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Optional Course
Guidance and Counselling
Unit -2
Problems of
Developments in Children
Cognitive Disability
• Cognitive disability is used to replace the old
term Mental retardation.
• Cognitive disabled child is the one who has sub
average(less than average) general intellectual
potential and slow intellectual development.
• संज्ञानात्मक विकलांगता का उपयोग पुराने शब्द
मानससक मंदता को बदलने के सलए ककया जाता
है।
• संज्ञानात्मक विकलांग बच्चा िह है, जजसके पास
उप-औसत (औसत से कम) सामान्य बौद्धिक
क्षमता और िीमा बौद्धिक विकास है।
Classification of Cognitive disabled
Severity Levels/ गंभीरता स्तर Range of IQ
Mild Mentally Retarded/
हल्के मानसिक मंदता
50-75
Moderate Mentally Retarded
/मध्यम मानसिक मंदता
35-49
Severe Mentally Retarded/
गंभीर मानसिक रूप िे िेवाननवृत्त
20-34
Profound Mentally Retarded/
गहरा मानसिक रूप िे मंदा
Below 20
Causes
• Infections and intoxication संक्रमण (Rubella,
Meningitis)
• Trauma and physical agent आघात(accident-
before, during or after birth)
• Nutrition and metabolism पोषण और चयापचय
• Brain disease( Tumours) मजस्तष्क रोग (ट्यूमर)
• Prenatal influence प्रसि पूिव प्रभाि
• Psychiatric disorders मानससक विकार
• Metabolism- the chemical processes that occur
within a living organism in order to maintain life
Factors that are influenced due to
cognitive impairment
• Memory problems/याददाश्त की समस्या
• Awareness problems/जागरूकता की समस्या
• Difficulty in problem solving/समस्या समािान में
कठिनाई
• Language difficulties which cause difficulties in
understanding /भाषा की कठिनाइयााँ जो समझने
में कठिनाइयों का कारण बनती हैं
• Expression of written and /or spoken
language./सलखित और / या बोली जाने िाली
भाषा की असभव्यजतत।
HEARING AND SPEECH IMPAIRMENT
• Hearing impairment means any degree and
type of auditory disorder, while
• Deafness means an extreme inability to
discriminate conversational speech through the
ear.
• श्रवण ववकलांगता/अक्षमता/दुर्बलता का अर्ब है,
श्रवण िंर्ंधी ककिी भी प्रकार की डिग्री और
प्रकार, जर्कक
• र्हरापन का अर्ब है कान के माध्यम िे संिादी
भाषण में भेदभाि करने की अत्यधिक अक्षमता।
• Children with hearing impaired, then, are
those who cannot use their hearing for
communication.
• श्रिण बाधित बच्चे, िे हैं जो सुन कर सम्प्प्रेषण
नहीं कर सकते हैं।
• Usually, a person is considered deaf when
sound must reach at least 90 decibels (5 to 10
times louder than normal speech) to be heard,
and even amplified speech cannot be
understood.
• आमतौर पर, एक व्यजतत को बहरा माना
जाता है जजस तक ध्िनन का कम से कम 90
डेससबल (सामान्य भाषण से 5 से 10 गुना
जोर से) तक पहुंचना चाठहए, और यहां तक
कक प्रिधिवत भाषण को भी नहीं समझ सकता
है।
Causes
50% of all cases of deafness/ बहरेपन के सभी
मामलों का 50%
• Heredity आनुवंसिकता
• Viral infections contracted by the pregnant
mother (cut off in the oxygen supply may
affect hearing) गभबवती मााँ िे अनुर्ंधधत
वायरल िंक्रमण (ऑक्िीजन की आपूनतब में
कटौती िुनवाई को प्रभाववत कर िकती है)
Environmental factors /पयाविरणीय कारक
• Accident /दुर्बटना
• Illness/रोग
• Rubella/ खिरा
• Tumorsट्यूमर
• Injury to skull or ears/खोपडी या कान में चोट
लगना
• Exposure to explosive sound/ववस्फोटक ध्वनन
के कारण
Factors that are Influenced due to
Hearing Impairment
• Language development/ भाषा ववकाि
• speech / र्ोली
• communication skills/ िंचार कौिल
• Understanding/ िमझ
SPEECH IMPAIRMENT/िाक् बािा
• Speech Impairment may range from problems
with expression or voice strength to complete
voicelessness, chronic hoarseness, stuttering
or stammering.
• स्पीच इम्पेमेंट असभव्यक्क्त की कमी या
आिाज की ताकत से लेकर आिाज की कमी,
पुरानी ककव शता, या हकलाना जैिी िमस्याओं
िे लेकर हो िकता है।
• Speech difficulties can also be associated with
cerebral palsy, hearing impairment and brain
injury.
• मक्स्तष्क पक्षार्ात, श्रवण दोष और मक्स्तष्क
की चोट के िार् भाषण िंर्ंधी कठिनाइयां भी
हो िकती हैं।
Causes/ कारण
• Heredity/आनुिंसशकता
• Mental Retardation/मानससक मंदता
• Hearing Impairment/सुनने में परेशानी
• behavioral disorders/व्यिहार संबंिी विकार
• defects in the palate mouth and lip/ तालू मुंह और
होंि में दोष
• emotional and psychological problems/भािनात्मक
और मनोिैज्ञाननक समस्याएं
• hyperactivity motor in coordination and general
behavioural disorders/समन्िय और सामान्य
व्यिहार विकारों में अनत सकक्रयता
Factors that are Influenced due to
Hearing Impairment
• Children with speech difficulties may have
difficulty to understand and have difficulty in
expressing ideas.
• भाषण कठिनाइयों वाले र्च्चों को िमझने में
कठिनाई हो िकती है और ववचारों को व्यक्त
करने में कठिनाई हो िकती है
• negative social effects/नकारात्मक िामाक्जक
प्रभाव
• targets of bullying/ र्दमािी
• decreased self-esteem/आत्मिम्मान में कमी
VISUAL IMPAIRMENT/ दृश्य क्षीणता
• Visual impairment can be understood as poor
vision, where a child can see light but no shapes,
or who have no perception of light at all.
• “Legally Blind” describes an individual who has
10% or less of normal vision.
• दृश्य क्षीणता को खरार् दृक्ष्ट के रूप में िमझा जा
िकता है, जहां एक र्च्चा प्रकाि देख िकता है,
लेककन कोई आकार नहीं, या क्जनके पाि प्रकाि
की कोई धारणा नहीं है।
Definition and Types of Assessment of Vision
• According to the Rights of Persons with Disability Act
2016,- “blindness” means a condition where a
person has any of the following conditions, after
best correction—
(i) total absence of sight; or
(ii) visual acuity less than 3/60 mts. or less than 10/200
ft. (Snellen chart) in the better eye with best
possible correction; ( Computerized machines)
(iii) limitation of the field of vision subtending an angle
of less than 40 degree to 10 degree
Definition and Types of Assessment of Vision
• ववकलांगता अधधननयम २०१६ के अधधकार के
अनुिार, - "अंधापन" का अर्ब एक ऐिी क्स्र्नत िे
है, जहां ककिी व्यक्क्त की िर्िे अच्छे िुधार के र्ाद
ननम्नसलखखत में िे कोई भी क्स्र्नत होती है-
• (i) दृक्ष्ट की कु ल अनुपक्स्र्नत; या
• (ii) दृश्य तीक्ष्णता 3/60 mts िे कम। या 10/200
फीट िे कम (स्नेलन चाटब) र्ेहतर िंभव िुधार के
िार् र्ेहतर आंख में; (कम््यूटरीकृ त मिीनें)
• (iii) दृक्ष्ट के क्षेत्र की िीमा 40 डिग्री िे 10 डिग्री
तक के कोण को र्टाते हुए
Low vision includes problems (after correction) such as कम
दृक्ष्ट में िमस्याएं िासमल हैं (िुधार के र्ाद) जैिे
• dimness of vision, दृक्ष्ट की मंदता
• haziness, अस्पष्टता,
• foggy vision, धूसमल दृक्ष्ट
• extreme near- or farsightedness, अत्यधधक ननकट या
दूरदसिबता
• distortion of vision, दृक्ष्ट की ववकृ नत
• spots before the eyes, आाँखों के िामने धब्र्े
• color distortions, रंग ववकृ नतयााँ
• abnormal sensitivity to light or glare, andप्रकाि या
चकाचौंध के सलए अिामान्य िंवेदनिीलता
• night blindness. रतौंधी
Causes/ कारण
• Vitamin A deficiency/ववटासमन ए की कमी
• Congenital Cataracts caused by some
abnormalities during pregnancy or inheritance.
