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Future of education
(First AI based Learning Platform)
Annual Current Affairs Compilation
January 2021 – Feb 2022
International Relation
Learn Finite © 2022 | All Rights Reserved | www.learnfinite.com
Index
US TWEAKS H1B VISA........................................................4
INDIA AND JAPAN SIGN MOU IN THE FIELD OF ICT............4
KALAPANI DISPUTE............................................................4
FIRST INDIA-EU IPR DIALOGUE ..........................................5
5TH INDIA – SINGAPORE DEFENCE MINISTERS’ DIALOGUE 5
CHINA ON ARUNACHAL VILLAGE REPORT..........................6
DAVOS DIALOGUE: WEF ....................................................6
PAKISTAN GETS GI TAG FOR ITS BASMATI RICE .................7
INDIA’S BID FOR PERMANENT UNSC MEMBERSHIP...........7
ACT EAST POLICY...............................................................8
SAMPRITI – IX....................................................................8
12TH SOUTH ASIA CONFERENCE........................................9
KAZAKHSTAN ABOLISHES DEATH PENALTY........................9
BRITAIN ABOLISHES SALES TAX ON SANITARY
PRODUCTS.......................................................................10
NATIONAL DEFENCE AUTHORISATION ACT, 2021 ............10
CHINA AMENDS DEFENCE LAW .......................................11
RIVER NILE WATER DISPUTE............................................11
INDIA'S DIGITAL TAX .......................................................12
ANCIENT ALULA REGION IS BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE..12
FLINT WATER CRISIS IN SHORT ........................................12
GLOBAL RISKS REPORT 2021............................................13
INDIA SUPPLIES TWO MOBILE HARBOUR CRANES TO
IRAN'S CHABAHAR PORT .................................................14
ASEAN INDIA HACKATHON..............................................14
JOINT MARITIME EXERCISE..............................................15
LALANDAR SHATOOT DAM ..........................................15
INDIA-AUSTRALIA CIRCULAR ECONOMY (I-ACE)
HACKATHON, 2021..........................................................15
INDIAN NAVY SHIP TO PARTICIPATE IN NAVDEX 21 AND
IDEX 21............................................................................16
ELEVENTH INDIA-EU MACROECONOMIC DIALOGUE........16
INDIA, ETHIOPIA SIGN AGREEMENTS ON VISA
FACILITATION LEATHER TECHNOLOGY .........................17
MOU BETWEEN INDIA AND FRANCE ON RENEWABLE
ENERGY COOPERATION...................................................17
US ANTI DUMPING TAX ON INDIA ...................................18
‘MAITRI SETU’..................................................................18
FIRST DOWNSTREAM DAMS TO BE BUILT ON THE LOWER
REACHES OF BRAHMAPUTRA ..........................................19
INDO-UZBEKISTAN FIELD TRAINING EXERCISE 'DUSTLIK ..20
MISSION SAGAR IV ..........................................................20
INDIA-UK CANCER RESEARCH INITIATIVE.........................21
INDUS WATER TALKS.......................................................21
NATIONAL DAY PROGRAMME.........................................22
INDO-KOREAN FRIENDSHIP PARK....................................22
QS WORLD UNIVERSITY RANKINGS 2021.........................23
GLOBAL AYURVEDA FESTIVAL..........................................23
TURKEY WITHDRAWS FROM EUROPEAN TREATY
PROTECTING WOMEN .....................................................24
INFORMATION SOCIETY FORUM 2021 .............................24
SANCTIONS ON CHINA OVER UIGHURS............................24
SUEZ CANAL TEMPORARILY HALTS NAVIGATION.............25
PAKISTAN ALLOWS IMPORT OF COTTON AND SUGAR
FROM INDIA ....................................................................26
EXERCISE SHANTIR OGROSHENA-2021 ............................27
FIRST MEETING OF BRICS FINANCE MINISTERS AND
CENTRAL BANK GOVERNORS IN INDIA.............................27
PM TO LAUNCH VESSEL FOR THE SEYCHELLES..................28
INDIA-SRI LANKA POLICE CHIEFS’ DIALOGUE (PCD)..........28
RAISINA DIALOGUE-2021.................................................29
CHINA TRIED TO CHANGE STATUS QUO...........................29
JUNTA LEADER SET TO JOIN ASEAN SUMMIT...................30
MOU BETWEEN THE INSTITUTE OF CA OF INDIA AND CA
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND......................................31
DIGITAL CURRENCY IN CHINA ..........................................31
ARWU RANKING 2020 .....................................................32
PUTIN SIGNS LAW THAT COULD KEEP HIM IN OFFICE TILL
2036 ................................................................................32
100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE KINGDOM OF JORDAN ......33
NATO TO EXIT AFGHANISTAN ALONG WITH U.S..............33
IRAN STARTS ENRICHING URANIUM TO 60% ...................34
NUCLEAR MATERIAL ON CHINA-BOUND VESSEL..............34
NATO MILITARY EXERCISES LAUNCHED IN ALBANIA........35

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Future of education
INDIA-UK VIRTUAL SUMMIT STRENGTHENS STI
COOPERATION.................................................................35
4TH INDIA-SWISS FINANCIAL DIALOGUE .........................36
INDIA OMAN RENEW MOUS........................................37
INDIA AND ISRAEL COOPERATION IN AGRICULTURE .......37
NEW CONSULATE GENERAL OF INDIA IN ADDU CITY,
MALDIVES .......................................................................38
BRICS MEETING ...............................................................38
UK BECOMES FIRST COUNTRY TO ALLOW ‘SELF-DRIVING’
CARS AT LOW SPEEDS ON MOTORWAYS.........................39
INDIA, RUSSIA TO ESTABLISH A ‘2+2 MINISTERIAL
DIALOGUE’ ......................................................................39
WORLD'S LONGEST PEDESTRIAN SUSPENSION BRIDGE
OPENS IN PORTUGAL.......................................................40
DAHLA DAM ....................................................................40
MYANMAR'S KAREN INSURGENTS...................................40
CHINA ROCKET DEBRIS FALLS IN INDIAN OCEAN .............41
PAKISTAN TO SET NEW RULES TO MEET FATF
REQUIREMENTS...............................................................41
CLASHES BETWEEN ISRAELI FORCES AND PALESTINIANS.41
IRON DOME SYSTEM .......................................................42
CHINA’S ‘FATHER OF HYBRID RICE’ IS NO MORE..............42
DHAKA CLEARS CURRENCY SWAP FOR LANKA.................43
MOU B/W INDIA AND MALDIVES ....................................44
COOPERATION BETWEEN INDIA AND JAPAN...................44
MOU B/W INDIA AND ARGENTINE ..................................45
OPERATION SAGAR AARAKSHA II....................................45
47TH G7 SUMMIT............................................................46
8TH ASEAN DEFENCE MINISTERS MEETING PLUS.............46
INDIA AND BHUTAN SIGN MOU FOR ENVIRONMENT......47
INDIA AND FIJI SIGN MOU...............................................47
G20 EDUCATION MINISTERS MEETING 2020....................48
BHUTAN’S TAX INSPECTORS WITHOUT BORDERS (TIWB)
PROGRAMME..................................................................48
INS TABAR VISITS ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT ...........................49
CHINA 3 CHILDREN POLICY ..............................................49
UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY ELECTION ...........49
OPERATION PANGEA XIV.................................................50
U.S. SENATE PASSES HUGE INNOVATION BILL .................50
RARE EARTH METALS.......................................................51
CHINA TO SEND FIRST CREW TO SPACE STATION.............52
CHINA CRACKS DOWN ON CRYPTO MINING ....................52
RUSSIA, CHINA EXTEND FRIENDSHIP AND COOPERATION
TREATY ............................................................................53
MOU BETWEEN INDIA AND NEPAL IN THE FIELD OF
HEALTH RESEARCH ..........................................................53
MOU BETWEEN INDIA AND REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA...54
INS SARVEKSHAK DEPARTS COLOMBO ............................55
TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
(TVET)..............................................................................55
1320MW MAITREE POWER PROJECT ...............................56
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION............................................................56
INDIA AND GAMBIA SIGN AN MOU .................................57
MOU BETWEEN INSTITUTE OF COST ACCOUNTANTS OF
INDIA (ICOAL) AND THE ASSOCIATION OF CHARTERED
CERTIFIED ACCOUNTANTS (ACCA), UNITED KINGDOM
(UK) .................................................................................57
RAIL CARGO MOVEMENT BETWEEN INDIA AND NEPAL...58
21ST SESSION OF INDIA-ITALY JOINT COMMISSION.........59
KVIC SECURES TRADEMARK REGISTRATIONS...................59
KANDAHAR EVACUATION IS TEMPORARY .......................60
BHIM–UPI IN BHUTAN.....................................................60
MOU BETWEEN INDIA AND RUSSIAN FEDERATION .........61
MOU BETWEEN INDIA AND KINGDOM OF DENMARK......61
7TH BRICS LABOUR EMPLOYMENT MINISTERS’
MEETING .........................................................................62
PACTS TO FIGHT DRUG MENACE......................................62
IBSA (INDIA, BRAZIL AND SOUTH AFRICA) TOURISM
MINISTERS’ VIRTUAL MEET..............................................63
BRICS PARTNERSHIP FOR STRENGTHENING AGRO
BIODIVERSITY ..................................................................63
AUSTRALIA – INDIA NAVY TO NAVY RELATIONSHIP.........64
FOCUS ON MARITIME SECURITY, PEACEKEEPING, TERROR
AS INDIA ENTERS UNSC PRESIDENCY ...............................64
MYANMAR PROTESTERS MARK 1988 UPRISING
ANNIVERSARY .................................................................65
ABRAHAM ACCORDS .......................................................65
THREE-CHILD POLICY IN CHINA........................................66
TOKYO PARALYMPICS......................................................66

