A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
Slide inflation
1. INFLATION
• Meaning
• Definition
• Causes
• Types
• Demand –pull Inflation
• Cost- push Inflation
• Types
• Effects
• Measures to Control of Inflation
• Inflation in india
• Inflationary Gap
2. INFLATION – Meaning
• A substantial and rapid increase in the general price level
which causes a decline in the purchasing power of money.
• It is statistically measured in terms of percentage increse in the
price index per unit of time usually a year or a month.
3. Definition
“ a state in which a value of money is
falling”
- Crowther
“a persistent and appreciable rise in
the general level or average of
prices”
- Gardner Ackley
“ too much money chasing too few
goods”
- Coulborn
“ too much currency in relation to the
physical volume of business being
done”
- Kemmerer
As a phenomenon of Rising prices As a monetary phenomenon
4. CAUSES
Factors causing Increase
in Demand
Factors causing
decrease in Supply
Increase in Money supply
Increase in Govt expenditure
Increase in Private
expenditure
Reduction in Taxation
Increase in Export
Increase in Population
Paying off debts
Black Money
Scarcity of factors of Production
Hoarding
Trade Union Activities
Natural Calamities
Increase in Exports
Law of Diminishing Returns
Lop – sided production
International Causes
5. DEMAND PULL
INFLATION
It is a situation where the
aggregate demand exceeds the
economy’s ability to supply the
goods and services at the current
prices
Thus the prices are pulled upward
by the upward shift in demand
function
DPI = AD > AS
P2
P1
P F
D
D1
D2
o Y Output
S
SS - supply curve which is horizontal until full empt is
reached
ItbecomesverticalstraightlineatpointFshowsfullempt
isreached
Oy–realoutput
DintersectstheSScurve atpointFthepricelevelisOP
Shifting of point D to D1& D2 indicates an increase in
ADfuncion
GiventhesupplyoftotaloutputpricetendstorisefromP
toP1andP2
6. COST –PUSH
INFLATION
Y
D
o y1 y output
“ a rise in the cost of production
leads to a rise in the price level”
Cost-Push inflation caused by
an increase in wages
an increase in the profit
margins
E1
EE
P1
P
D
S
S
S’
It is also known as
seller’s DD at point E
determining proce OP at
OY full empt
Increase in cost shift the
S to S’, intersects DD atE1
PricelevelrisesOPtoOP1
OutputdecresesfromOYtoOY1
Simultaneous increase in price level and
unemployment
8. CREEPING
INFLATION
Price between 2 to 3
% p.a
WALKING
INFLATION
Price by 3 to 7 % p.a
RUNNING INFLATION
Price at a rate of speed
of 10 to 20 % p.a
GALLOPING OR
HYPER INFLATION
Price very fast at more than
20 to 100 per cent per annum
Itisamildtypeof
inflation
Beneficial to
Economicgrowth
It is not so
dangerous
Harmful to eca
It is the warning signal
for the govt to control
Harmful to an economy
It is due to increase in
Demand
Inflation affects poor and
middleclassesadversely
Control requires strong fiscal
andmonetarymeasures
OtherwiseitwillleadtoHyper
inflation
It is a situation when rate of inflation becomes
immeasurableanduncontrollable
Pricerise everyminuteandnolimitoftheheight
ContinuousfallinthevalueofMoney
TotalcollapseofMonetarysystem
ON THE BASIS OF SPEED
9. EFFECTS
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
NON-ECONOMIC
EFFECTS
Effects on
Production
Effects on
distribution
Social Effects
Redistribution of I an W
in favour of Rich
Creates conflicts in the
society
Disrupts Price system
Reduces Savings
Encourages Hoardings
Encourages speculation
Reduces Volume of
Prdn
Affects Pattern of
Prodn
Affects Quality of
products
Debtors and Creditors
Wage and Salary earners
Fixed Income groups
Business Community
Farmers
Moral Effects
Encourages black
marketing
Adulteration in the
products
Political Effects
Corruption
Loss of faith in the
government
Dissatisfaction
among masses
10. MEASURES TO CONTROL INFLATION
MONETARY POLICY FISCAL POLICY OTHER MEASURES
Increasing Bank Rank
Open Market Operation
Higher Reserve Ratio
Selective credit Control
Increase in Taxation
Reduction in Public Expd
Public Borrowing
Control of Deficit
financing
Expansion of Output
Proper wage policy
Encouragement to saving
Over valuation
Population control
DIRECT CONTROLS
Direct control on prices
Rationing
Itisadoptedbythemonetaryauthority
toinfluencethessofmoney
It is the budgetary policy
of the govt