गभाबवस्र्ा के दौरान कु छ अिामान्यताओं के
कारण जन्मजात मोनतयाबर्ंद।
• Pre maturity may result total loss of sight. पूवब
पररपक्वता िे दृक्ष्ट की कु ल हानन हो िकती है।
• Glaucoma-High pressure in the eye resulting in
damage of retina.
• आंख में ग्लूकोमा-उच्च दर्ाव क्जिके
पररणामस्वरूप रेठटना की क्षनत होती है।
Factors that are Influenced due to Visual Impairment
विजुअल इम्प्पेयरमेंट के कारण प्रभावित होने िाले कारक
• Difficulty with visual displays and other visual
output दृश्य डिस््ले और अन्य दृश्य आउटपुट के
िार् कठिनाई
• Problems in utilizing controls where labeling or
actual operation is dependent on vision (e.g.,
Where eye-hand coordination is required, as with
a computer “mouse”).
लेर्सलंग या वास्तववक िंचालन पर ननयंत्रण के
उपयोग में िमस्याएं दृक्ष्ट पर ननभबर करती हैं
(जैिे, जहां एक कं ्यूटर "माउि" के िार्-िार्
आंख-हार् िमन्वय की आवश्यकता होती है)।
• Written operating instructions and other
documentation may be useless, and there can
be difficulties in manipulation (e.g.,
Insertion/placement, assembly).
• सलखखत ऑपरेठटंग ननदेि और अन्य दस्तावेज
र्ेकार हो िकते हैं, और हेरफे र (जैिे, प्रववक्ष्ट
/स्र्ानन, िंग्रह) में कठिनाइयां हो िकती हैं।
LOCOMOTOR IMPAIRMENT
गनत क्षीणता
• A locomotor impaired condition is the state of the
body which hinder the child from making normal
progress in school activities as average children do.
• शरीर की जस्िनत है जो बच्चे को स्कू ल की
गनतविधियों में सामान्य प्रगनत करने से रोकती है
जैसा कक औसत बच्चे करते हैं।
• They require special attention and equipment to
control or overcome different abilities.
• विसभन्न क्षमताओं को ननयंत्रित करने या दूर करने
के सलए उन्हें विशेष ध्यान और उपकरण की
आिश्यकता होती है।
Causes/कारण
• Arthritis. Arthritis is defined as pain in joints,
usually reducing range of motion and causing
weakness.
• गठिया। गठिया को जोडों में ददव के रूप में
पररभावषत ककया जाता है, आमतौर पर गनत की
सीमा को कम करने और कमजोरी का कारण बनता
है।
• Cerebral Palsy (CP). Cerebral palsy is defined as
damage to the motor areas of the brain prior to
brain maturity (most cases of CP occur before,
during or shortly following birth).
• मजस्तष्क पक्षाघात को मजस्तष्क की पररपतिता से
पहले मजस्तष्क के कक्रयात्मक क्षेिों को नुकसान के
रूप में पररभावषत ककया जाता है (अधिकांश मामले
जन्म के पहले या उसके बाद होते हैं)।
• Spinal Cord Injury. Spinal cord injury can result
in paralysis(weakening).
• रीढ़ की हड्िी में चोट। रीढ़ की हड्िी की चोट के
पररणामस्वरूप पक्षार्ात (कमजोर पडना) हो
िकता है।
• Head Injury (cerebral trauma). The term “head
injury” is used to describe a wide array of
injuries.
• सिर की चोट (िेरेब्रल आर्ात)। "सिर की चोट"
िब्द का उपयोग चोटों की एक ववस्तृत श्रृंखला
का वणबन करने के सलए ककया जाता है।
• Stroke /आघात
Factors that are Influenced due to
Locomotor Impairment
• poor muscle control
• Weakness and fatigue
• difficulty walking, talking, seeing, speaking,
sensing or grasping
• difficulty reaching things, and difficulty doing
complex or compound manipulations
MULTIPLE IMPAIRMENTS एकाधिक
• Multiple impaired child is the child who has two
or more types of impairment or in identified
combinations.
वह र्च्चा होता है क्जिके दो या दो िे अधधक
प्रकार के दोष होते हैं या पहचाने गए िंयोजनों में
होते हैं।
• Deaf-blindness is one commonly identified
combination
• Most of these individuals are neither profoundly
deaf nor legally blind.
• Cerebral palsy is often accompanied
• By visual impairments,
• By hearing and language disorders, or
• By cognitive impairments.
• िेरेब्रल पाल्िी अक्िर िार् होती है
• दृश्य हानन िे,
• श्रवण और भाषा ववकार िे, या
• िंज्ञानात्मक दोषों द्वारा।
Causes
• Brain injury or infection before, during or after
birth;
• Growth or nutrition problems (prenatally or
postnatally);
• Abnormalities of chromosomes and genes;
• Poor maternal diet and absent or minimal health
care;
• Drug abuse during pregnancy, including alcohol
intake and smoking;
• Severe physical maltreatment (child abuse),
which may have caused brain injury and which
can adversely affect a child’s learning
abilitiesand socio-emotional development
• जन्म के पहले या र्ाद में मक्स्तष्क की चोट या
िंक्रमण;
• ववकाि या पोषण की िमस्याएं (जन्मजात या
प्रिव के र्ाद);
• गुणिूत्रों और जीनों की अिामान्यताएं;
• गरीर् मातृ आहार और अनुपक्स्र्त या न्यूनतम
स्वास््य देखभाल;
• िरार् के िेवन और धूम्रपान िठहत गभाबवस्र्ा के
दौरान निीली दवाओं का दुरुपयोग;
• गंभीर िारीररक अस्वस्र्ता (र्ाल िोषण), क्जिके
कारण मक्स्तष्क में चोट लग िकती है और जो
र्च्चे की िीखने की क्षमताओं पर प्रनतकू ल प्रभाव
िाल िकती है, िामाक्जक-भावनात्मक ववकाि
EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL
DISORDERS
Psychosocial disorders
These may manifest as disturbance in:
• Emotions - eg, anxiety or depression.
• Behaviour - eg, aggression.
• Physical function - eg, psychogenic disorders.
• Mental performance - eg, problems at school.
factors
• parenting style which is inconsistent or
contradictory
• family or marital problems
• child abuse or neglect,
• overindulgence,
• injury or chronic illness,
• separation
Habit disorders
• Tension-reducing habit
disorders
• Thumb sucking
• Repetitive vocalisations
• Nail biting
• Hair pulling
• Breath holding
• Air swallowing
• Head banging
• Manipulating parts of the
body
• Body rocking
• Hitting or biting themselves
• तनाव कम करने वाली
आदत ववकार
• अंगूिा चूिने वाला
• दोहराए जाने वाले स्वर
• नाखून चर्ाना
• र्ाल खींचना
• िांि रोकें
• हवा ननगलने की कक्रया
• सिर मारना
• िरीर का ठहलना
• खुद को मारना या काटना
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• ADHD is characterised by poor ability to attend to tasks
(eg, makes careless mistakes, avoids sustained mental
effort), motor overactivity (eg, fidgets, has difficulty
playing quietly) and impulsiveness (eg, blurts out
answers, interrupts others).
• कायों में भाग लेने के सलए खरार् क्षमता की वविेषता
है (जैिे, लापरवाह गलनतयााँ करता है, ननरंतर मानसिक
प्रयाि िे र्चता है), मोटर ओवरएक्क्टववटी (जैिे,
चंचलता, चुपचाप खेलने में कठिनाई होती है) और
आवेग (जैिे, तपाक िे कहना, दूिरों को र्ाधधत)।
• Anxiety , School phobia and fearfulness
• Disruptive behaviour
• Sleeping problems
• धचंता, स्कू ल भय और भय
• विघटनकारी व्यिहार
• नींद की समस्या
Attention Deficit Disorder
ADD
• An attention deficit disorder (ADD) is a
weakness in the brain's ability to focus on
important sensory information.
