Flash memory can retain data after power failure but can only be written once per location, though locations can be erased and rewritten. It supports a limited number of write/erase cycles and erasing must be done to an entire memory bank. NOR flash allows fast reads but slow erase and lower capacity, used for program code storage. NAND flash allows page-at-a-time read/write and multi-page erase with high capacity, widely used in portable devices. Magnetic disks store data magnetically on spinning disks as primary long-term storage, data must be moved to memory to access and written back for storage, allowing direct random access but risking data loss from disk failure.

1. Physical Storage Media (Cont.)
• Flash memory
– Data survives power failure
– Data can be written at a location only once, but location can be erased
and written to again
• Can support only a limited number (10K – 1M) of write/erase
cycles.
• Erasing of memory has to be done to an entire bank of memory
– Reads are roughly as fast as main memory
– But writes are slow (few microseconds), erase is slower

2. Physical Storage Media (Cont.)
• Flash memory
– NOR Flash
• Fast reads, very slow erase, lower capacity
• Used to store program code in many embedded devices
– NAND Flash
• Page-at-a-time read/write, multi-page erase
• High capacity (several GB)
• Widely used as data storage mechanism in portable devices

3. Physical Storage Media (Cont.)
• Magnetic-disk
– Data is stored on spinning disk, and read/written magnetically
– Primary medium for the long-term storage of data; typically stores
entire database.
– Data must be moved from disk to main memory for access, and written
back for storage
– direct-access – possible to read data on disk in any order, unlike
magnetic tape
– Survives power failures and system crashes
• disk failure can destroy data: is rare but does happen