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8TH MEETING OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERTS OF BIMSTEC
COUNTRIES......................................................................67
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE ..........................................68
‘SAMUDRA SETU’ AND ‘MISSION SAGAR’........................68
PIYUSH GOYAL APPOINTED AS INDIA’S SHERPA FOR G20
MEET...............................................................................69
MOU BETWEEN ICAI CAAR...........................................70
CLIMATE ACTION AND FINANCE MOBILIZATION DIALOGUE
(CAFMD)..........................................................................71
NAVY GIVES ON LEASE PASSENGER VARIANT DORNIER
AIRCRAFT TO MAURITIUS................................................71
CHINA OPENS FIRST ROADRAIL TRANSPORT LINK TO
INDIAN OCEAN ................................................................71
SRI LANKA DECLARES FOOD EMERGENCY........................72
DURAND LINE..................................................................73
SWITZERLAND SAYS ‘YES’ TO SAME-SEX MARRIAGE........74
SWARNIM VIJAY VARSH ..................................................75
FIRST-EVER RETREAT CEREMONY AT SUCHETGARH.........75
TRINCOMALEE OIL TANK FARM.......................................76
3RD INDIA – UK ENERGY FOR GROWTH PARTNERSHIP....76
GREEN PACTS INKED AT INDIA, DENMARK SUMMIT........77
IRAN MAKES 20% MORE ENRICHED URANIUM................77
INDIA, CROATIA COLLABORATE FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH
IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE SYSTEMS..............................78
15TH INDIA-ISRAEL JOINT WORKING GROUP MEETING...78
RUSSIA TEST-FIRES NEW HYPERSONIC MISSILE FROM
SUBMARINE ....................................................................79
SCIENTIST BEHIND PAK. NUCLEAR BOMB, A.Q. KHAN,
PASSES AWAY..................................................................79
GREEN GRIDS INITIATIVE-ONE SUN ONE WORLD.............80
TURKEY PLACED ON FATF GREY LIST................................80
CHINA PASSES NEW EDUCATION LAW.............................81
INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES .......81
NITI – BMZ DIALOGUE .....................................................82
THE SYDNEY DIALOGUE ...................................................83
13TH ASEM SUMMIT .......................................................83
UNESCO CREATIVE CITIES NETWORK (UCCN)...................84
USA BECOMES THE 101ST MEMBER COUNTRY ISA ..........84
INDIA-U.S. GLOBAL STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP .................85
A THORN IN PAKISTAN-BANGLADESH RELATIONS ...........86
INDIA- RUSSIA .................................................................86
INDIA MUST REDOUBLE EFFORTS TOWARDS CENTRAL
ASIA TO COUNTER THE ‘GREAT GAME’ RIVALRIES ...........87
THE INDO US TRADE AND COMMERCE ............................88
JOINT DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT BETWEEN INDIA AND
AFRICA.............................................................................89
INDIA AND SRI LANKA .....................................................89
INDIA-ASEAN DIGITAL WORK PLAN 2022.........................90
INDIA AND FRANCE ST COOPERATION ..........................90
I4F PROGRAMME.............................................................90
INDIA-CENTRAL ASIA VIRTUAL SUMMIT ..........................91
BRICS STI STEERING COMMITTEE.....................................91
INDIA-MAURITIUS DEVELOPMENTAL PROJECTS ..............92
INDIA-UAE VIRTUAL SUMMIT..........................................92
RUSSIA ATTACK ON UKRAINE ..........................................92

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US tweaks H1B visa
In news
H1B visa rules have been changed to give priority to higher wages and skills instead of the prevailing lottery system
for selection of candidates looking to work in the country
Changes
 The new rules will be effective 60 days after publication in the federal register Friday, making it likely that
they will cover H-1B applicants for the new fiscal year starting April 1.
 According to the amended rules released by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), US Citizenship and
Immigration Services (USCIS) will first select registrations where the “proffered wage equals or exceeds” the
prevailing level in that area of employment.
H-1B Visa
 H-1B is an employment based, non-immigrant visa for temporary workers in America.
 H-1B is an employer sponsored visa i.e. an employer must offer a job and petition for your H-1B visa with US
immigration department.
 This approved petition is a work permit allows you to get visa stamp and work in US for that employer.
India and Japan Sign MoU in the Field of ICT
In news
India and Japan signed MoU to enhance cooperation in the field of Information and Communications Technologies
Objective
Under this MoU, the Telecom department of India and the Ministry of Communications of Japan will enhance the
mutual cooperation in the field of telecom security, 5G technologies, spectrum management, submarine optical fiber
cable system to Indian islands, a high-altitude platform for broadband in unconnected areas, disaster management
and public safety, smart cities, etc.
Key Highlights
 Connecting Andaman Nicobar with the submarine optical fiber cable and mentioned it as a great example
of cooperation between India and Japan.
 India’s rapid adoption of innovative digital technologies during the pandemic such as the rapid growth of
digital payments, the Aarogya Setu tracing App, digital hearings in the courts of India.
 During the pandemic, because of the attractive policies of India such as SPECS and PLI, there has been a large
investment in the field of electronics manufacturing.
Kalapani dispute
In news
Nepal wants to resolve Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyudhara areas dispute so that India and Nepal can have an
undisputed, peaceful stable boundary
Kalapani
Kalapani is a 372-sq km area at the China-Nepal-India tri-junction. India claims Kalapani as a part of Uttarakhand
while Nepal depicts the area in its map.

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Future of education
Kalapani dipute
 The Kalapani dispute between Nepal and India was aroused when India publishes a revised political map in
November 2019 that shows the newly created Union Territories of Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh.
 Both the countries laid claim to Kalapani. The map showed Kalapani as part of Pithoragarh.
 As a result, Nepal protested immediately and drew attention to the issue.
Reason behind the dispute
 Kalapani region derives its name from the Kali river. Nepal claims the region as the river became the marker
of the boundary of the kingdom Nepal following the Treaty of Sugauli.
 The treaty of Sugauli was signed between the Gurkha rulers of Kathmandu and the East India Company after
the Gurkha War/Anglo-Nepal War during 1814-16. In 1816, the treaty was ratified.
 As per the treaty, the regions of Kumaon-Garhwal in the west and Sikkim in the east were lost by Nepal.
 As per Article 5, the King of Nepal gave up his claims over the region west of the river Kali which originated in
the High Himalayas and flows into the great plains of the Indian subcontinent.
 Also according to the treaty, the rulers of the British recognised the right of Nepal's to the region that fell to
the east of the Kali river.
First India-EU IPR dialogue
In news
The 1st India-EU IPR dialogue was held on 14th
January, 2021 between the EU Commission and Department for
Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)through a virtual platform.
Aim
To further strengthen the India-EU relation facilitate enhanced cooperation in the field of Intellectual Property
Rights.
Topic of discussion
 Directive on Copyright in the digital market keeping in pace with changing demands of industry.
 On Trademark, they presented the details about the dual system available in the region which provides
flexibility to the owners.
 There were discussions on plant protection and farmer’s right and their importance for Indian economy.
 Key intellectual property issues that affect business entities and to identify areas for closer collaboration for
mutual benefit of both economies.
5TH India – Singapore Defence Ministers’ Dialogue
In news
The 5th
Defence Ministers' Dialogue (DMD) between India and Singapore was successfully held on 20 January 2021
through a video conference
Key points
 During the virtual interaction, Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh conveyed his compliments to his
Singaporean counterpart on the effectiveness of the pandemic mitigation measures implemented in the
nation and the contribution of the Singapore Armed Forces in restricting the spread of COVID-19.
 The Defence Minister also highlighted the role of the Indian Armed Forces in combating COVID-19 and
various missions undertaken to assist in the repatriation of Indians stranded overseas.