• ADD can impact a student's ability to
process information from a teacher's words,
music, video, and written text.
• An attention deficit may also affect the
brain's ability to filter out information that is
not important. People with ADD cannot tune
Difference Between ADD and
ADHDADD ADHD
An ADD is a weakness in the brain’s ability to
focus on important sensory information
A disorder that includes difficulty staying
focused and paying attention, difficulty
controlling behavior and hyperactivity.
ADD do not have hyperactivity ADHD have difficulty in sitting still and may
need to move or pace simply to pay attention.
May appear day dreamy or off in another
world.
They may even sit in class quietly, but that
doesn't mean their disorder isn't a problem
and that they're not struggling to focus.
may appear to be bored or disinterested in
classroom activities.
They are engaged in risky activities. They are
troublemakers.
tend to act out or exhibit behavior problems in
class.
Inability to follow teacher instructions.
Auditory and visual confusion.
Memory problems are common.
Children with ADD are generally not disruptive
in school and may appear to be bored or
disinterested in classroom activities.
The principle characteristics of ADHD are
inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Types of ADHD
• ADHD, Inattentive Type - which includes
those children who mostly have symptoms of
inattention, such as not being able to pay
attention to details, getting easily distracted,
being forgetful, etc.
• ADHD, Hyperactive - Impulsive Type -
which includes those children who mostly
have symptoms of hyperactivity and/or
impulsivity, such as fidgeting a lot, having
trouble staying in his seat, talking
excessively, being on the go, interrupting
others, having trouble waiting for his turn,
LEARNING DISABILITY/ अधिगम विकलांगता
• Learning disability is any one of a diverse group of
conditions, believed to be of neurological origin, that
cause significant difficulties in perceiving and /or
processing auditory, visual or spatial information, or
any combination of these information forms.
• अधिगम विकलांगता ककसी भी विविि प्रकार की जस्िनतयों में
से एक है, जजसे माना जाता है कक यह स्नायविक
न्यूरोलॉजजकल मूल की है, जो श्रिण, दृश्य या स्िाननक
जानकारी, या इन सूचना रूपों के ककसी भी संयोजन को
समझने और / या प्रसंस्करण में महत्िपूणव कठिनाइयों का
कारण बनती है।
• Learning Difficulties often occur in children with
average or above average intelligence and they
involve one or more of the basic processes used
in understanding or using spoken or written
language.
• अधिगम कठिनाइयााँ प्रायः औसत या उससे
अधिक औसत बुद्धि िाले बच्चों में होती हैं और
िे बोली या सलखित भाषा को समझने या उपयोग
करने में उपयोग की जाने िाली एक या अधिक
बुननयादी प्रकक्रयाओं को शासमल करते हैं।
What is a learning disability?
• A learning disability, or
learning disorder, is not a
problem with intelligence.
• Learning disorders are
caused by a difference in
the brain that affects how
information is received,
processed, or
communicated.
• A specific learning disability that affects reading
and related language-based processing skills.
• Dyslexia is a condition that makes it hard to learn
to read and learn.
• The severity can differ in each individual but can
affect reading fluency, decoding, reading
comprehension, recall, writing, spelling, and
sometimes speech and can exist along with other
related disorders.
Dyslexia
• It happens when there is a problem
with the way the brain processes
graphic symbols.
• The problem in dyslexia is a
linguistic one, not a visual one.
• Dyslexia in no way stems from any
lack of intelligence.
• People with severe dyslexia can be
brilliant.
Types
Difficulties with spelling
Spelling is the activity which causes most difficulty for
dyslexic children
spelling errors -does/dus, please/pleeze,
knock/nock, search/serch, journey/jerney
difficulties with 'jumbled spellings‘- dose/does,
freind/friend, siad/said, bule/blue,
becuase/because, and wores/worse
Confusion over left and right
difficulties with east and west
Writing letters or numbers backwards- mix up 'b'
and 'd‘, ‘p' and the number 9
Difficulties with math/s: Math/s depends on
sequences of numbers - 2. 4. 6. 8. etc.
Difficulties organizing themselves-difficulties with
planning and thinking ahead to when a book or pen
might be needed next
Difficulty following 2- or 3-step instructions
Symptoms at Stage of development
Before school
• delayed speech development and vocabulary
learning
• difficulties forming words, such as making the
sound in some words backward or mixing up
words that sound similar
• problems retaining information, such as
numbers, the alphabet, and colors
School age
• low reading level for the age group
• difficulties processing information
• issues with remembering sequences of objects
or information
• being unable to put an unfamiliar word into
sounds
• taking an abnormally long time with reading
and writing tasks
• avoidance of activities that involve reading
Teenage years and adulthood
• difficulties reading aloud
• slow reading and writing that takes a lot of effort
• spelling issues
• avoidance of tasks that require reading
• mispronunciation of words or problems recalling
words for a particular object or topic
• problems with understanding the meaning behind
jokes and idioms
• difficulties learning a foreign language, memorizing,
or completing math problems
Dyscalculia
• It is derived from the generic name
"mathematics difficulty".
• Affects a person’s ability to understand numbers
and learn math facts.
• Individuals with this type of Learning Disability
may also have poor comprehension of math
symbols, may struggle with memorizing and
organizing numbers, have difficulty telling time,
or have trouble with counting.
Signs and Symptoms
• Shows difficulty understanding concepts of place
value, and quantity, number lines, positive and
negative value, carrying and borrowing
• Has difficulty understanding and doing word
problems
• Has difficulty sequencing information or events
• Exhibits difficulty using steps involved in math
operations
• Shows difficulty understanding fractions
• Is challenged making change and handling
money
• Displays difficulty recognizing patterns when
adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing
• Has difficulty putting language to math
processes
• Has difficulty understanding concepts related
to time such as days, weeks, months, seasons,
quarters, etc.
• Exhibits difficulty organizing problems on the
page, keeping numbers lined up, following
through on long division problems
Dysgraphia
A specific learning disability that affects a person’s
handwriting ability and fine motor skills.
Problems may include
• illegible handwriting,
• inconsistent spacing,
• poor spatial planning on paper,
• poor spelling, and difficulty composing writing as
well as thinking and writing at the same time.
Signs and Symptoms
• May have illegible and cursive writing (despite
appropriate time and attention given the task)
घसीट लेिन हो (उधचत समय और कायव ठदए जाने
के बािजूद)
• Shows inconsistencies: mixtures of cursive, upper
and lower case, or irregular sizes, shapes or slant of
letters समश्रण, या अननयसमत आकार, आकार या
अक्षरों का नतरछा होना
• Has unfinished words or letters, omitted words
अिूरे शब्द या अक्षर, छोडे गए शब्द
• Inconsistent spacing between words and letters
शब्दों और अक्षरों के बीच असंगत अंतर
• Exhibits strange wrist, body or paper position अजीब
कलाई, शरीर या कागज की जस्िनत को प्रदसशवत करता है
• Has difficulty pre-visualizing letter formation अक्षर को
बनाने से पहले कल्पना ने कर पाना
• Copying or writing is slow or labored नकल, लेिन िीमा या
परेशानी होना
• Shows poor spatial planning on paper पेपर पर सलिने की
योजना न बना पाना
• Has cramped or unusual grip/may complain of sore hand
पेन पकडने में कठिनाई होना या सलिने में कठिनाई होना
• Has great difficulty thinking and writing at the same time
(taking notes, creative writing.) एक ही समय में सोचने
और सलिने में बहुत कठिनाई होती है (नोट्स लेना,
रचनात्मक लेिन।)
Aphasia
िाचाघात
ग्रहणिील वाचार्ात
असभव्यंजक वाचार्ात
Dyspraxia
• Problems with movement and coordination,
language and speech.
• A disorder that is characterized by difficulty in
muscle control, which causes problems with
movement and coordination, language and
speech, and can affect learning. Although not
a learning disability, dyspraxia often exists
along with dyslexia, dyscalculia or ADHD.
