5. Organic Chemistry
The study of chemicals that contain
carbon.
Origin: study of chemicals in living
organisms.
6. Analytical Chemistry
Composition of matter; measurable,
identifies compounds/components
http://besg.group.shef.ac.uk/Facilities/Images/gcms.JPG
Example:
Mass Spectrometer
Gas Chromatograph
7. Physical Chemistry
The study of :
The mechanism
The rate
The energy transfer that happens when
matter undergoes change.
Study of the interaction between two
elements
Study of properties and changes of matter
and energy
8. Biochemistry
Study of processes that take place
in organisms.
Understand the structure of
matter found in the human body and
the chemical changes that occur in
cells
10. Science and Technology
Theoretical Chemistry-Design of new
compound and new ideas; 2 categories:
pure and applied
Science Pure
Does not necessarily have an application;
just knowing for knowledge’s sake; research
Technology Applied
Has practical applications in society
Directed toward a practical goal/application
Engineering
11. Alchemists (~300BC-1650 AD)
China, India, Arabia, Europe, Egypt
•Aiming to:
Change common
metals to gold.
Develop
medicines.
•Developed lab
equipment.
•Mystical.
12. Antoine Lavoisier
(France 1743-1794)
Regarded as the Father of Chemistry
Designed equipment
Used observations
and measurements.
Discovered nitrogen
Law of Conservation
of Mass
13. The Scientific Method
Steps followed during
scientific investigations
Logical, problem solving
technique
Fathers of the scientific
method is Galileo Galilei and
Francis Bacon
14. Scientific Method
Observation- recognition of a problem
Visible or provable fact
From that a question arises (problem
statement)
Problem statement is a question that compares
variables
Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect
the boiling temperature of water?
15. Scientific Method
Hypothesis- a proposed explanation of an
observation
an educated guess
must be testable
Is a statement NOT a question that expresses the
expected answer to the problem statement (what
you think the results of the experiment will show)
If you increase the amount of salt added to the
water, the boiling temperature will also increase
because
16. Scientific Method
Experiment- an organized procedure used to
test a hypothesis (measurement, data
collection, manipulated and responding
variables)
Planned way to test the hypothesis and find out the
answer to the problem posed
Way to collect data and determine the value of the
dependent variable
Compares independent variable to the dependent
variable
Can only test one dependent variable at a time
17. Scientific Method
3 parts to an experiment
Control-standard for comparison
Variables
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Constants-parts of your experiment that do
not change
18. Scientific Method
Independent Variable
A variable that changes unrelated to other factors
A variable we manipulate, change, on purpose
A variable whose value we know before we start an
experiment
Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect
the boiling temperature of water? We know how
much salt we add to each amount of water before
boiling so amount of salt is the independent variable
19. Scientific Method
Dependent Variable
A variable that changes depending on some other
factors
The variable we are trying to find out
Variable whose value we do not know before we start
the experiment
Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect
the boiling temperature of water? We do not know
the boiling temperature to water once salt is added;
must test to find this out
20. Scientific Method
Constants
Does not change for the duration of the
experiment
Remains the same
Example: Does the amount of salt in water
affect the boiling temperature of water?
We would not change the brand of salt or
the amount of water (or type of water)
21. Scientific Method
Analyze
Look for patterns in experimental data
2 types of data
Quantitative = numbers
Qualitative = observations
Data presented via tables or graphs
3 types of graphs: circle (pie), bar, line
22. Scientific Method
The cafeteria wanted
to collect data on
how much milk was
sold in 1 week. The
table shows the
results. We are
going to take this
data and display it in
3 different types of
graphs.
Day Chocolate Strawberry White
Monday 53 78 126
Tuesday 72 97 87
Wednesday 112 73 86
Thursday 33 78 143
Friday 76 47 162
23. Scientific Method
Bar Graph
A bar graph is used to
show relationships
between groups.
The two items being
compared do not need
to affect each other.
It's a fast way to show
big differences. Notice
how easy it is to read a
bar graph.
Often used for
counting.
Chocolate Milk Sold
53
72
112
33
76
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Day
Amount
Sold
Monday Tuesday
Wednesday Thursday
Friday
24. Scientific Method
Circle graph (a.k.a.
pie chart)
Used to show how a
part of something
relates to the whole.
This kind of graph is
needed to show
percentages
effectively.
Sum of parts is 1 or
100%
Chocolate Milk Sold
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
25. Scientific Method
Line Graph
A line graph is used
to show continuing
data; how one thing is
affected by another.
It's clear to see how
things are going by
the rises and falls a
line graph shows.
Equation of line
represents the data.
Chocolate MIlk Sold
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Day
Amount
Sold
Chocolate
26. Scientific Method
Choosing the right graph for your data
Use a bar graph if you are not looking for trends (or
patterns) over time; and the items (or categories)
are not parts of a whole.
Use a pie chart if you need to compare different
parts of a whole, there is no time involved and there
are not too many items (or categories).
Use a line graph if you need to see how a quantity
has changed over time. Line graphs enable us to find
trends (or patterns) over time.
27. Scientific Method
Conclusion
Presents the findings of the experiment,
what the data shows, the hypothesis and
whether or not it was correct (supported) or
incorrect (negated)
Theorizes why the observed pattern is so
28. Scientific Method
Communicate
When scientists collaborate (work together)
and communicated, they increase the
likelihood of a successful outcome
Journals
Internet
Presentations/Speeches
29. Observations vs. Inferences
Observation
Something you confirm, something you have
seen, a fact
A piece of information about circumstances
that exists or events that have occurred
Inference
An abstract or general idea derived from
specific instances
Idea, thought, concept, notion, opinion
30. Theory
A well tested explanation for a broad set
of observations.
May use models.
May allow predictions.
Theories may change to explain new
observations or experimental data.
31. Law
A statement that summarizes results of
observations, but does not explain them.
Concise statement that summarizes the
results of many observations and
experiments
Changes or is abandoned when
contradicted by new experiments.
32. Note:
The order of the steps can vary and
additional steps may be added.
33. “No number of
experiments can prove
me right;
a single experiment can
prove me wrong.”
Albert Einstein
34. Math and Chemistry
Math- the language of Science
SI System (Metric System)
Factor Label Method (Dimensional Analysis)
Significant Figures
Scientific Notation
Manipulating Formulas
35. Units
SI Units – International System
Basic Units abbreviation
Length (meter) m
Mass (kilogram) kg
Time (second) s
36. Solving Word Problems
Analyze
List knowns and unknowns.
Devise a plan.
Write the math equation to be used.
Calculate
If needed, rearrange the equation to solve
for the unknown.
Substitute the knowns with units in the
equation and express the answer with units.
Evaluate
Is the answer reasonable?