HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF NOTEWORTHY LINGUISTS

1. HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF
NOTEWORTHY LINGUISTS

2. HINDU TRADITION (400 BC)
Indian linguistic was not itself historical in orientation, though
its roots lay in the changes languages undergo in the course of
time. But the topics covered by modern descriptive linguistic,
semantic,grammar, phonology and phonetics, were all treated
at length in the Indian tradition ;and in phonetics and in certain
aspects of of grammar , Indian theory and practice was
definitely in advance of anything in advance of anything
achieved in Europe or elsewhere before contact had been made
with Indian work.

3. HINDU TRADITION
Panini; wrote a grammar of Sanskrit (between 600 B.C. and 300 B.C)
called ASTADHYALI (literally “eight books “).
Bhartrhari; wrote VAKYAPADIYA (5th - 7th century A.D) which states
that the sentence should be interpretd as a single unit which conveys
the meaning “in a flash” just as a picture is first perceived as a
unity,notwithstanding subsequent analysis into its component
colored shapes.

4. THE GREEKS (5TH CENTURY BC
ONWARDS)
Philosophical and theoretical questions were investigated.
Themes of important include the origin of language, part-of-speech-
system the relation between language and thought, and the relation
between the aspects of word signs-wether form and meaning are
connected by iconicity or arbitrary .
Plato’s Cratylus (427-347 BC) represent Socrates (469-399 BC)
arguing the natural connections that were subsequently obscured by
convention.
Aristotle (354-322 BC) by contrast ,favoured convention over nature.

5. THE ROMANS (1ST CENTURY BC TO
APPROXIMATELY 500 AD)
Roman linguistics continued studying the themes of interest to
Greek linguistics.
The primary interest was morphology, syntax was largely
ignored.
Notable among Roman linguist is VARRO (116-27 BC ) who
produced a
multi-volume grammar of Latin , of which only about a quarter
has survived.
Later grammars of Donatos (4th Century AD ) and Priscan (6th
Century AD ) were highly influential in the Middle Ages.

6. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD (5TH – 14TH
CENTURIES)
Latin remained the language of learning, and its authority was
increased by its use as the language of patristic literature and
of the services and the administration of the western (Roman)
Church. This alone ensured the language a high place, and
linguistic studies in the early years of the Middle Ages were
largely represented by studies in Latin grammar.
Isidore of Seville did etymology and lexicography during the
seventh century.

7. .
St. Jerome translated Bible into Latin dealt with the theory of translation
(he suggested a sense for sense translation instead of word for word.
In the history of linguistic science, the second part of the Middle Ages,
from around 1100 to the close of the period, is the more significant.
This was the period of scholastic philosophy, in which linguistic studies
had an important place and in which a very considerable amount of
linguistic work was carried on. This same era is also marked by the
flowering of medieval architecture.

8. .
First grammatical treatise: written by an unknown Icelandic
scholar known as the First Grammarian. His work mostly
deals with phonology. and it makes a distinction in speech
sounds very similar to the modern concept of the
phoneme.
Thomas of Erfurt: described the difference in nominative
case marking nouns versus adjectives.

9. THE RENAISSANCE (15TH -17TH
CENTURIES)
During this period, grammatical descriptions were written for
several European languages.
Manuel Chrysoloras produced the first grammar book of Greek in
Western Europe.
School of Basra was heavily influenced by the writings of
Aristotle. They believed that language is strongly regular and
systematic
Sibawaih wrote a grammar of classical Arabic.

10. .Dante wrote De vulgari eloquentia,which experimented with
combining certain aspects of several Italian dialects into a new, highly
regularized philosophical language.
Pierre Ramée grammarian whose thought precludes modern concepts
of European and American Structuralism. Grammars for American-
Indian languages ​​were published during this period.
British Royal Society (established 1660); did a lot of work with
linguistics during the early life of the society.

11. .
Port Royal Grammarians took a Rationalist approach
to language, They believed in language universals
as evidenced by a common thought structure in
people throughout the civilized world.

12. 18TH CENTURY EUROPE
J.G. Herder believed that language and thought are
inseparable. He teachings serve as a strong precedent to
the teachings of Benjamin Whorf and Noam Chomsky
(generative grammar).
James Harris held an Astotelian view of grammar, he
believed in language universalst the was also aware of the
offerences between the world's languages.
James Burnnet locked for evidence of a proto-language by
studying the languages of primitive peoples.