Signs and Symptoms
• Exhibits poor balance; may appear clumsy; may frequently
stumble िराब संतुलन प्रदसशवत करता है; अनाडी ठदिाई दे
सकता है; अतसर िोकर िा सकते हैं
• Shows difficulty with motor planning मोटर योजना के साि
कठिनाई ठदिाता है
• Demonstrates inability to coordinate both sides of the body
शरीर के दोनों ककनारों को समजन्ित करने में असमिवता प्रदसशवत
करता है
• Has poor hand-eye coordination गरीब की आंि में समन्िय है
• Exhibits weakness in the ability to organize self and belongings
स्ियं और सामान को व्यिजस्ित करने की क्षमता में कमजोरी का
प्रदशवन करता है
• May be distressed by loud noises or constant noises
like the ticking of a clock or someone tapping a pencil
जोर से शोर या लगातार शोर से व्यधित हो सकते हैं
जैसे घडी की ठटक ठटक या कोई पेंससल का दोहन
• May break things or choose toys that do not require
skilled manipulation चीजों को तोड सकते हैं या ऐसे
खिलौने चुन सकते हैं जजनके सलए कु शल हेरफे र की
आिश्यकता नहीं है
• Has difficulty with fine motor tasks such as coloring
between the lines, putting puzzles together; cutting
accurately or pasting neatly िीक मोटर कायों के साि
कठिनाई होती है जैसे कक लाइनों के बीच रंग भरना,
पहेसलयााँ एक साि रिना; सही ढंग से काटना या बडे
करीने से धचपकाना
• Irritated by scratchy, rough, tight or heavy clothing
िरोंच, ककसी न ककसी, तंग या भारी कपडों से धचढ़
Problems related to Academic Achievement
िैक्षखणक उपलक्ब्ध िे िंर्ंधधत िमस्याएं
• Lack of a Clear Plan-Some people tend to do the
same work without a plan so they always get the
negative results.
• स्पष्ट योजना का अभाव-कु छ लोग बर्ना योजना के
ही काम करते हैं, इिसलए उन्हें हमेिा नकारात्मक
पररणाम समलते हैं।
• Medical and Psychological Reasons/धचककत्सा
और मनोिैज्ञाननक कारण
– Major Depression Disorder-Depression can cause
inability and weakness in concentration डिप्रेिन
एकाग्रता में अक्षमता और कमजोरी का कारण र्न
िकता है
– Generalized anxiety disorder- that can cause a
situation of forgetting and weakness in
concentration. िामान्यीकृ त धचंता ववकार- जो भूलने
की क्स्र्नत और एकाग्रता में कमजोरी का कारण र्न
िकता है।
• Exam Phobia- : It is a case of a sever fear of the exam
and the expectation of failure, which weakens the
educational achievement and preparation and is
accompanied with less attentive and not fully
prepared for the exam.
• परीक्षा फोबर्या-: यह परीक्षा के गंभीर िर और
अिफलता की उम्मीद है, जो िैक्षक्षक उपलक्ब्ध
और तैयारी को कमजोर करता है और कम
चौकि और परीक्षा के सलए पूरी तरह िे तैयार
नहीं है।
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: It is the frequent
predominant ideas in mind of the students that
prevent them from thinking of anything else.
• जुनूनी र्ाध्यकारी ववकार: यह छात्रों के मन में
लगातार प्रमुख ववचार हैं जो उन्हें ककिी और चीज़
के र्ारे में िोचने िे रोकते हैं।
• Attention Disorder: It is the lack of the ability to
focus attention on one thing for a suitable time. It
may be associated with hyperactivity disorder.
• ध्यान ववकार: यह उपयुक्त िमय के सलए एक चीज
पर ध्यान कें ठित करने की क्षमता की कमी है। यह
हाइपरएक्क्टववटी डििऑिबर िे जुडा हो िकता है।
• Learning Disabilities and Slow Learning: It is a
functional deficit in the brain leading to a lack of
capacity to acquire new knowledge, as cases in low
IQ or or difficulty in reading (Dyslexia) or difficulty in
writing (Dysgraphia) or difficulty in mathematics
(Dyscalculia) and they are investigated by special
psychological measurements.
• लननिंग डडसएत्रबसलटीज एंड स्लो लननिंग: यह मजस्तष्क
में एक कायावत्मक कमी है, जजससे नए ज्ञान प्राप्त
करने की क्षमता में कमी होती है, जैसा कक कम
आईतयू या पढ़ने में कठिनाई (डडस्लेजतसया) या
लेिन में कठिनाई (डडस्राकफया) या गखणत में
कठिनाई। डडस्तलेकु सलया) और उनकी जांच विशेष
मनोिैज्ञाननक माप द्िारा की जाती है।
Reasons Related to the Learner:
सिक्षार्ी िे िंर्ंधधत कारण:
• Weakness of enthusiasmउत्िाह की कमी
• Lack of experience अनुभव की कमी
• Lack of abilities क्षमताओं की कमी
• Fear of failure अिफलता का िर
• Lack of self-confidence आत्मववश्वाि की कमी
Parental and Educational Reasons
माता-वपता और िैक्षक्षक कारण
• Excess pressure on the student in order to get
higher marks in the exams परीक्षा में उच्च अंक
प्रा्त करने के सलए छात्र पर अनतररक्त दर्ाव
• unstable families situations make students live
in a state of tension अक्स्र्र पाररवाररक
पररक्स्र्नतयां छात्रों को तनाव की क्स्र्नत में
रखना
Lack of Motivation for Success
• Teacher absenteeism and lateness
• For example would result in incompletion of
the syllabus and would also affect student's
motivation, enthusiasm, zeal and commitment
to learn.
Teasing छेड छाड
• Teasing is the most common problem
faced by the children in and out of the
school.
• स्कू ल के भीतर और बाहर के बच्चों के
सलए सबसे आम समस्या है।
• They would be teased by their own
classmates. Cracking jokes, making
them fool etc.
• िे अपने ही सहपाठियों द्िारा छेडे जाते
है । चुटकु ले बनाना, उन्हें बेिकू फ
बनाना आठद।
Common Problems faced by Children
Teasing छेड छाड
• Sometimes it is not meant to harm
them but it makes the child to feel
uneasy to sit in the class and face
others.
• कभी-कभी यह उन्हें नुकिान पहुंचाने
के सलए नहीं होता है, लेककन यह र्च्चे
को कक्षा में र्ैिने और दूिरों का
िामना करने के सलए अिहज महिूि
करता है।
Common Problems faced by Children
Teasing
• Sometimes it is not just verbal but
physical
• Symptom- The child may say-
“ I do not want to go to
school.”
• कभी-कभी यह के वल मौखखक नहीं
र्क्ल्क िारीररक होता है
• लक्षण- र्च्चा कह िकता है-
" मैं स्कू ल जाना नहीं चाहता हूाँ।"
Common Problems faced by Children
Loneliness
• Though the class has more number of
students , the child may often feel
lonely among them.
• अके लापन
• हालांकक कक्षा में छािों की संख्या
अधिक है, कफर भी बच्चा अतसर उनमें
अके लापन महसूस कर सकता है।
Common Problems faced by Children
Loneliness
• Their non-participation in school
activities, dull and weak appearance
may lead to their loneliness.
• Loneliness result in less number of
friends.
• स्कू ल की गनतववधधयों में उनकी गैर-
भागीदारी, ठदखावट अके लापन
को जन्म दे िकती है।
• दोस्तों की िंख्या कम हो िकती है।
Common Problems faced by Children
Banishment ननिावसन
It can give rise to FOMO (Fear of
missed out)
यह FOMO (समस्ड आउट के डर) को
जन्म दे सकता है
It is being an odd men out. It is
different from being lonely.
The child would be taken out from
activities.
Common Problems faced by Children
Banishment ननिावसन
They may not be given proper attention
either by teachers or their own
classmates.
• सशक्षकों या उनके अपने सहपाठियों
द्िारा उन पर उधचत ध्यान नहीं ठदया
जाता है।
• They would be left purposefully.
• The child may face banishment in
public and private places also.
• उन्हें उद्देश्यपूणव तरीके से छोड ठदया
जाता है ।
• बच्चे को सािवजननक और ननजी स्िानों
पर भी ननिावसन का सामना करना पड
सकता है।
Common Problems faced by Children
Other Problems
• Socio Economic status- e.g. dress,
religion, caste, appearance, habits
• Maladjustment with the teacher-
hate the teacher.
• Ups and down in life- Family as
well as in individual.
