This presentation accompanies course work for recertification in Cat 36 in Georgia. This is appropriate for commercial pesticide applicators. Please go to https://myaua.org/course-overview/courses-content/ to view all courses available.
38. Wood acetylation creates a
wood product that is less
susceptible to decay by cell
wall filling, reaction with
wood polymers, and
degradation of cell wall
components.
Wood contains hydroxyl groups (R-OH),
which lend to its decay properties. Wood
acetylation replaces these hydroxyl groups
with acetyl groups (H₃C-C=O).
RXN: wood + acetic anhydride yields acetylated wood + acetic acid
Wood Acetylation
“The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.” (Source: Wikipedia)
Water is polluted by pesticides in several ways, including run-off where surface water is contaminated directly by pesticides that are located at the point of use and move into a body of water. Leaching is the downward translocation of pesticides to groundwater supplies, while drift in the movement of pesticides through vapors, wind, or air.
Surrounding the plant cell I are the cell wall, secondary cell wall and plasma membrane. The secondary cell wall is composed of monolignols lignin cellulose, hemicellulose., which “strengthen and waterproof the cell.” Source Wikipedia.
Image Source
Christensen, Cecilie S.L.; Rasmussen, Søren K. (2019) Low Lignin Mutants and Reduction of Lignin Content in Grasses for Increased Utilization of Lignocellulose. Agronomy 9, no. 5: 256. [Available Online] https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050256 Accessed 8 August 2020.
Source: Source: National Association of State Departments of Agriculture Research Foundation (2014). National Pesticide Application Certification Core Manual. Second Edition.
Wood treatment and preservation is a complex process, which is detailed in this video.
Pest biology
Eastern subterranean termites (Reticulitermes flavipes, Kollar) are the world’s most destructive insects, causing $2B in damage/year by some estimates. These termites are more common than the light southeastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes hageni) and dark subterranean termites (Reticulitermes virginicus, Banks). Subterranean termites feed along the grain on softer springwood versus the harder summerwood.
Drywood termites (Cryptotermes brevis), which are found near coastal and south Georgia. Drywood termites feed against the grain on springwood and summerwood. Drywood colonies are smaller and do not include mud tubes. Frass is pellet shaped. Sponsored
Formosan termites (Coptotermes formosanus) swarmers are yellowish to brown in color and larger than the subterranean termite.
Order Isoptera (which means, "same wing," referring to the similar size of the fore- and hind wings on reproductives) represents several families of termites. Termites range in length from ¼ and ½ of an inch long. Develops through three-stage, simple/incomplete metamorphosis, including egg, nymph and adult. Termites need moisture and are prone to dehydration due to thin cuticle.
Key words: trophallaxis, which is the exchange of food and body secretions between colony member, which passes on beneficial gut symbionts. Trophallaxis can be via mouth to mouth or anus to mouth; frass is shavings of wood and excrement left behind by wood-destroying organisms.
Termites live in caste systems which make up a colony containing workers, soldiers, swarmers, a king and a queen. King and queen are wingless swarmers. Swarmers or alates are reproductive, adult, winged termites; can be male or female. Workers are wingless, blind and make up about 75-95% of the colony. Soldiers are blind and make up about 5-10% of the colony. Soldiers are feed by workers.
Pest control
Wood that is termite-infested sounds hollow. Swarming activity, sawdust-like frass, shelter tubes, infested wood, and wood-to-soil/ground contact, where high moisture content, is favorable to termite infestation. Control of termites includes termiticides as directed sprays (spot treatments). Common chemicals that can be used to manage termites include creosote, pentachlorophenol, and inorganic arsenicals. In Ground bait stations have also proven to be effective.
This information was taken from the MyAUA website at https://myaua.org/pest-knowledge/wood-destroying-organisms
Pest biology
Black carpenter ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) is common to inland and central GA, and one of the largest of pest ant species in Georgia at just under ¼ inch, along with Florida carpenter ant (Camponotus floridanus), which is common to southern and Southeast GA. The Florida carpenter ant is rare.