13. .
Sir William Jones a judge in the British Royal Court in india in 1780
wrote a paper to the Royal Asiatic Society in Calcutta about the
historical connection between Sansknt and Western European
languages such as Greek, the Romance Languages, and the Germanic
Languages.

14. THE 19TH CENTURY -PHILOLOGY
Wilhelm von Humboldt wrote The variety of human language structure,
which was later hailed by Leonard Bloomfield as the first great book on
general linguistics.
Friedrich von Schlegel (1772-1829) coined the phrase 'comparative
grammar, which originially referred to comparing morphology in Sanskrit
and other Indo-European languages to determine genetic relationships.
Dane R. Rask (1787-1832) pioneer in historical comparative linguistics. He
worked out a methodology for historical/comparative linguistics

15. .
Jacob Grimm (1785-1863) devised Grimm's law which states that, "If
there is found between two languages agreement in the forms of
indispensable words to such an extent that rules of letter changes
can be discovered for passing from one to the other, then there is a
basic relationship between these languages.
Franz Bopp (1791-1867) worked further on classification of genetic
relations among the Germanic languages.
August F. Pott (1802-1887) pioneered Indo-European historical
linguistics and etymological studies.

16. .
August Schleicher (1821-1888) Schleicher indicated that
contemporary languages had gone through a process in
which simpler Ursprachen had given rise to descendent
languages that obeyed natural laws of development.

17. 20TH CENTURY (STRUCTURALISM )
FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE (1857-1913)
Ferdinand de Saussure tentatively suggested that language be seen as a game of
chess, where the history of past moves is irrelevant to the players, a way though the
impasse was quickly recognized.
Saussure sketched some possibilities. If the word high-handed falls out of use, then
synonyms like arrogant and presumptuous will extend their uses. If we drop the final
for the results in English are not momentous (we might still recognize belle as belief
from the context), but not if the final s is dropped (we should then have to find some
new way of indicating plurals).

18. .
Saussure had a theory of meaning. He envisaged language as a series
of contiguous subdivisions marked off on the indefinite planes of
ideas and sounds.

19. ROMAN JAKOBSON
Saussure's ideas spread first to Russia, being brought there and developed
by Roman Jakobson (1896-1982)
Strictly speaking, the product was not Structuralism, which dates from
Jakobson's acquaintance with Lévi-Strauss in the 1960's, but formalism:
study of the devices by which iterary language makes itself distinctive.
Jakobson made little impact in Prague, which had its own traditions, but in
America was able to draw on and develop the ideas of structural
anthropology.

20. .
Jakobson also defined poetic language as the projection onto the
horizon syntagmatic axis (how words fit together in a sentence) of
the vertical paradigmatic (how word are associated and can replace
each other), another audacious theory that proved largely vacuous.

21. SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
One exception was an hypothesis of Edward Sapir
(1884-1934) and Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941).
Mar's language, they argued, moulds his perception of
reality. The Hopi Indians of Arizona plurialize clouds as
though they were animate objects, do not use spatial
metaphors for time, and have no past tense as such.

22. GENERATIVE GRAMMAR
(FORMALISM)
Avram Noam Chomsky (1928-) and his
folowers have transformed linguistics,
indeed, desple many difficulties and large
claims later retracted, the school of deep
or generative grammar stil holds centre
stage. Chomsky came to prominence in a
1872 criticism of the behavourat's BF
Skinner's book Verbal Behaviour.
Linguistic output was not simply related to
input.

23. .
Far from It and a science which ignored what the brandd to create its
novel outputs was no science at alt Chomsky was concerned to
explan two striking features of language-the speed with which
children acquire a language, and its astonishing fecundity, our ability
to create a endless supply of grammatically conect sentences without
apparently knowing these George Lakoff is famous for being one of
the founding fathers of cognitive inguistics, for batting Noam
Chomsky, and for arguing that using the right metaphors is the key
to winning a political debute.

24. .
References
http://www.t.org/inginks/events.html
titox//www.uni-due.deELE/TL HatoryOfLinguatics.htm
tite.mcgregor.continambooks netmedalt history sutine.as
bitte/mindhacks.com/2008/06/12/george-lakoff-and-the-nguc-
http://www.textetc.com/thestylinguistics.html
https://www.google.com.ph/?afe rd=cr&eien-4U HoleSes-IDID

25. THANK
YOU
JENNIFER LYKA PAULINO