Nutrition
• Food Refusal- It is a big
contributor to poor nutrition in
children. It may be dislike of
colour.
• It take place when a child refuses
to eat a variety of food and limit
himself/herself to only one food
or food group.
• It is known as Food Jaz.
Nutrition
• Too much Junk Food- When
combine with inactive lifestyle,
too much T.V. and regular intake
of junk food contributes to
increase in weight and it may
cause obesity.
• Allergies and intolerance
• Iron deficiency

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Unit 4 problems of development in children

  • 1. Optional Course Guidance and Counselling Unit -2 Problems of Developments in Children
  • 2. Cognitive Disability • Cognitive disability is used to replace the old term Mental retardation. • Cognitive disabled child is the one who has sub average(less than average) general intellectual potential and slow intellectual development. • संज्ञानात्मक विकलांगता का उपयोग पुराने शब्द मानससक मंदता को बदलने के सलए ककया जाता है। • संज्ञानात्मक विकलांग बच्चा िह है, जजसके पास उप-औसत (औसत से कम) सामान्य बौद्धिक क्षमता और िीमा बौद्धिक विकास है।
  • 3. Classification of Cognitive disabled Severity Levels/ गंभीरता स्तर Range of IQ Mild Mentally Retarded/ हल्के मानसिक मंदता 50-75 Moderate Mentally Retarded /मध्यम मानसिक मंदता 35-49 Severe Mentally Retarded/ गंभीर मानसिक रूप िे िेवाननवृत्त 20-34 Profound Mentally Retarded/ गहरा मानसिक रूप िे मंदा Below 20
  • 4. Causes • Infections and intoxication संक्रमण (Rubella, Meningitis) • Trauma and physical agent आघात(accident- before, during or after birth) • Nutrition and metabolism पोषण और चयापचय • Brain disease( Tumours) मजस्तष्क रोग (ट्यूमर) • Prenatal influence प्रसि पूिव प्रभाि • Psychiatric disorders मानससक विकार • Metabolism- the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
  • 5. Factors that are influenced due to cognitive impairment • Memory problems/याददाश्त की समस्या • Awareness problems/जागरूकता की समस्या • Difficulty in problem solving/समस्या समािान में कठिनाई • Language difficulties which cause difficulties in understanding /भाषा की कठिनाइयााँ जो समझने में कठिनाइयों का कारण बनती हैं • Expression of written and /or spoken language./सलखित और / या बोली जाने िाली भाषा की असभव्यजतत।
  • 6. HEARING AND SPEECH IMPAIRMENT • Hearing impairment means any degree and type of auditory disorder, while • Deafness means an extreme inability to discriminate conversational speech through the ear. • श्रवण ववकलांगता/अक्षमता/दुर्बलता का अर्ब है, श्रवण िंर्ंधी ककिी भी प्रकार की डिग्री और प्रकार, जर्कक • र्हरापन का अर्ब है कान के माध्यम िे संिादी भाषण में भेदभाि करने की अत्यधिक अक्षमता।
  • 7. • Children with hearing impaired, then, are those who cannot use their hearing for communication. • श्रिण बाधित बच्चे, िे हैं जो सुन कर सम्प्प्रेषण नहीं कर सकते हैं।
  • 8. • Usually, a person is considered deaf when sound must reach at least 90 decibels (5 to 10 times louder than normal speech) to be heard, and even amplified speech cannot be understood. • आमतौर पर, एक व्यजतत को बहरा माना जाता है जजस तक ध्िनन का कम से कम 90 डेससबल (सामान्य भाषण से 5 से 10 गुना जोर से) तक पहुंचना चाठहए, और यहां तक कक प्रिधिवत भाषण को भी नहीं समझ सकता है।
  • 9. Causes 50% of all cases of deafness/ बहरेपन के सभी मामलों का 50% • Heredity आनुवंसिकता • Viral infections contracted by the pregnant mother (cut off in the oxygen supply may affect hearing) गभबवती मााँ िे अनुर्ंधधत वायरल िंक्रमण (ऑक्िीजन की आपूनतब में कटौती िुनवाई को प्रभाववत कर िकती है)
  • 10. Environmental factors /पयाविरणीय कारक • Accident /दुर्बटना • Illness/रोग • Rubella/ खिरा • Tumorsट्यूमर • Injury to skull or ears/खोपडी या कान में चोट लगना • Exposure to explosive sound/ववस्फोटक ध्वनन के कारण
  • 11. Factors that are Influenced due to Hearing Impairment • Language development/ भाषा ववकाि • speech / र्ोली • communication skills/ िंचार कौिल • Understanding/ िमझ
  • 12. SPEECH IMPAIRMENT/िाक् बािा • Speech Impairment may range from problems with expression or voice strength to complete voicelessness, chronic hoarseness, stuttering or stammering. • स्पीच इम्पेमेंट असभव्यक्क्त की कमी या आिाज की ताकत से लेकर आिाज की कमी, पुरानी ककव शता, या हकलाना जैिी िमस्याओं िे लेकर हो िकता है।
  • 13. • Speech difficulties can also be associated with cerebral palsy, hearing impairment and brain injury. • मक्स्तष्क पक्षार्ात, श्रवण दोष और मक्स्तष्क की चोट के िार् भाषण िंर्ंधी कठिनाइयां भी हो िकती हैं।
  • 14. Causes/ कारण • Heredity/आनुिंसशकता • Mental Retardation/मानससक मंदता • Hearing Impairment/सुनने में परेशानी • behavioral disorders/व्यिहार संबंिी विकार • defects in the palate mouth and lip/ तालू मुंह और होंि में दोष • emotional and psychological problems/भािनात्मक और मनोिैज्ञाननक समस्याएं • hyperactivity motor in coordination and general behavioural disorders/समन्िय और सामान्य व्यिहार विकारों में अनत सकक्रयता
  • 15. Factors that are Influenced due to Hearing Impairment • Children with speech difficulties may have difficulty to understand and have difficulty in expressing ideas. • भाषण कठिनाइयों वाले र्च्चों को िमझने में कठिनाई हो िकती है और ववचारों को व्यक्त करने में कठिनाई हो िकती है • negative social effects/नकारात्मक िामाक्जक प्रभाव • targets of bullying/ र्दमािी • decreased self-esteem/आत्मिम्मान में कमी
  • 16. VISUAL IMPAIRMENT/ दृश्य क्षीणता • Visual impairment can be understood as poor vision, where a child can see light but no shapes, or who have no perception of light at all. • “Legally Blind” describes an individual who has 10% or less of normal vision. • दृश्य क्षीणता को खरार् दृक्ष्ट के रूप में िमझा जा िकता है, जहां एक र्च्चा प्रकाि देख िकता है, लेककन कोई आकार नहीं, या क्जनके पाि प्रकाि की कोई धारणा नहीं है।
  • 17. Definition and Types of Assessment of Vision • According to the Rights of Persons with Disability Act 2016,- “blindness” means a condition where a person has any of the following conditions, after best correction— (i) total absence of sight; or (ii) visual acuity less than 3/60 mts. or less than 10/200 ft. (Snellen chart) in the better eye with best possible correction; ( Computerized machines) (iii) limitation of the field of vision subtending an angle of less than 40 degree to 10 degree
  • 18. Definition and Types of Assessment of Vision • ववकलांगता अधधननयम २०१६ के अधधकार के अनुिार, - "अंधापन" का अर्ब एक ऐिी क्स्र्नत िे है, जहां ककिी व्यक्क्त की िर्िे अच्छे िुधार के र्ाद ननम्नसलखखत में िे कोई भी क्स्र्नत होती है- • (i) दृक्ष्ट की कु ल अनुपक्स्र्नत; या • (ii) दृश्य तीक्ष्णता 3/60 mts िे कम। या 10/200 फीट िे कम (स्नेलन चाटब) र्ेहतर िंभव िुधार के िार् र्ेहतर आंख में; (कम््यूटरीकृ त मिीनें) • (iii) दृक्ष्ट के क्षेत्र की िीमा 40 डिग्री िे 10 डिग्री तक के कोण को र्टाते हुए
  • 19.