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Future of education
 Singaporean Defence Minister Dr. Ng Eng Hen reciprocated the compliments and exchanged views on the
role of the Armed Forces in the whole of government's approach towards control of the pandemic.
 The two ministers also expressed satisfaction at the growing defence ties between the two countries.
 They also reviewed the progress of various bilateral defence cooperation initiatives being pursued between
the two nations over the last year and expressed commitment to further boost the scale of engagements
between the Armed Forces as well as in areas such as industry and defence technology.
 The two ministers further discussed new areas of potential cooperation and articulated their vision in this
direction.
China on Arunachal village report
In news
China claims Arunachal Pradesh as part of southern Tibet, while India's consistent stand has been that the north
eastern state is an integral and inalienable part of the country
Report
 Reports based on satellite images show a new village of over 100 homes constructed by China in Arunachal
Pradesh.
 The first image dated August 26, 2019, did not show any human habitation, but the second one of November
2020 showed a row of structures.
 The report about China setting up a new village in Arunachal Pradesh comes amid a military stand-off in
eastern Ladakh for over eight months.
India and China border dispute
 The Sino-Indian border dispute is an ongoing territorial dispute over the sovereignty of two relatively large,
and several smaller, separated pieces of territory between China and India.
 The first of which, Aksai Chin, is claimed by China as part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Tibet
Autonomous Region and claimed by India as part of the union territory of Ladakh; it is a virtually uninhabited
high-altitude wasteland in the larger regions of Kashmir and Tibet and is crossed by the Xinjiang-Tibet
Highway.
 The other disputed territory is south of the McMahon Line, formerly known as the North East Frontier
Agency and now called Arunachal Pradesh.
 The McMahon Line was part of the 1914 Simla Convention signed between British India and Tibet, without
China's agreement.
Davos dialogue: WEF
In news
Prime Minister Narendra Modi will address the World Economic Forum’s Davos Dialogue on Thursday and interact
with global CEOs
Highlights
 The WEF annual meeting in Davos engages the world's top leaders to shape global, regional and industry
agendas at the beginning of the year.
 More than 400 top industry leaders from across the globe will attend the session, wherein the Prime
Minister will be speaking on the Fourth Industrial Revolution - using technology for the good of humanity.
 The Davos Dialogues agenda marks the launch of the World Economic Forum's Great Reset Initiative in the
post COVID world.

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Future of education
Davos Dialogues
 The 51st World Economic Forum Annual Meeting will be held on the theme “The Great Reset” representing
a commitment to jointly and urgently build the foundations of the global economic and social system for a
more fair, sustainable and resilient future.
 The Meeting will be organized in a “twin” format, being both in-person and virtual, connecting key global
governmental and business leaders in Davos with a global multi-stakeholder network in 400 cities around the
world for a forward-oriented dialogue driven by the younger generation.
Pakistan gets GI tag for its Basmati rice
In news
Pakistan has received the Geographical Indicator (GI) tag for its Basmati, paving the way for creating a local registry
for the particular strain of rice and making a case in the international market.
Details
 Pakistan has registered Basmati Rice as a Geographical Indication (GI) under the Geographical Indications Act
2020.
 Under this Act, a GI registry has been formed which will register GIs and maintain the basic record of
proprietors authorised users of GI.
Significance
 This will provide protection of products against misuse or imitation hence will guarantee that their share in
the international market is protected.
 It is believed that a GI tag would strengthen Pakistan's case in the EU.
India's case against it
 The issue of protecting Basmati rice as a product of Pakistan came to the forefront after India submitted an
application to the European Union claiming sole ownership of the commodity in September last year.
 In its application, India claimed that ''Basmati'' is special long grain aromatic rice grown and produced in a
particular geographical region of the subcontinent.
 After highlighting the brief history of Basmati rice, India also claimed that the region is a part of northern
India, below the foothills of the Himalayas forming part of the Indo-Gangetic plain.
 The Indian claim to the EU was challenged in December and the main argument by Pakistan was that
Basmati rice was a joint product of India and Pakistan.
India’s bid for permanent UNSC membership
In news
In response to a question on whether India, Germany and Japan should become permanent members of the United
Nations Security Council (UNSC)U.N. Ambassador said that discussions on the subject were underway
Highlights
 There are some strong arguments for that but I also know that there are others who disagree within their
regions that they should be the representative of their region
 The U.S. has for some years supported India’s permanent membership to the Council – with Barack Obama
telling declaring his country’s support in his address to Parliament in 2010.

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Future of education
 In 2017, former U.S. President Donald Trump reaffirmed the U.S.’s support for the idea in a joint
communique issued during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to the White House.
UN Security Council
 The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN),
charged with ensuring international peace and security recommending the admission of new UN members
to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter.
 Its powers include establishing peacekeeping operations, enacting international sanctions, and authorizing
military action.
 The UNSC is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions on member states.
Act East policy
Why in news?
In Asia Pacfic Youth Exchange (APYE) meet union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh says, PM’s vision of “Act East” imparting
a new approach in our relations with neighbouring countries
Act East
India’s ‘Act East’ policy is a diplomatic initiative to promote economic, strategic and cultural relations with the vast
Asia-Pacific region at different levels.
Objectives of ''Act East Policy
 Promote economic cooperation, cultural ties, and develop a strategic relationship with countries in the Asia-
Pacific region through continuous engagement at regional, bilateral, and multilateral levels.
 To increase the interaction of the North-Eastern Indian states with other neighboring countries.
 To find out the alternatives of the traditional business partners like; more focus on the Pacific countries in
addition to the South East Asian countries.
Background
The country’s eastward drive since 1992 has underscored the importance of this region in its contemporary
international relations. ‘Act East’ and its early avatar, ‘Look East’ are not different; rather, they are two sides of the
same coin, representing two different, but continuing phases in the evolution of India’s policy towards the Asia-
Pacific region.
Key differences between “Look East Policy” and “Act East Policy”
The focus of the “Look East Policy” was to increase economic integration with the South East Asian countries and
the area was just confined to South East Asia only. On the other hand the focus of the “Act East Policy” is economic
and security integration and the focus area increased to South East Asia as well as East Asia.
SAMPRITI – IX
In news
A joint military training exercise between India and Bangladesh ‘SAMPRITI-IX’ will be conducted at
Umroi, Meghalaya from 3rd-
16th
february, 2020.
 The exercise is hosted alternately by both countries.
 The eighth edition of the exercise was conducted at Tangail, Bangladesh.

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Objective
 The purpose of this exercise is to strengthen and broaden the interoperability and cooperation between the
Indian and Bangladesh’s armies.
 Another objective of this exercise is to strengthen and expand the aspects of mutual cooperation between
both armies.
 The exercise will comprise strategic level action to deal with terrorism and terrorist attacks.
 This exercise will also create a strong military partnership and military trust between the two countries.
12th South Asia Conference
In news
The 12th edition of the annual South Asia Conference was held on 28-29 January 2020 in New Delhi
Theme:
India’s “Neighbourhood First” Policy: Regional Perceptions.
The South Asia Conference
 It is organized by the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), New Delhi.
 The Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) is a New Delhi based premier think tank of India.
 It has been engaged in research on defence and security related issues of south Asia in particular and world
in general.
 Our yearly south Asia conference is an endeavour of the institute to bring together experts from all south
Asian countries and discuss with them issues of contemporary relevance in an increasingly interdependent
South Asia.
 Since the countries in the South Asian region not only share many features of governance and structures but
face similar challenges, the IDSA conferences have attempted to engage policy makers, scholars and
grassroots activists to dialogue on key concerns with the objective to achieve sustainable peace and security.
Kazakhstan abolishes death penalty
In news
Kazakhstan abolished the death penalty, making permanent a nearly two-decade freeze on capital punishment in the
authoritarian Central Asian country.
Highlights
 President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev had signed off on parliamentary ratification of the Second Optional
Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — a document that commits signatories
to the abolition of capital punishment.
 Executions were paused in Kazakhstan from 2003 but courts continued to sentence convicts to death in
exceptional circumstances, including for crimes deemed acts of terror.
 Ruslan Kulekbayev, a lone gunman who killed eight policemen and two civilians during a rampage in
Kazakhstan’s largest city Almaty in 2016, was among the convicts set to be executed if the moratorium were
lifted.
Second Optional Protocol
 In 1966, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was adopted and entered into force in 1976.
At the time 176 countries acceded to it.

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 On December 15, 1989, the Second Optional Protocol was adopted to it which aimed at the abolition of
capital punishment or the death penalty. The protocol came into force in 1991. 88 other nations, apart from
Kazakhstan, are also members of the agreement.
The countries that sign the agreement take the following obligations:
 Not to apply the death penalty
 To take all the necessary measures for abolishing the death penalty within their jurisdiction
 The only exception to execute the death penalty will be allowed in the case of wartime.
Britain abolishes sales tax on sanitary products
In news
Britain on became the latest country to abolish the so-called tampon tax, eliminating sales taxes on women's
sanitary products.
Highlights
 Ireland is the only EU country that does not charge a levy on sanitary products as its zero tax rate was in
place before the EU set its floor.
 EU law stops most Member States from fully dropping VAT on sanitary products.
 The abolition of the “tampon tax” will save the average British woman about 40 pounds (€45, $55) over her
lifetime.
 Scotland has already passed a bill that gives women free universal access to sanitary products in public
buildings.
 Countries like Australia, Canada and India have already eliminated the tampon tax, while some states in the
US have also got rid of the tax.
Tampon tax
 It is a popular term used to call attention to tampons, and other feminine hygiene products, being subject to
value-added tax or sales tax, unlike the tax exemption status granted to other products considered basic
necessities.
 Proponents of tax exemption argue that tampons, sanitary napkins, menstrual cups and comparable
products constitute basic, unavoidable necessities for women, trans men, and other people who experience
menstruation, and thus should be made tax exempt.
National Defence Authorisation Act, 2021
In news
The US Senate has voted to override President Donald Trump’s veto of the fiscal year 2021 National Defence
Authorization Act (NDAA)
Highlights
 The National Defence Authorisation act for 2021 was enacted by the United States of America to specify
budget, expenditure and policies of US Department of Defence for the FY 2021.
 The Defence Authorisation act determined the annual budget of United States as $740.5 billion.
Background
 The first National Defence authorisation act was passed in the year 1961.
 Since then, the act has been passed every year.

