
35

Plant Pathogens (Cat 24)

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