  • 20. Low vision includes problems (after correction) such as कम दृक्ष्ट में िमस्याएं िासमल हैं (िुधार के र्ाद) जैिे • dimness of vision, दृक्ष्ट की मंदता • haziness, अस्पष्टता, • foggy vision, धूसमल दृक्ष्ट • extreme near- or farsightedness, अत्यधधक ननकट या दूरदसिबता • distortion of vision, दृक्ष्ट की ववकृ नत • spots before the eyes, आाँखों के िामने धब्र्े • color distortions, रंग ववकृ नतयााँ • abnormal sensitivity to light or glare, andप्रकाि या चकाचौंध के सलए अिामान्य िंवेदनिीलता • night blindness. रतौंधी
  • 21. Causes/ कारण • Vitamin A deficiency/ववटासमन ए की कमी • Congenital Cataracts caused by some abnormalities during pregnancy or inheritance. गभाबवस्र्ा के दौरान कु छ अिामान्यताओं के कारण जन्मजात मोनतयाबर्ंद। • Pre maturity may result total loss of sight. पूवब पररपक्वता िे दृक्ष्ट की कु ल हानन हो िकती है। • Glaucoma-High pressure in the eye resulting in damage of retina. • आंख में ग्लूकोमा-उच्च दर्ाव क्जिके पररणामस्वरूप रेठटना की क्षनत होती है।
  • 22. Factors that are Influenced due to Visual Impairment विजुअल इम्प्पेयरमेंट के कारण प्रभावित होने िाले कारक • Difficulty with visual displays and other visual output दृश्य डिस््ले और अन्य दृश्य आउटपुट के िार् कठिनाई • Problems in utilizing controls where labeling or actual operation is dependent on vision (e.g., Where eye-hand coordination is required, as with a computer “mouse”). लेर्सलंग या वास्तववक िंचालन पर ननयंत्रण के उपयोग में िमस्याएं दृक्ष्ट पर ननभबर करती हैं (जैिे, जहां एक कं ्यूटर "माउि" के िार्-िार् आंख-हार् िमन्वय की आवश्यकता होती है)।
  • 23. • Written operating instructions and other documentation may be useless, and there can be difficulties in manipulation (e.g., Insertion/placement, assembly). • सलखखत ऑपरेठटंग ननदेि और अन्य दस्तावेज र्ेकार हो िकते हैं, और हेरफे र (जैिे, प्रववक्ष्ट /स्र्ानन, िंग्रह) में कठिनाइयां हो िकती हैं।
  • 24. LOCOMOTOR IMPAIRMENT गनत क्षीणता • A locomotor impaired condition is the state of the body which hinder the child from making normal progress in school activities as average children do. • शरीर की जस्िनत है जो बच्चे को स्कू ल की गनतविधियों में सामान्य प्रगनत करने से रोकती है जैसा कक औसत बच्चे करते हैं। • They require special attention and equipment to control or overcome different abilities. • विसभन्न क्षमताओं को ननयंत्रित करने या दूर करने के सलए उन्हें विशेष ध्यान और उपकरण की आिश्यकता होती है।
  • 25. Causes/कारण • Arthritis. Arthritis is defined as pain in joints, usually reducing range of motion and causing weakness. • गठिया। गठिया को जोडों में ददव के रूप में पररभावषत ककया जाता है, आमतौर पर गनत की सीमा को कम करने और कमजोरी का कारण बनता है। • Cerebral Palsy (CP). Cerebral palsy is defined as damage to the motor areas of the brain prior to brain maturity (most cases of CP occur before, during or shortly following birth). • मजस्तष्क पक्षाघात को मजस्तष्क की पररपतिता से पहले मजस्तष्क के कक्रयात्मक क्षेिों को नुकसान के रूप में पररभावषत ककया जाता है (अधिकांश मामले जन्म के पहले या उसके बाद होते हैं)।
  • 26. • Spinal Cord Injury. Spinal cord injury can result in paralysis(weakening). • रीढ़ की हड्िी में चोट। रीढ़ की हड्िी की चोट के पररणामस्वरूप पक्षार्ात (कमजोर पडना) हो िकता है। • Head Injury (cerebral trauma). The term “head injury” is used to describe a wide array of injuries. • सिर की चोट (िेरेब्रल आर्ात)। "सिर की चोट" िब्द का उपयोग चोटों की एक ववस्तृत श्रृंखला का वणबन करने के सलए ककया जाता है। • Stroke /आघात
  • 27. Factors that are Influenced due to Locomotor Impairment • poor muscle control • Weakness and fatigue • difficulty walking, talking, seeing, speaking, sensing or grasping • difficulty reaching things, and difficulty doing complex or compound manipulations
  • 28. MULTIPLE IMPAIRMENTS एकाधिक • Multiple impaired child is the child who has two or more types of impairment or in identified combinations. वह र्च्चा होता है क्जिके दो या दो िे अधधक प्रकार के दोष होते हैं या पहचाने गए िंयोजनों में होते हैं। • Deaf-blindness is one commonly identified combination • Most of these individuals are neither profoundly deaf nor legally blind.
  • 29. • Cerebral palsy is often accompanied • By visual impairments, • By hearing and language disorders, or • By cognitive impairments. • िेरेब्रल पाल्िी अक्िर िार् होती है • दृश्य हानन िे, • श्रवण और भाषा ववकार िे, या • िंज्ञानात्मक दोषों द्वारा।
  • 30. Causes • Brain injury or infection before, during or after birth; • Growth or nutrition problems (prenatally or postnatally); • Abnormalities of chromosomes and genes; • Poor maternal diet and absent or minimal health care; • Drug abuse during pregnancy, including alcohol intake and smoking; • Severe physical maltreatment (child abuse), which may have caused brain injury and which can adversely affect a child’s learning abilitiesand socio-emotional development
  • 31. • जन्म के पहले या र्ाद में मक्स्तष्क की चोट या िंक्रमण; • ववकाि या पोषण की िमस्याएं (जन्मजात या प्रिव के र्ाद); • गुणिूत्रों और जीनों की अिामान्यताएं; • गरीर् मातृ आहार और अनुपक्स्र्त या न्यूनतम स्वास््य देखभाल; • िरार् के िेवन और धूम्रपान िठहत गभाबवस्र्ा के दौरान निीली दवाओं का दुरुपयोग; • गंभीर िारीररक अस्वस्र्ता (र्ाल िोषण), क्जिके कारण मक्स्तष्क में चोट लग िकती है और जो र्च्चे की िीखने की क्षमताओं पर प्रनतकू ल प्रभाव िाल िकती है, िामाक्जक-भावनात्मक ववकाि
  • 32. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS Psychosocial disorders These may manifest as disturbance in: • Emotions - eg, anxiety or depression. • Behaviour - eg, aggression. • Physical function - eg, psychogenic disorders. • Mental performance - eg, problems at school.