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 The committee is responsible for funding and oversight of department of Defence in the United States.
China amends defence law
In news
In a move to expand the power of its Central Military Commission (CMC), China has amended its National Defence
Law from January 1 to mobilise military and civilian resources in defence of the ‘national interest’ at home and
abroad.
Highlights
 The amendment gives the Central Military Commission (CMC), which he heads, greater power in mobilising
resources to protect a new and broader definition of what constitutes the national interest.
 The amendments were passed by the National People’s Congress on December 26, after two years of
deliberation.
 Three articles were removed, more than 50 were amended, while there were six additions.
 The broader goal is to speed up the modernisation plans for the People’s Liberation Army (PLA).
 The revised regulations on military equipment focus on war preparedness and combat capabilities.
 The amendment has broadened the scope of key security fields beyond land borders, maritime and air
defence, to include outer space and electromagnetic networks.
River Nile water dispute
In news
Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt recently agreed to resume negotiations to resolve their decade-long complex dispute over
the Grand Renaissance Dam hydropower project in the Horn of Africa
Issue
 The Nile, Africa’s longest river, has been at the center of a decade-long complex dispute involving several
countries that are dependent on the river’s waters.
 At the forefront of this dispute are Ethiopia and Egypt, with Sudan having found itself dragged into the issue.
 Spearheaded by Ethiopia, the 145-meter-tall (475-foot-tall) Grand Renaissance Dam hydropower project,
when completed, will be Africa’s largest.
 The dam’s location on the Blue Nile tributary, it would potentially allow Ethiopia to gain control of the flow
of the river’s waters.
 Egypt lies further downstream and is concerned that Ethiopia’s control over the water could result in lower
water levels within its own borders.
Why does Ethiopia want this dam?
 Ethiopia’s goal is to secure electricity for its population and to sustain and develop its growing manufacturing
industry.
 Addis Ababa anticipates that this dam will generate approximately 6,000 megawatts of electricity when it is
completed, that can be distributed for the needs of its population and industries.
 Researchers believe that in addition to its domestic requirements, Ethiopia may be hoping to sell surplus
electricity to neighbouring nations like Kenya, Sudan, Eritrea and South Sudan, that also suffer from
electricity shortages, to generate some revenue.

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India's digital tax
In news
The US administration has accused that India's digital tax - 2 percent equalisation levy on e-commerce supply of
services
Issue
 The agency finds three issues with India's DST, the first being discrimination against US digital services
companies.
 India's DST is discriminatory on its face. The law explicitly exempts Indian companies, while targeting non-
Indian firms.
 The result is that US non-resident providers of digital services are taxed, while Indian providers of the
same digital services to the same customers are not.
 This is discrimination in its clearest form, the report says.
 Major complaint raised against India is that its DST is burdensome or restrictive.
Significance
 At least three aspects of India's DST unreasonably contravenes international tax principles.
 Stakeholders have found the text of the DST to be unclear and ambiguous.
 This creates uncertainty for companies regarding key aspects of the DST, including the scope of taxable
services and the universe of firms liable to pay the tax.
Ancient AlUla region is building for the future
In news
The AlUla region is opening up and diversifying its economy in line with Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 programme.
Highlights
 It will build a tourist economy, while improving quality of life for residents.
 AlUla's development principles emphasize respect for landscape, culture and heritage.
 For the past four years, Saudi Arabia has been realising its Vision 2030 reform programme – an ambitious
plan to diversify the country’s economy, engage local communities, take pride in our heritage, and open up
our society to the world
 AlUla goals: establishing it as a global destination for culture, heritage and history, with tourism powering a
diversified local economy.
Key fundamental priorities for sustainable development that respects AlUla’s natural and human heritage
 Environment and heritage safeguarding
 Sustainable settlement patterns
 Development, growth and activation
 Resilient infrastructure
Flint Water Crisis in short
Why in news?
Nine former officials who served the state of Michigan in the US were charged in connection with a criminal
investigation into the Flint water crisis.

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What was the Flint Water Crisis?
 The Flint water crisis is an ongoing public health crisis that began in 2014 when the City of Flint in Michigan–
which has a population of roughly 100,000–changed its water supply from Lake Huron to the Flint river.
 This switch caused the water distribution pipes to corrode, as a result of which lead and other contaminants
were leached into the municipal drinking water.
 This led to an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease, a serious type of pneumonia caused by the Legionella
bacteria and other health complications in thousands of its residents.
 According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), people can get sick from this if they
breathe in mist or accidentally swallow bacteria-containing water into the lungs.
 While the water supply was switched back in 2015, the damage was long-lasting and many residents of the
city continued to suffer.
 In January 2016, the state of Michigan declared a state of emergency and in October the same year,
residents of the city were advised not to drink the municipal tap water unless it was filtered.
As per a Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) conducted by the CDC in May
2016, over 66 percent of the households in the city reported one or more adult members experiencing at least one
behavioural health issue “more than usual” and 54 percent of the households reported that at least one child
experienced at least one behavioural health issue.
Global Risks Report 2021
Context
In the Global Risks Report 2021, the results of the latest Global Risks Perception Survey (GRPS), followed by analysis
of growing social, economic and industrial divisions, their interconnections, and their implications on our ability to
resolve major global risks requiring societal cohesion and global cooperation is shared.
In news
The 16th edition of the World Economic Forum’s Global Risks Report has been released
Key Finding
 Among the highest likelihood risks of the next ten years are extreme weather, climate action failure and
human-led environmental damage; as well as digital power concentration, digital inequality and
cybersecurity failure.
 Among the highest impact risks of the next decade, infectious diseases are in the top spot, followed by
climate action failure and other environmental risks; as well as weapons of mass destruction, livelihood
crises, debt crises and IT infrastructure breakdown.
 The most imminent threats – those that are most likely in the next two years – include employment and
livelihood crises, widespread youth disillusionment, digital inequality, economic stagnation, human-made
environmental damage, erosion of societal cohesion, and terrorist attacks.
 Economic risks feature prominently in the 3-5 year timeframe, including asset bubbles, price instability,
commodity shocks and debt crises; followed by geopolitical risks, including interstate relations and conflict,
and resource geopolitization.

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India supplies two mobile harbour cranes to Iran's Chabahar port
In news
With 140 metric tonnes lifting capacity, the multipurpose equipment will enable India Ports Global to provide
seamless services for container, bulk and general cargo at Shahid Beheshti Port of Chabahar
Highlights
 The move will enable the port to carry out seamless cargo handling services.
 The consignment of cranes arrived from Marghera port, Italy and was unloaded successfully on Monday at
Chabahar.
 The cranes are presently undergoing trial run.
 With 140 metric tonnes lifting capacity, the multipurpose equipment will enable India Ports Global
Ltd (IPGL) to provide seamless services for container, bulk and general cargo at Shahid Beheshti Port of
Chabahar.
 This is a step towards India's commitment towards infrastructure development of the Chabahar port.
ASEAN India Hackathon
In news
The ASEAN-INDIA Hackathon is an initiative taken by the Ministry of Education on the clarion call of Prime Minister
Narendra Modi. The ASEAN India Hackathon is being organized online from February 1-3.
Highlights
 The Hackathon will be enactment of six fundamental virtues of the civilisation — respect, dialogue,
cooperation, peace, prosperity and innovation.
 This Hackathon will provide a unique opportunity to India and ASEAN countries to solve their common
identified challenges under two broad themes of “Blue Economy” and “Education” and thereby provide an
opportunity to forward their economic and cultural ties through collaboration in education, science and
technology.
 This ASEAN India Hackathon will provide the countries involved a unique opportunity to solve their common
identified challenges will indeed provide a much-needed support to the budding start-ups.
India-ASEAN Relation
 The background and the foundation of the India-ASEAN relations lies in the shared beliefs, religions, and
culture.
 India is the largest democratic and the demographic country of the region. Thus, it becomes India can lead
the ASEAN community.
 In that line, India has extended its support to ASEAN countries by providing COVID-19 vaccines. India and
ASEAN also share the strong academic and research ties.
 Various Indian universities such as IIT-Delhi and Tezpur University host students from the ASEAN partner
countries.
 India also launched 1000 ASEAN PhD Fellowships for ASEAN citizens. Further, the National Education Policy
2020 will also bring opportunities for India as well the entire world.