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Carpenter ants and termites appear similar to the untrained eye. However, carpenter ants can be distinguished from termites by having bent antennae, wings of different sizes and constricted spaced between the thorax and abdomen. Conversely, termites have straight antennae, broad waist, and fore- and hindwings of similar size. Carpenter ants don’t incorporate mud into galleries and don’t consume wood like termites, but these pests cause damage to wood.
Pest control
Treatment of carpenter ants infestation includes dusts, which are very effective. Aerosols are also best for indoor infestations.
Pest biology
Adult carpenter bees (left above) are robust (1” or longer), with black and yellowish hairs on the thorax. The abdomen is shiny, black and hairless on top. Carpenter bees damage wood, especially cedar, but don’t ingest wood as do termites. This type of bee can be distinguished from bumble bees (right below), which are similar in size and coloration, but bumble bees possess yellowish hairs atop their abdomen.
Carpenters bees nest near wood, where they build ½ inch holes into wood, while bumble bees nest outside near the ground. Bumble bees are similar in appearance to the heel or grub (bomb) fly.
Pest control
Control methods of this type of pest include the use of aerosol insecticides as contact applications, residual surface and gallery treatments with insecticides. Prophylactic treatments, such as painting wood with thick coats of oil-based or latex paints to prevent reinfestation, is done by a carpenter or contractor.
This was taken from the MyAUA website at https://myaua.org/pest-knowledge/wood-destroying-organisms
Power-post beetles are Anobiid beetles, which include the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne) whose larvae or grubs leave behind frass and ⅛ inch exit holes during feeding on wood; drugstore beetle (Stegobium paniceum) fakes death when disturbed; and powderpost beetle (Euvrilletta peltata), which is the most common wood-destroying beetle that leaves behind frass near the infestation.
To control these types of insect pests, moisture content less than 10% is best. Wood that is dry does not promote infestations. Insecticides, such as Bora-Care® with Mold-Care®, used according to the label rates are effective. Lastly, removal of infested wood is recommended.
This information was taken from the MyAUA website at https://myaua.org/pest-knowledge/wood-destroying-organisms
Long-horned beetles, such as the old house borer is 1/2 to 3 inches long and damages wood in the larval stage; these beetles prefer pine sapwood.
To control these types of insect pests, moisture content less than 10% is best. Wood that is dry does not promote infestations. Insecticides, such as Bora-Care® with Mold-Care®, used according to the label rates are effective. Lastly, removal of infested wood is recommended.
This information was taken from the MyAUA website at https://myaua.org/pest-knowledge/wood-destroying-organisms
The reaction below, “is esterification of the accessible hydroxyl groups in the cell wall [of the wood] with the formation of by-product acetic acid” (Rowell et al. 1994).
Wood–OH + CH3–C(=O)–O–C(C=O)–CH3 → Wood–O–C(=O)–CH3 + CH3–C(=O)–OH
Acetic Anhydride → Acetylated Wood + Acetic Acid
Acetylated wood has been shown to be more resistant to attack by wood-destroying organisms than control wood (Rowell 1983).
Source:
Rowell, Roger. (1983). Chemical Modification of Wood. For. Prod. Abstr.. 6. 10.3139/9783446442504.022.
Rowell, R. M., Simonson, R., Hess, S., Plackett, D.V., Cronshaw, D., and Dunningham, E. (1994). Acetyl distribution in acetylated whole wood and reactivity of isolated wood cell wall components to acetic anhydride. Wood and Fiber Sci. 26(1):11–18.
Pine wood is commonly used for this reaction for its porous properties.
Furfuryl alcohol is considered an environmental-friendly chemical. This process creates wood, that, "resistance to microbial decay, increased dimensional stability, hardness, stiffness and a controlled moisture content.“ Kebony guarantees a 30-yr warranty with this product. Source: Kebony.com