1. October29, 2020
BMLS 1A – ASSIGNMENT
 Searchfrom the INTERNET the followingtopicsaslisted.
 SUBMIT ON or BEFORE 12:01 PMTODAY, October29, 2020
 MATERIAL: LONG BONDPAPER
 Format:
Name:JeanEdenT. DelaCruz
Course,Year,Section:BMLS 1A
INORGANICandORGANICCHEMISTRY
1. Electronshells- Anelectronshell isthe outside partof anatom aroundthe atomicnucleus.Itis
where the electronsare,andisa group of atomicorbitalswiththe same value of the principal
quantumnumbern. Electronshellshave one ormore electron sub-shells,orsub-levels. In
chemistryandatomicphysics,anelectronshell maybe thoughtof as an orbitfollowedby
electronsaroundanatom's nucleus.The closestshell tothe nucleusiscalledthe "1shell",
followed bythe "2 shell",thenthe "3shell",andsoon fartherand fartherfromthe nucleus.
2. Electronsubshells- A subshell isasubdivisionof electronshellsseparatedbyelectronorbitals.
Subshellsare labelleds,p,d,and f inan electronconfiguration.
3. Electronorbitals-Inchemistryandquantummechanics,anorbital isamathematical function
that describesthe wave-like behaviorof anelectron,electronpair,or(lesscommonly)
nucleons.Anorbital mayalsobe calledanatomicorbital or electronorbital. Althoughmost
people thinkof an"orbit"regardingacircle,the probabilitydensityregionsthatmaycontainan
electronmaybe spherical,dumbbell-shaped,ormore complicatedthree-dimensional forms.
4. Electronspin-Electronspinisaquantumpropertyof electrons.Itisaform of angular
momentum.Asateachingmethod,instructorssometimeslikenelectronspintothe earth
spinningonitsownaxisevery24 hours.If the electronspinsclockwise onitsaxis,itisdescribed
as spin-up;counterclockwise isspin-down.
5. Hund’sRule- AccordingtoHund'srule,all orbitalswill be singlyoccupiedbefore anyisdoubly
occupied.Therefore,twoporbital getone electronandone will have twoelectrons.Hund's
rule alsostipulatesthatall of the unpairedelectronsmusthave the same spin.Everyorbital ina
sublevelissinglyoccupiedbefore anyorbital isdoublyoccupied. All of the electronsinsingly
occupiedorbitalshave the same spin(tomaximizetotal spin).
6. AufbauProcess- The Aufbauprinciple/processdictatesthe mannerinwhichelectronsare filled
inthe atomicorbitalsof an atom initsgroundstate.It statesthat electronsare filledinto
atomicorbitalsinthe increasingorderof orbital energylevel.Accordingtothe Aufbauprinciple,
the available atomicorbitalswiththe lowestenergylevelsare occupiedbefore those with
higherenergylevels.
7. Pauli’sExclusionPrinciple- Pauli'sExclusionPrinciplestatesthatnotwoelectronsinthe same
atom can have identical valuesforall fourof theirquantumnumbers.Inotherwords,(1) no
more than twoelectronscanoccupy the same orbital and (2) two electronsinthe same orbital
musthave opposite spins(Figure46(i) and(ii)).
8. HeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple - Uncertaintyprinciple,alsocalledHeisenberguncertainty
principle orindeterminacyprinciple,statement,articulated(1927) by the Germanphysicist
WernerHeisenberg,thatthe positionandthe velocityof anobjectcannotbothbe measured
exactly,atthe same time,evenintheory.Inquantummechanics,the uncertainty principleis
any of a varietyof mathematical inequalitiesassertingafundamental limittothe precisionwith
whichthe valuesforcertainpairsof physical quantitiesof aparticle,suchasposition,x,and
momentum,p,canbe predictedfrominitialconditions.
9. Electronconfiguration - Electronicconfiguration,alsocalledelectronicstructure,the
arrangementof electronsinenergylevelsaroundanatomicnucleus.Accordingtothe older
shell atomicmodel,electronsoccupyseveral levelsfromthe firstshellnearestthe nucleus,K,
throughthe seventhshell,Q,farthestfromthe nucleus.Intermsof a more refined,quantum-
mechanical model,the K–Qshellsare subdividedintoasetof orbitals(see orbital),eachof

2. whichcan be occupiedbyno more than a pair of electrons.The table below liststhe numberof
orbitalsavailableineachof the firstfourshells. Inatomicphysicsandquantumchemistry,the
electronconfigurationisthe distributionof electronsof anatomor molecule inatomicor
molecularorbitals.
10. Orbital diagram- Orbital diagramsare pictorial descriptionsof the electronsinanatom.Three
rulesare useful informingorbital diagrams.Accordingtothe Auf Bau Principle,eachelectron
occupiesthe lowestenergyorbital.The Pauli ExclusionPrinciple saysthatonlytwoelectrons
can fitintoan single orbital.