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Joint Maritime Exercise
Context
Indian Navy conducts/participates in bilateral/multilateral maritime exercises and coordinated patrols (CORPATS)
with friendly foreign countries on a regular basis.
Aim
The aim and objective of these exercises include providing operational exposure to our Naval forces, enhance
interoperability and undertake mutual exchange of best practices, special operations tactics and to develop
cooperation among the armed forces of participating nations etc.
Details
 In this process the current tactical and technological practices/techniques etc., are exchanged during such
exercises.
 The conduct and planning of such exercises is a continuous process.
 The countries with which joint military exercise are proposed to be conducted during the coming year
include most of the above countries, and these exercises are under the stage of discussions with respective
countries.
Lalandar Shatoot Dam
In news
MoU was signed between India and Afghanistan for the construction of the Lalandar Shatoot Dam in Afghanistan
Details
 The project is a part of the New Development Partnership between India and Afghanistan
 This is the second major dam being built by India in Afghanistan, after the India- Afghanistan Friendship Dam
[Salma Dam], which was inaugurated by the Prime Minister and the President in June 2016.
 Signing of the MoU on Lalandar [Shatoot] Dam is a reflection of India’s strong and long-term commitment
towards the socio-economic development of Afghanistan and the enduring partnership between our two
countries.
 As a part of our Development Cooperation with Afghanistan, India has completed more than 400 projects
covering all 34 provinces of Afghanistan.
Significance
The Lalander [Shatoot] Dam would meet the safe drinking water needs of Kabul City, provide irrigation water to
nearby areas, rehabilitate the existing irrigation and drainage network, aid in flood protection and management
efforts in the area, and also provide electricity to the region.
India-Australia Circular Economy (I-ACE) Hackathon, 2021
In news
NITI Aayog’s Atal Innovation Mission Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation kick-start the
India-Australia Circular Economy (I-ACE) Hackathon, 2021
Highlights
 The Hackathon is an effort to strengthen bi-lateral innovations in Circular Economy

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 Students and startups of both the nations will work together on Innovative ways of boosting Circular
Economy in priority themes viz. Innovation in packaging reducing packaging waste, Innovation in food supply
chains avoiding waste, Creating opportunities for plastics waste reduction, and Recycling critical energy
metals and e-waste.
 I-ACE is supported by the Australian Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (DISER), AIM
Atal Incubation Centre network, and various domain experts.
 “The theme of this hackathon, circular economy, is incredibly important for Australia, as it is for India.
 A 'circular economy' model, which employs not only waste management, but reuse, recycling and
responsible manufacture can support the development of new industries and jobs, reducing emissions and
increasing efficient use of natural resources.”
About Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)
The Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), NITI Aayog, is the Government of India’s flagship initiative to promote a culture
of innovation and entrepreneurship in the country. Towards this end, AIM has rolled out a holistic set of programs
supporting innovation across various stages of the innovation lifecycle catering to various stakeholders.
About Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is Australia’s national science agency and
innovation catalyst, solving the greatest challenges through innovative science and technology.
Indian Navy Ship to participate in NAVDEX 21 and IDEX 21
In news
Indian Naval Ship Pralaya arrived at Abu Dhabi, UAE to participate in the NAVDEX 21 (Naval Defence Exhibition) and
IDEX 21 (International Defence Exhibition), scheduled from 20 to 25 February 2021
Details of the ship
 INS Pralaya, the second ship of the indigenously built Prabal Class Missile Vessels, was commissioned in the
Indian Navy on 18 December 2002.
 The 56 m long ship, displacing about 560 T is capable of speeds in excess of 35 knots and is fitted with an
impressive array of weapons and sensors.
 These include a 76.2 mm medium range gun, 30 mm close range guns, chaff launchers and long range
surface to surface missiles.
 The ship, built indigenously at Goa Shipyard Limited, bears testimony to capabilities of the Indian ship
building industry and is a versatile platform capable of performing a wide variety of surface warfare
missions.
Significance
 Participation of INS Pralaya in NAVDEX 21 and IDEX 21, one of the leading international naval and defence
exhibitions of the region, is aimed at showcasing the strengths of India’s indigenous ship building, in line with
Hon’ble Prime Minister’s vision of ‘AtmaNirbhar Bharat’.
 In addition, participation of an Indian Navy Ship in NAVDEX 21 and IDEX 21 also highlights close relations
between India and UAE.
Eleventh India-EU Macroeconomic Dialogue
In news
The 11th India-EU Macroeconomic dialogue was held virtually through video conferencing

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Highlights of the dialogue
 It covers all dimensions–political, economic, security, trade and investment, environment, research and
innovation.
 The EU is one of our largest trading partners, one of the largest investors in India and an important source
for technology, innovation and best practices.
 The dialogue, inter-alia, covered sharing of their experiences to enable both sides on various aspects
including collaboration in the G20 on finance track matters, including through G20 Framework Working
Group deliverables, G20 Action plan, debt related issues and international taxation of digital economy.
India-EU relation
 India was one of the first countries to develop relations with the European Union.
 The Joint Political Statement of 1993 and the 1994 Co-operation Agreement were the foundational
agreements for the bilateral partnership.
 In 2004, India and European Union became Strategic Partners. A Joint Action Plan was agreed upon in 2005
and updated in 2008.
 India-EU Joint Statements was published in 2009 and 2012 following the India-European Union Summits
India, Ethiopia sign agreements on visa facilitation leather technology
In news
India and Ethiopia today signed two agreements related to visa facilitation and leather technology
Highlights
 The two ministers, while signing the agreement, also agreed on expanding the bilateral agenda of India and
Ethiopia especially on economic, defence, digital, Science and Technology, and cultural cooperation.
 The Ethiopian Minister also briefed in detail about the ongoing situation in the region.
India-Ethiopia relations
 The relations between the two nations have been existing for almost two millennia.
 In July 1948, the modern diplomatic relations between the two countries were established at the legations
level and its raised to the level of ambassadorial in 1952.
 Both India and Ethiopia enjoy friendly and close relations.
 India supports the developmental efforts of Ethiopia and Ethiopia has been supporting India’s interests such
as its claim of being a permanent member of the UN Security Council.
 They also share a common understanding of the need for the reform of the UN, cross-border international
terrorism, and the significance of action on climate change.
MoU between India and France on Renewable Energy Cooperation
In news
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between India and French Republic in the field of renewable energy
cooperation

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Objective
The objective of the MoU is to establish the basis for promotion of bilateral cooperation in the field of new and
renewable energy on the basis of mutual benefit, equality and reciprocity.
The MoU entails
 Exchange and training of scientific and technical personnel;
 Exchange of scientific and technological information and data;
 Organization of workshops and seminars; transfer of equipment, know-how and technology;
 Development of joint research and technological projects.
Significance
This MoU will help in the development of technological know-how in the field of Renewable Energy and thereby aid
the process of attaining the ambitious target of 450 GW of installed Renewable Energy capacity by 2030.
US anti dumping tax on India
In news
The US Department of Commerce is preparing to tax aluminum sheet exporters from 18 countries including India
Findings of the investigation
 The investigation, launched under Donald Trump's administration, had been requested by nearly a dozen US
aluminum alloy manufacturers.
 US administration determined that imports from Germany in particular ($287 million in 2019) benefited from
dumping ranging from 40 to 242 percent.
 Aluminum alloy sheets from Bahrain ($241 million), which the administration said benefited from pricing
below the cost of production or the local market of 83 percent.
 Imports from India ($123 million in 2019) have benefited from subsidies for 35 to 89 percent, according to
the US investigation.
Anti-Dumping Duty
 Anti-dumping duty is a tariff imposed on imports manufactured in foreign countries that are priced below
the fair market value of similar goods in the domestic market.
 The government imposes anti-dumping duty on foreign imports when it believes that the goods are being
“dumped” – through the low pricing – in the domestic market.
 Anti-dumping duty is imposed to protect local businesses and markets from unfair competition by foreign
imports.
‘Maitri Setu’
In news
Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi will inaugurate ‘Maitri Setu’ between India and Bangladesh on 9th March 2021 at
12 noon via video conferencing
About the bridge
 The bridge ‘Maitri Setu’ has been built over Feni river which flows between Indian boundary in Tripura State
and Bangladesh.
 The name ‘Maitri Setu’ symbolizes growing bilateral relations and friendly ties between India and
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 The construction was taken up by the National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd at
a project cost of Rs. 133 Crores.
 The 1.9 Km long bridge joins Sabroom in India with Ramgarh in Bangladesh. It is poised to herald a new
chapter for trade and people to people movement between India and Bangladesh.
 With this inauguration, Tripura is set to become the ‘Gateway of North East’ with access to Chittagong Port
of Bangladesh, which is just 80 Kms from Sabroom.
Other major projects
 Prime Minister will also lay the foundation stone for setting up an Integrated Check Post at Sabroom.
 It will help ease the movement of goods and passengers between the two countries, provide new market
opportunities for products of North East states and assist seamless movement of passengers to and from
India and Bangladesh.
 The project is being taken up by the Land Ports Authority of India at an estimated cost of about Rs. 232
Crores.
 Prime Minister will also lay the foundation stone of NH 208 connecting the Unakoti district headquarters at
Kailashahar with the Khowai district headquarters. It will provide an alternative route to the NH 44.
 The 80 Km NH 208 project has been taken up by the National Highways Infrastructure Development
Corporation Limited with a project cost of Rs. 1078 Crores.
First downstream dams to be built on the lower reaches of Brahmaputra
In news
China has given its nod for the first downstream dams to be built on the lower reaches of Brahmaputra River or
Yarlung Zangbo River (as known in Tibet before it flows into India)
Highlights
 A draft of China’s new Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) specifically talks about building hydropower bases on the
lower reaches of the Brahmaputra river as among the priority energy projects to be undertaken in the next
five years.
 The project is also listed along with the Sichuan-Tibet railway and the national water network.
 In 2015 China operationalised its first hydropower project at Zangmu in Tibet, while three other dams at
Dagu, Jiexu and Jiacha are being developed, all on the upper and middle reaches of the river.
 The inclusion of the projects in the draft plan suggests the authorities have given the go-ahead to begin
tapping the lower reaches for the first time, which marks a new chapter in the hydropower exploitation of
the river.
India's concern
 India has expressed concerns to China over the four planned dams on the upper and middle reaches, though
Indian officials have said the dams are not likely to greatly impact the quantity of the Brahmaputra’s flows in
India because they are only storing water for power generation, and the Brahmaputra is not entirely
dependent on upstream flows with an estimated 35% of its basin in India.
 Dams on the lower reaches and at the Great Bend would, however, raise fresh concerns because of the
location across the border from Arunachal Pradesh and the potential impact downstream.