  • 33. factors • parenting style which is inconsistent or contradictory • family or marital problems • child abuse or neglect, • overindulgence, • injury or chronic illness, • separation
  • 34. Habit disorders • Tension-reducing habit disorders • Thumb sucking • Repetitive vocalisations • Nail biting • Hair pulling • Breath holding • Air swallowing • Head banging • Manipulating parts of the body • Body rocking • Hitting or biting themselves • तनाव कम करने वाली आदत ववकार • अंगूिा चूिने वाला • दोहराए जाने वाले स्वर • नाखून चर्ाना • र्ाल खींचना • िांि रोकें • हवा ननगलने की कक्रया • सिर मारना • िरीर का ठहलना • खुद को मारना या काटना
  • 35. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder • ADHD is characterised by poor ability to attend to tasks (eg, makes careless mistakes, avoids sustained mental effort), motor overactivity (eg, fidgets, has difficulty playing quietly) and impulsiveness (eg, blurts out answers, interrupts others). • कायों में भाग लेने के सलए खरार् क्षमता की वविेषता है (जैिे, लापरवाह गलनतयााँ करता है, ननरंतर मानसिक प्रयाि िे र्चता है), मोटर ओवरएक्क्टववटी (जैिे, चंचलता, चुपचाप खेलने में कठिनाई होती है) और आवेग (जैिे, तपाक िे कहना, दूिरों को र्ाधधत)।
  • 36. • Anxiety , School phobia and fearfulness • Disruptive behaviour • Sleeping problems • धचंता, स्कू ल भय और भय • विघटनकारी व्यिहार • नींद की समस्या
  • 37. Attention Deficit Disorder ADD • An attention deficit disorder (ADD) is a weakness in the brain's ability to focus on important sensory information. • ADD can impact a student's ability to process information from a teacher's words, music, video, and written text. • An attention deficit may also affect the brain's ability to filter out information that is not important. People with ADD cannot tune
  • 38. Difference Between ADD and ADHDADD ADHD An ADD is a weakness in the brain’s ability to focus on important sensory information A disorder that includes difficulty staying focused and paying attention, difficulty controlling behavior and hyperactivity. ADD do not have hyperactivity ADHD have difficulty in sitting still and may need to move or pace simply to pay attention. May appear day dreamy or off in another world. They may even sit in class quietly, but that doesn't mean their disorder isn't a problem and that they're not struggling to focus. may appear to be bored or disinterested in classroom activities. They are engaged in risky activities. They are troublemakers. tend to act out or exhibit behavior problems in class. Inability to follow teacher instructions. Auditory and visual confusion. Memory problems are common. Children with ADD are generally not disruptive in school and may appear to be bored or disinterested in classroom activities. The principle characteristics of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
  • 39. Types of ADHD • ADHD, Inattentive Type - which includes those children who mostly have symptoms of inattention, such as not being able to pay attention to details, getting easily distracted, being forgetful, etc. • ADHD, Hyperactive - Impulsive Type - which includes those children who mostly have symptoms of hyperactivity and/or impulsivity, such as fidgeting a lot, having trouble staying in his seat, talking excessively, being on the go, interrupting others, having trouble waiting for his turn,
  • 40. LEARNING DISABILITY/ अधिगम विकलांगता • Learning disability is any one of a diverse group of conditions, believed to be of neurological origin, that cause significant difficulties in perceiving and /or processing auditory, visual or spatial information, or any combination of these information forms. • अधिगम विकलांगता ककसी भी विविि प्रकार की जस्िनतयों में से एक है, जजसे माना जाता है कक यह स्नायविक न्यूरोलॉजजकल मूल की है, जो श्रिण, दृश्य या स्िाननक जानकारी, या इन सूचना रूपों के ककसी भी संयोजन को समझने और / या प्रसंस्करण में महत्िपूणव कठिनाइयों का कारण बनती है।
  • 41. • Learning Difficulties often occur in children with average or above average intelligence and they involve one or more of the basic processes used in understanding or using spoken or written language. • अधिगम कठिनाइयााँ प्रायः औसत या उससे अधिक औसत बुद्धि िाले बच्चों में होती हैं और िे बोली या सलखित भाषा को समझने या उपयोग करने में उपयोग की जाने िाली एक या अधिक बुननयादी प्रकक्रयाओं को शासमल करते हैं।
  • 42. What is a learning disability? • A learning disability, or learning disorder, is not a problem with intelligence. • Learning disorders are caused by a difference in the brain that affects how information is received, processed, or communicated.
  • 43. • A specific learning disability that affects reading and related language-based processing skills. • Dyslexia is a condition that makes it hard to learn to read and learn. • The severity can differ in each individual but can affect reading fluency, decoding, reading comprehension, recall, writing, spelling, and sometimes speech and can exist along with other related disorders. Dyslexia
  • 44. • It happens when there is a problem with the way the brain processes graphic symbols. • The problem in dyslexia is a linguistic one, not a visual one. • Dyslexia in no way stems from any lack of intelligence. • People with severe dyslexia can be brilliant.
  • 45. Types
  • 46. Difficulties with spelling Spelling is the activity which causes most difficulty for dyslexic children spelling errors -does/dus, please/pleeze, knock/nock, search/serch, journey/jerney difficulties with 'jumbled spellings‘- dose/does, freind/friend, siad/said, bule/blue, becuase/because, and wores/worse
  • 47. Confusion over left and right difficulties with east and west Writing letters or numbers backwards- mix up 'b' and 'd‘, ‘p' and the number 9 Difficulties with math/s: Math/s depends on sequences of numbers - 2. 4. 6. 8. etc.
  • 48. Difficulties organizing themselves-difficulties with planning and thinking ahead to when a book or pen might be needed next Difficulty following 2- or 3-step instructions
  • 49. Symptoms at Stage of development Before school • delayed speech development and vocabulary learning • difficulties forming words, such as making the sound in some words backward or mixing up words that sound similar • problems retaining information, such as numbers, the alphabet, and colors
  • 50. School age • low reading level for the age group • difficulties processing information • issues with remembering sequences of objects or information • being unable to put an unfamiliar word into sounds • taking an abnormally long time with reading and writing tasks • avoidance of activities that involve reading
  • 51. Teenage years and adulthood • difficulties reading aloud • slow reading and writing that takes a lot of effort • spelling issues • avoidance of tasks that require reading • mispronunciation of words or problems recalling words for a particular object or topic • problems with understanding the meaning behind jokes and idioms • difficulties learning a foreign language, memorizing, or completing math problems
  • 52. Dyscalculia • It is derived from the generic name "mathematics difficulty". • Affects a person’s ability to understand numbers and learn math facts. • Individuals with this type of Learning Disability may also have poor comprehension of math symbols, may struggle with memorizing and organizing numbers, have difficulty telling time, or have trouble with counting.
  • 53. Signs and Symptoms • Shows difficulty understanding concepts of place value, and quantity, number lines, positive and negative value, carrying and borrowing • Has difficulty understanding and doing word problems • Has difficulty sequencing information or events • Exhibits difficulty using steps involved in math operations • Shows difficulty understanding fractions
  • 54. • Is challenged making change and handling money • Displays difficulty recognizing patterns when adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing • Has difficulty putting language to math processes • Has difficulty understanding concepts related to time such as days, weeks, months, seasons, quarters, etc. • Exhibits difficulty organizing problems on the page, keeping numbers lined up, following through on long division problems
  • 55. Dysgraphia A specific learning disability that affects a person’s handwriting ability and fine motor skills. Problems may include • illegible handwriting, • inconsistent spacing, • poor spatial planning on paper, • poor spelling, and difficulty composing writing as well as thinking and writing at the same time.
  • 56. Signs and Symptoms • May have illegible and cursive writing (despite appropriate time and attention given the task) घसीट लेिन हो (उधचत समय और कायव ठदए जाने के बािजूद) • Shows inconsistencies: mixtures of cursive, upper and lower case, or irregular sizes, shapes or slant of letters समश्रण, या अननयसमत आकार, आकार या अक्षरों का नतरछा होना • Has unfinished words or letters, omitted words अिूरे शब्द या अक्षर, छोडे गए शब्द • Inconsistent spacing between words and letters शब्दों और अक्षरों के बीच असंगत अंतर
  • 57. • Exhibits strange wrist, body or paper position अजीब कलाई, शरीर या कागज की जस्िनत को प्रदसशवत करता है • Has difficulty pre-visualizing letter formation अक्षर को बनाने से पहले कल्पना ने कर पाना • Copying or writing is slow or labored नकल, लेिन िीमा या परेशानी होना • Shows poor spatial planning on paper पेपर पर सलिने की योजना न बना पाना • Has cramped or unusual grip/may complain of sore hand पेन पकडने में कठिनाई होना या सलिने में कठिनाई होना • Has great difficulty thinking and writing at the same time (taking notes, creative writing.) एक ही समय में सोचने और सलिने में बहुत कठिनाई होती है (नोट्स लेना, रचनात्मक लेिन।)
  • 58.
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  • 68. Dyspraxia • Problems with movement and coordination, language and speech. • A disorder that is characterized by difficulty in muscle control, which causes problems with movement and coordination, language and speech, and can affect learning. Although not a learning disability, dyspraxia often exists along with dyslexia, dyscalculia or ADHD.