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Indo-Uzbekistan Field Training Exercise 'DUSTLIK
In news
The India – Uzbekistan joint military exercise “DUSTLIK II” commenced today in Foreign Training Node Chaubatia,
Ranikhet (Uttarakhand)
Highlights
 This is the Second Edition of annual bilateral joint exercise of both armies. It will continue till 19th
March
2021.
 The first edition of the exercise was held at Uzbekistan in Nov 2019.
 45 Soldiers each from Uzbekistan and Indian Army are participating in the exercise.
 Both contingents will be sharing their expertise and skills in the field of counter terrorist operations in
mountainous/rural/urban scenario under UN mandate.
 The exercise will culminate into a 36 hours joint validation exercise scheduled from 17 to 18 March 21.
Significance
This joint exercise will definitely provide impetus to the ever growing military and diplomatic ties between the two
nations and also reflects the strong resolve of both nations to counter terrorism.
MISSION SAGAR IV
In news
As part of Mission Sagar-IV, Indian Naval Ship Jalashwa arrived at Port Anjouan, Comoros on 14 March 2021 to
deliver 1,000 Metric Tonnes of rice.
Highlights
 This is the second visit of an Indian Navy ship to the island country within a span of one year.
 Comoros and India have always enjoyed close and friendly relations and have similarities of view on regional
and global issues.
 ‘Mission Sagar’, builds on the excellent relations existing between the two countries and deployment also
resonates the vision of our Prime Minister of Security and Growth for All in the Region ‘SAGAR’ and
highlights the importance accorded by India to relations with the countries of the IOR.
 The operation is being progressed in close coordination with the Ministries of External Affairs, and other
agencies of the Government of India.
Mission Sagar
 'Mission Sagar' is inspired by Prime Minister Modi's vision of SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the
Region).
 It highlights the importance accorded by India to relations with its maritime neighbours and further
strengthens the existing bond.
 Under this mission, India sent INS Kesari to Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar and Comoros,
carrying COVID-19 related medicines, medical assistance teams and food items.

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India-UK Cancer Research Initiative
In news
The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Cancer Research UK (CRUK) signed a Memorandum of Understanding
(MoU) for a Cancer Research Initiative, “Affordable Approaches to Cancer” on 14th
November 2018 during the
Inaugural Researcher’s Summit held from 14th
- 16th
November 2018 in New Delhi.
Aim
To support high quality research to deliver innovative and translatable outputs that accelerate progress against
cancer outcomes in both the countries, and which also have the potential to have major global impact.
Seven seed grants
Under the initiative, the core challenges have been identified and seven seed grants have been awarded. The seven
seed grants awarded are to work on affordable approaches to improve early diagnosis of symptomatic cancers
 Affordable screening tools to improve early detection of cancer;
 Risk factors to better understand regional variations in incidence, enabling new approaches to cancer
prevention;
 Computational approaches that can reduce the cost of cancer care delivery;
 Affordability of effective cancer treatments;
 Affordable screening tools to improve early detection of cancer;
 Affordability of effective cancer treatments.
The investment thus far by both the countries as matching grant for supporting 7 seed grants is ₹ 1.86 Cr.
Indus water talks
In news
The Indus Commissioners of India and Pakistan met for the first time in over two years.
Discussion
 India is building the 1,000 MW Pakal Dul Hydro Electric Project on river Marusudar, a tributary of the
Chenab. The project is located in Kishtwar district of Jammu Kashmir.
 The second project, Lower Kalnai, is being developed on the Chenab river.
 “The Pakistan side expressed its concern regarding these projects. Both sides stated their position on the
issue.
 This year’s meeting will be the first between the two commissioners after the abrogation of Article 370 in
JK.
 India has since cleared several hydropower projects for the region.
Previous meetings
 The annual meeting of the Permanent Indus Commission, being held in the backdrop of last month’s LoC
ceasefire, was last held in Lahore, Pakistan, from August 29-30, 2018.
 Since then, relations between the two neighbours have witnessed a series of setbacks — Pulwama attack
(February 14, 2019), Balakot air strike (February 26, 2019) and the abrogation of the special status to JK.
 At the last meeting too, the Pakal Dul and Lower Kalnai projects had come up for discussion.
 Discussions on these projects have been going on since 2013.
 Under the provisions of the Indus Waters Treaty, signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, the
Commission is to meet “regularly at least once a year, alternately in India and Pakistan”.

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Future of education
National Day Programme
In news
Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, during his two-day visit to Bangladesh attended as Guest of Honour, the Golden
Jubilee of Independence of Bangladesh.
Highlights
 Recitations from Holy books including Quran, Bhagavad Gita, Tripitaka and Bible kick started the event.
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi handed over Gandhi Peace Prize 2020 posthumously conferred to Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman to Sheikh Rehana, younger daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman accompanied by her sister
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.
 This award was conferred in recognition of his outstanding contributions towards social, economic and
political transformation through non-violent and other Gandhian methods.
 It commemorates the country's declaration of independence from Pakistan in the early hours of 26 March
1971
History
 In the 1970 Pakistani general election under the military government of President Yahya Khan, the largest
political party Awami League led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman won a clear majority in East Pakistan national
seats as well as provincial assembly.
 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto conspired with Yahya Khan and changed their position, refusing to hand over power to
Sheikh Mujib.
 Negotiations began but Sheikh Mujib was not trusted by the ruling west Pakistani leadership, having Agartala
conspiracy case in vision.
 When it became clear that promises given earlier were not going to followed through, the whole nation of
Bangla-speaking Muslims and Hindus of East Pakistan began a spirited struggle for independence.
 On 7 March 1971 Sheikh Mujib gave his famous speech at the Ramna Race course where he called for a non-
cooperation movement.
Indo-Korean friendship park
In news
An Indo-Korean friendship park was jointly inaugurated by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and Minister of National
Defence of South Korea Suh Wook at Delhi cantonment.
Details
 The park has been built to commemorate the contribution of Indian peacekeeping force during the Korean
war of 1950-53.
 South Korea has been a major supplier of weapons and military equipment to India.
 In 2019, the two countries finalised a roadmap for cooperation in joint production of various land and naval
systems.
 The park has been developed in joint consultation with Ministry of Defence, Government of India, Indian
Army, Delhi Cantonment Board, Emabssy of Korea and Korean War Veterans Association of India.
India–South Korea relations
 Formal establishment of diplomatic ties between the two countries occurred in 1973.
 Since then, several trade agreements have been reached: Agreement on Trade Promotion and Economic and
Technological Co-operation in 1974.

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 Agreement on Co-operation in Science Technology in 1976;=
 Convention on Double Taxation Avoidance in 1985; and Bilateral Investment Promotion/ Protection
Agreement in 1996.
 Trade between the two nations has increased greatly, from $530 million during the fiscal year of 1992-1993,
to US$10 billion during 2006-2007.[1] It further increased to US$17.6 billion in the year 2013.
QS World University Rankings 2021
In news
The Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT Bombay) bagged 49th position, followed by IIT Delhi (54) and IIT Madras (94)
Ranks
 Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore — that secured number one position in the NIRF 2020 — is
placed at the 92nd spot for natural sciences, followed by IIT Bombay (114), IIT Madras (187), and IIT Delhi
(210), as per the data released by QS.
 IIT-Madras is at number 30 for its petroleum engineering programme, IIT-Bombay and IIT-Kharagpur have
grabbed 41 and 44 positions, respectively, in the subject ranking for mineral and mining engineering.
About the ranking
 QS World University Rankings by subject calculate performance based on four parameters — academic
reputation, employer reputation, research impact (citations per paper) and the productivity of an
institution’s research faculty.
 The QS rankings offer independent data on the performance of 253 programmes at 52 Indian higher
education institutions, across 51 academic disciplines.
 These programmes include various engineering disciplines (chemical, petroleum, civil, mechanical), law,
development studies and arts, among others.
Global Ayurveda Festival
In news
In the New Normal, Global Ayurveda Festival (GAF) is going digital, as the world’s largest festival of Ayurveda
community.
Aim
Global discussion and development of ayurveda, would be held from March 12 to 19 as a virtual meet.
Highlights
 The conference will focus on the relevance of ayurveda in the post-Covid-19 world and the potential of
ayurveda in enhancing immunity.
 This time the exhibition will be held in virtual and have stalls of ayurveda companies from all over the world
 The festival is organised in collaboration with various departments of the Central and state governments and
delegates from different countries would share their experiences.
 The ayurveda exhibition will showcase technologies, products and services focusing on medical tourism,
herbs and research, the release said.
 The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) is the festival partner and industry
partner.

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Future of education
Turkey withdraws from European treaty protecting women
In news
Turkey has withdrawn from a European treaty protecting women from violence that it was the first country to sign
and which bears the name of its largest city
About the convention
 Turkey — which applied to join the European Union in 1987 but is not yet a member — was the first country
to sign the Council of Europe's Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and
domestic violence at a committee of ministers meeting in Istanbul in 2011.
 The law came into force in 2014, and Turkey's constitution says international agreements have the force of
law.
 The Istanbul Convention states that men and women have equal rights and obliges state authorities to take
steps to prevent gender-based violence against women, protect victims and prosecute perpetrators.
 Critics also claim the treaty promotes homosexuality through the use of categories like gender, sexual
orientation and gender identity. They see that as a threat to Turkish families.
Information Society Forum 2021
In news
The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Forum 2021 represents one of the world's largest annual
gathering of the ‘ICT for development’ community
Organised by
It is co-organized by International Telecommunications Union (ITU), UNESCO, UNDP and UNCTAD.
Information Society Forum 2021
 The World Summit on the Information Society Forum 2021 represents the world's largest annual gathering of
the ‘ICT for development’ community.
 The WSIS Forum, co-organized by ITU, UNESCO, UNDP and UNCTAD, in close collaboration with all WSIS
Action Line Facilitators/Co-Facilitators, has proven to be an efficient mechanism for coordination of multi-
stakeholder implementation activities, information exchange, creation of knowledge, sharing of best
practices and continues to provide assistance in developing multi-stakeholder and public/private
partnerships to advance development goals.
 This Forum will provide structured opportunities to network, learn and participate in multi-stakeholder
discussions and consultations on WSIS implementation.
 The Agenda and Programme of the Forum will be built on the basis of the submissions received during the
Open Consultation Process.
Sanctions on China over Uighurs
In news
China is accused of putting over a million people in internment camps to de-Muslimise them and make them
integrate better in the Communist country

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Future of education
Allegation
 Allegations are that these people have been forced to leave behind their occupations, properties and
families, to stay at the camps. Survivors, human rights organisations, and governments of other countries
have alleged physical, psychological and sexual torture
 People can be sent to the camps for showing any signs of “extremism” — sporting beards, fasting during
Ramzan, dressing differently from the majority, sending Eid greetings, praying “too often” etc.
Highlights
 This is the first time the EU has imposed sanctions on China since an arms embargo after the 1989
Tiananmen Square crackdown.
 The Western powers moved together, in what is being seen as a result of the US push to deal with China
along with its allies.
 The sanctions have come after a meeting between US and Chinese officials in Alaska last week, in what
Washington described as “tough and direct talks”.
Suez Canal temporarily halts navigation
In news
A giant container ship the length of four football pitches has become wedged across Egypt's Suez Canal, blocking one
of the world's busiest trade routes
Details
 Egypt has reopened the canal's older channel to divert some traffic until the grounded ship can move again.
 About 12% of global trade passes through the Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean to the Red Sea
and provides the shortest sea link between Asia and Europe.
 This is the largest vessel ever to go aground in the Suez Canal
Suez Canal
 The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea
through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia.
 Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869, it officially opened on 17 November 1869.
 The canal offers watercraft a more direct route between the North Atlantic and northern Indian oceans via
the Mediterranean and Red seas, thus avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian oceans and reducing
the journey distance from the Arabian Sea to Europe by approximately 8,900 kilometres (5,500 mi), or 8-10
days.
 It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of
Suez. Its length is 193.30 km (120.11 mi) including its northern and southern access-channels. In 2012,
17,225 vessels traversed the canal (an average of 47 per day).

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Future of education
Pakistan allows import of cotton and sugar from India
In news
Pakistan decided to lift its nearly two-year ban on imports of cotton and sugar from India.
Major products traded
 Over the years, India has had a trade surplus with Pakistan, with much less imports than exports.
 Pakistan was among India’s top 50 trade partners in 2018-19, but was pushed out of the list in 2019-20.
 In 2018-19, cotton ($550.33 million) and organic chemicals ($457.75 million) accounted for around half of
Pakistan’s imports from India.
 Other major Pakistani imports from India that year included plastic ($131.19 million), tanning/dyeing
extracts ($114.48 million), and nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, and mechanical appliances ($94.88
million).

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Future of education
 India’s major imports from Pakistan in 2018-19 were mineral fuels and oils ($131.29 million), edible fruits
and nuts ($103.27 million), salt, sulphur, stone and plastering materials ($92.84 million), ores, slag and ash
($17.18 million) and raw hides and leather ($16.27 million).
Reason behind trade ban
Pakistan’s decision to suspend bilateral trade with India in August 2019 was a fallout of the constitutional changes in
Jammu and Kashmir, which Pakistan said were “illegal”.
Why the change?
The Pakistani decision to lift the ban on cotton imports comes in the backdrop of a shortage in raw material for
Pakistan’s textile sector, which has reportedly suffered due to low domestic yields of cotton. Also, imports from
countries like the US and Brazil are costlier and take longer to arrive.
EXERCISE SHANTIR OGROSHENA-2021
In news
Indian Army will be participating in a multinational military exercise Shantir Ogroshena 2021 to be held in
Bangladesh
Highlights
 It was organized to commemorate the birth centenary of Bangladesh ‘Father of the Nation’ Bangabandhu
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and mark glorious 50 years of liberation.
 The series of events that began with Bangladesh's tri-services contingent march in India's Republic Day
Parade and Prime Minister's visit to Dhak
 Indian Army contingent comprising of 30 personnel including Officers, JCOs and Jawans of a Battalion from
The DOGRA Regiment will participate in the exercise along with the contingent of Royal Bhutan Army, Sri
Lankan Army and Bangladesh Army.
Theme:
“Robust Peace Keeping Operations”
India-Bangladesh ties
Bangladesh is India’s biggest trade partner in South Asia. The trade between the two countries crossed $ ten million.
First Meeting of BRICS Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in India
In news
India hosted a Meeting of BRICS Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors virtually today on April 6, 2021
Highlights
 Participants included Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the BRICS countries.
 This was the first meeting of the BRICS Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors under India Chairship
in 2021.
 BRICS Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors discussed financial cooperation agenda set by India for
2021 - Global Economic Outlook and Response to COVID-19 pandemic.

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Future of education
BRICS
 It is the acronym coined to associate five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South
Africa.
 The BRICS members are known for their significant influence on regional affairs.
 Since 2009, the governments of the BRICS states have met annually at formal summits.
 Originally the first four were grouped as BRIC (or the BRICs) before the induction of South Africa in 2010.
PM to launch vessel for the Seychelles
In news
Prime Minister Narendra Modi will hand over a fast patrol vessel to the Seychelles Coast Guard
Highlight
 The handing over will be part of a high-level virtual interaction between the Indian leader and the President
of the Seychelles, Wavel Ramkalawan.
 This is the first interaction between the two leaders since Mr. Ramkalawan won the October 2020 election in
the Seychelles.
 The African archipelago nation has been a steady part of India’s policy for the Indian Ocean region and Mr.
Modi visited the country in 2015.
 India gifted similar vessels to the Seychelles in 2005, 2014 and 2016.
 During the event, the leaders will inaugurate a 1 MW solar power plant, and the Magistrates’ Court building
project in Mahe, the largest island in the archipelago.
Anti-piracy operations
 The fast petrol vessel PS Zoroaster will help the Seychelles in carrying out anti-piracy operations.
 The vessel, built by the Kolkata-based Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineering Limited, was delivered to
Seychelles on March 16 and will be dedicated to the Seychelles Coast Guard by Prime Minister Modi during
the virtual interaction.
India–Seychelles relations
 India–Seychelles relations are bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of
Seychelles.
 India has a High Commission in Victoria while Seychelles maintains a High Commission in New Delhi.
 Diplomatic ties between India and Seychelles have existed since Seychelles gained independence in 1976.
 A resident high commissioner of India has been in Victoria since 1987 while Seychelles opened its resident
mission in New Delhi in 2008.
India-Sri Lanka Police Chiefs’ Dialogue (PCD)
In news
The first delegation level virtual Police Chiefs’ Dialogue between the Police Chiefs of India and Sri Lanka was held
today in an environment of positivity and trust.
Details
 The Indian delegation was led by Director, Intelligence Bureau while the Sri Lankan delegation was led by
Shri CD Wickramaratne, Inspector General of Police.