  • 69. Signs and Symptoms • Exhibits poor balance; may appear clumsy; may frequently stumble िराब संतुलन प्रदसशवत करता है; अनाडी ठदिाई दे सकता है; अतसर िोकर िा सकते हैं • Shows difficulty with motor planning मोटर योजना के साि कठिनाई ठदिाता है • Demonstrates inability to coordinate both sides of the body शरीर के दोनों ककनारों को समजन्ित करने में असमिवता प्रदसशवत करता है • Has poor hand-eye coordination गरीब की आंि में समन्िय है • Exhibits weakness in the ability to organize self and belongings स्ियं और सामान को व्यिजस्ित करने की क्षमता में कमजोरी का प्रदशवन करता है
  • 70. • May be distressed by loud noises or constant noises like the ticking of a clock or someone tapping a pencil जोर से शोर या लगातार शोर से व्यधित हो सकते हैं जैसे घडी की ठटक ठटक या कोई पेंससल का दोहन • May break things or choose toys that do not require skilled manipulation चीजों को तोड सकते हैं या ऐसे खिलौने चुन सकते हैं जजनके सलए कु शल हेरफे र की आिश्यकता नहीं है • Has difficulty with fine motor tasks such as coloring between the lines, putting puzzles together; cutting accurately or pasting neatly िीक मोटर कायों के साि कठिनाई होती है जैसे कक लाइनों के बीच रंग भरना, पहेसलयााँ एक साि रिना; सही ढंग से काटना या बडे करीने से धचपकाना • Irritated by scratchy, rough, tight or heavy clothing िरोंच, ककसी न ककसी, तंग या भारी कपडों से धचढ़
  • 71. Problems related to Academic Achievement िैक्षखणक उपलक्ब्ध िे िंर्ंधधत िमस्याएं • Lack of a Clear Plan-Some people tend to do the same work without a plan so they always get the negative results. • स्पष्ट योजना का अभाव-कु छ लोग बर्ना योजना के ही काम करते हैं, इिसलए उन्हें हमेिा नकारात्मक पररणाम समलते हैं।
  • 72. • Medical and Psychological Reasons/धचककत्सा और मनोिैज्ञाननक कारण – Major Depression Disorder-Depression can cause inability and weakness in concentration डिप्रेिन एकाग्रता में अक्षमता और कमजोरी का कारण र्न िकता है – Generalized anxiety disorder- that can cause a situation of forgetting and weakness in concentration. िामान्यीकृ त धचंता ववकार- जो भूलने की क्स्र्नत और एकाग्रता में कमजोरी का कारण र्न िकता है।
  • 73. • Exam Phobia- : It is a case of a sever fear of the exam and the expectation of failure, which weakens the educational achievement and preparation and is accompanied with less attentive and not fully prepared for the exam. • परीक्षा फोबर्या-: यह परीक्षा के गंभीर िर और अिफलता की उम्मीद है, जो िैक्षक्षक उपलक्ब्ध और तैयारी को कमजोर करता है और कम चौकि और परीक्षा के सलए पूरी तरह िे तैयार नहीं है।
  • 74. • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: It is the frequent predominant ideas in mind of the students that prevent them from thinking of anything else. • जुनूनी र्ाध्यकारी ववकार: यह छात्रों के मन में लगातार प्रमुख ववचार हैं जो उन्हें ककिी और चीज़ के र्ारे में िोचने िे रोकते हैं। • Attention Disorder: It is the lack of the ability to focus attention on one thing for a suitable time. It may be associated with hyperactivity disorder. • ध्यान ववकार: यह उपयुक्त िमय के सलए एक चीज पर ध्यान कें ठित करने की क्षमता की कमी है। यह हाइपरएक्क्टववटी डििऑिबर िे जुडा हो िकता है।
  • 75. • Learning Disabilities and Slow Learning: It is a functional deficit in the brain leading to a lack of capacity to acquire new knowledge, as cases in low IQ or or difficulty in reading (Dyslexia) or difficulty in writing (Dysgraphia) or difficulty in mathematics (Dyscalculia) and they are investigated by special psychological measurements. • लननिंग डडसएत्रबसलटीज एंड स्लो लननिंग: यह मजस्तष्क में एक कायावत्मक कमी है, जजससे नए ज्ञान प्राप्त करने की क्षमता में कमी होती है, जैसा कक कम आईतयू या पढ़ने में कठिनाई (डडस्लेजतसया) या लेिन में कठिनाई (डडस्राकफया) या गखणत में कठिनाई। डडस्तलेकु सलया) और उनकी जांच विशेष मनोिैज्ञाननक माप द्िारा की जाती है।
  • 76. Reasons Related to the Learner: सिक्षार्ी िे िंर्ंधधत कारण: • Weakness of enthusiasmउत्िाह की कमी • Lack of experience अनुभव की कमी • Lack of abilities क्षमताओं की कमी • Fear of failure अिफलता का िर • Lack of self-confidence आत्मववश्वाि की कमी
  • 77. Parental and Educational Reasons माता-वपता और िैक्षक्षक कारण • Excess pressure on the student in order to get higher marks in the exams परीक्षा में उच्च अंक प्रा्त करने के सलए छात्र पर अनतररक्त दर्ाव • unstable families situations make students live in a state of tension अक्स्र्र पाररवाररक पररक्स्र्नतयां छात्रों को तनाव की क्स्र्नत में रखना
  • 78. Lack of Motivation for Success • Teacher absenteeism and lateness • For example would result in incompletion of the syllabus and would also affect student's motivation, enthusiasm, zeal and commitment to learn.
  • 79. Teasing छेड छाड • Teasing is the most common problem faced by the children in and out of the school. • स्कू ल के भीतर और बाहर के बच्चों के सलए सबसे आम समस्या है। • They would be teased by their own classmates. Cracking jokes, making them fool etc. • िे अपने ही सहपाठियों द्िारा छेडे जाते है । चुटकु ले बनाना, उन्हें बेिकू फ बनाना आठद। Common Problems faced by Children
  • 80. Teasing छेड छाड • Sometimes it is not meant to harm them but it makes the child to feel uneasy to sit in the class and face others. • कभी-कभी यह उन्हें नुकिान पहुंचाने के सलए नहीं होता है, लेककन यह र्च्चे को कक्षा में र्ैिने और दूिरों का िामना करने के सलए अिहज महिूि करता है। Common Problems faced by Children
  • 81. Teasing • Sometimes it is not just verbal but physical • Symptom- The child may say- “ I do not want to go to school.” • कभी-कभी यह के वल मौखखक नहीं र्क्ल्क िारीररक होता है • लक्षण- र्च्चा कह िकता है- " मैं स्कू ल जाना नहीं चाहता हूाँ।" Common Problems faced by Children
  • 82. Loneliness • Though the class has more number of students , the child may often feel lonely among them. • अके लापन • हालांकक कक्षा में छािों की संख्या अधिक है, कफर भी बच्चा अतसर उनमें अके लापन महसूस कर सकता है। Common Problems faced by Children
  • 83. Loneliness • Their non-participation in school activities, dull and weak appearance may lead to their loneliness. • Loneliness result in less number of friends. • स्कू ल की गनतववधधयों में उनकी गैर- भागीदारी, ठदखावट अके लापन को जन्म दे िकती है। • दोस्तों की िंख्या कम हो िकती है। Common Problems faced by Children
  • 84. Banishment ननिावसन It can give rise to FOMO (Fear of missed out) यह FOMO (समस्ड आउट के डर) को जन्म दे सकता है It is being an odd men out. It is different from being lonely. The child would be taken out from activities. Common Problems faced by Children
  • 85. Banishment ननिावसन They may not be given proper attention either by teachers or their own classmates. • सशक्षकों या उनके अपने सहपाठियों द्िारा उन पर उधचत ध्यान नहीं ठदया जाता है। • They would be left purposefully. • The child may face banishment in public and private places also. • उन्हें उद्देश्यपूणव तरीके से छोड ठदया जाता है । • बच्चे को सािवजननक और ननजी स्िानों पर भी ननिावसन का सामना करना पड सकता है। Common Problems faced by Children
  • 86. Other Problems • Socio Economic status- e.g. dress, religion, caste, appearance, habits • Maladjustment with the teacher- hate the teacher. • Ups and down in life- Family as well as in individual.
  • 87. Nutrition • Food Refusal- It is a big contributor to poor nutrition in children. It may be dislike of colour. • It take place when a child refuses to eat a variety of food and limit himself/herself to only one food or food group. • It is known as Food Jaz.
  • 88. Nutrition • Too much Junk Food- When combine with inactive lifestyle, too much T.V. and regular intake of junk food contributes to increase in weight and it may cause obesity. • Allergies and intolerance • Iron deficiency