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Future of education
 The two sides emphasized the need for sharing of real time intelligence and feedback. Both sides also agreed
to work jointly against the terrorist entities including the Global Terrorist Groups and fugitives, wherever
they are present and active.
India–Sri Lanka relations
 The relationship between India and Sri Lanka is more than 2,500 years old. Both countries have a legacy of
intellectual, cultural, religious and linguistic interaction.
 In recent years, the relationship has been marked by close contacts at all levels.
 Trade and investment have grown and there is cooperation in the fields of development, education, culture
and defence.
 Both countries share a broad understanding on major issues of international interest.
Way Forward
As the way forward, it was decided to strengthen the existing cooperation mechanisms, as also designate ‘nodal
points’ for timely and effective handling of existing as well as emerging security challenges.
Raisina Dialogue-2021
In news
Prime Minister Modi inaugurated the 6th edition of the Raisina Dialogue on April 13, 2021.
Details
 Raisina Dialogue 2021 will be held in a virtual mode from April 13 to April 16.
 The Dialogue is India’s flagship conference on geoeconomics and geopolitics and is held annually since 2016.
 The Dialogue is jointly organised by the External Affairs Ministry and Observer Research Foundation.
 The theme of Raisina Dialogue 2021 is ‘#ViralWorld: Outbreaks, Outliers, and Out of Control’.
 The 6th
edition of the dialogue will have 50 sessions with the participation of 150 speakers from 50 different
countries as well as multilateral organisations.
 More than 2000 attendees from over 80 countries have already pre-registered. A large number of
participants are likely to join the dialogue through various social media platforms.
About Raisina Dialogue
 It is a multilateral conference which is held every year in New Delhi, India.
 The Dialogue by India is designed on the lines of the Shangri-La Dialogue of Singapore.
 Raisina Dialogue was first held in 2016 and since its inception, it has emerged as India’s flagship conference
on geoeconomics and geopolitics.
Goal
 Raisina Dialogue is India’s contribution to the global efforts for discovering solutions, providing stability, and
identifying opportunities to a century that has already witnessed an eventful two decades.
 Since its inception in 2016, the dialogue has been able to attract leading minds from the global strategic and
policy-making community for discussing broader foreign policy as well as strategic issues facing the world.
China tried to change status quo
In news
China tried to change the status quo in Eastern Ladakh by the use of disruptive technologies without using force.

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Future of education
Highlights
 They thought that India as a nation would “succumb” to the pressure due to its technological advantage.
 They have been able to create disruptive technologies that can paralyse systems of the adversaries.
 So they believe that by some shove and push they can compel nations to give into their demands.
 Japan’s Chief of General Staff General Yamazaki said China was attempting to unilaterally change the
international order.
Status quo
 Basically status quo is ordered to prevent the third party interests in the property that is with respect to
leasing, selling, mortgaging, gifting, willing or any acts which is done to transfer the interest in the property
under the Transfer of property act.
 Status quo or Statu quo is a Latin phrase meaning the existing state of affairs, particularly with regard to
social or political issues.
 In the sociological sense, it generally applies to maintaining or changing existing social structure and/or
values.
 With regard to policy debate, it means how conditions are, inviting a good or bad analysis of them, for
example The countries are now trying to maintain a status quo with regards to their nuclear arsenal which
will help them if the situation gets any worse.
Junta leader set to join ASEAN summit
In news
Myanmar junta leader Min Aung Hlaing will join a special ASEAN summit next week
 The military has deployed lethal force to quell the anti-coup movement, killing more than 720 people.
 The international community has largely condemned the generals for use of force against unarmed civilians
— imposing targeted sanctions against top military brass, their families and army-linked businesses.
ASEAN Summit
 The ASEAN Summit is a biannual meeting held by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) in relation to economic, political, security, and socio-cultural development of Southeast Asian
countries.
 In addition, it serves as a prominent regional (Asia) and international (worldwide) conference, with world
leaders attending its related summits and meetings to discuss various problems and global issues,
strengthening co-operation, and making decisions.
 The summit has been praised by world leaders for its success and ability to produce results on a global level.
The usual itinerary are as follows
 ASEAN leaders hold an internal organisation meeting.
 ASEAN leaders hold a conference together with foreign ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum.
 Leaders of three ASEAN Dialogue Partners (also known as ASEAN +3), namely China, Japan, and South Korea,
hold a meeting with the ASEAN leaders.
 And a separate meeting is set for leaders of two ASEAN Dialogue Partners (also known as ASEAN +CER),
namely Australia and New Zealand.

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MoU between the Institute of CA of India and CA Australia and New Zealand
In news
The Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, has approved a fresh Memorandum of Understanding
(MoU) between the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) and Chartered Accountants Australia and New
Zealand (CA ANZ)
Impact
 The MRA intends to develop mutually beneficial relationship in the best interest of members, students and
their organizations and is expected to provide an opportunity to the ICAI members to expand their
professional horizons and to foster working relations between the two accounting institutes.
 The two accountancy institutes will have an opportunity to play the leadership role in addressing new
challenges facing the profession in a globalized environment.
Benefits
The engagement between the two Institutes is expected to result in greater employment opportunities for Indian
Chartered Accountants and also greater remittances back to India.
Details
 The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI)
Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand (CA ANZ) would mutually recognize the qualification and
admit the Members in good standing by prescribing a bridging mechanism between the two Institutes.
 The ICAI and CA ANZ aim to establish a mutual co-operation framework for the advancement of accounting
knowledge, professional and intellectual development, advancement of the interests of their respective
members and contribute positively to the development of the accounting profession in Australia, New
Zealand and India.
Background
 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) is a statutory body established by an Act of Parliament
of India, The Chartered Accountants Act, 1949', to regulate the profession of Chartered Accountancy in India.
 Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand (CA ANZ), emerged from the merger of the Institute of
Chartered Accountants in Australia and the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants in October
2014.
Digital currency in China
In news
China in February launched the latest round of pilot trials of its new digital currency, with reported plans of a major
roll-out by the end of the year and ahead of the Winter Olympics in Beijing in February 2022.
Digital Currency of China
 Digital Currency Electronic Payment (DCEP), the digital RMB (or Renminbi, China’s currency) is, as its name
suggests, a digital version of China’s currency.
 It can be downloaded and exchanged via an application authorised by the People’s Bank of China (PBOC),
China’s central bank.
 The Digital RMB does not involve a third party, this is legal tender guaranteed by the central bank, not a
payment guaranteed by a third-party operator.

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Future of education
 Unlike e-wallets, the digital currency does not require Internet connectivity. The payment is made through
Near-field Communication (NFC) technology.
 Unlike non-bank payment platforms that require users to link bank accounts, this can be opened with a
personal identification number.
Objective
To maintain financial stability should ‘something happen’ to Alipay and WeChat Pay
ARWU ranking 2020
In news
The Indian Institute of Science (IISc Bangalore) has secured the top position among the best higher education
institutes in India, while Calcutta University became the best varsity in the country, as per the recently published
Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU 2020).
Other college rank
 The other top higher educational institutions in the country are- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-Madras)
(rank 2-4), University of Delhi (rank 2-4), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-Delhi) (rank 5-7), Indian Institute
of Technology (IIT-Kharagpur) (rank 5-7), Jawaharlal Nehru University (rank 5-7), Aligarh Muslim University
(rank 8-9), Vellore Institute of Technology (rank 8-9), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (rank 10-15),
Anna University (rank 10-15), Bharathiar University (rank 10-15), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (rank
10-15), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (rank 10-15), Indian Institutes of Science Education and
Research (IISERs) (rank 10- 15).
 The Indian institutes are not even in the top 100 list, the best higher education institute, (IISc Bangalore) is in
the category of 501- 600.
Academic Ranking of World Universities
 The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) was first published in June 2003 by the Center for
World-Class Universities (CWCU), Graduate School of Education (formerly the Institute of Higher Education)
of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, and updated on an annual basis.
 Since 2009 the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) has been published and copyrighted by
Shanghai Ranking Consultancy.
 Shanghai Ranking Consultancy is a fully independent organization on higher education intelligence and not
legally subordinated to any universities or government agencies.
 ARWU uses six objective indicators to rank world universities, including the number of alumni and staff
winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals, number of highly cited researchers selected by Clarivate Analytics,
number of articles published in journals of Nature and Science, number of articles indexed in Science Citation
Index - Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index, and per capita performance of a university. More than
1800 universities are actually ranked by ARWU every year and the best 1000 are published.
Putin signs law that could keep him in office till 2036
In news
Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law allowing him to potentially hold onto power until 2036, a move that
formalises constitutional changes endorsed in a vote last year.

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