This document discusses how geography, climate, politics, religion, and socio-cultural factors influence architecture. It provides examples of how site planning considers topography, weather patterns, and other geographical features. Politically, governments use architecture to promote nationalism and religious buildings concretize spiritual beliefs. Socially, housing design reflects income strata and vernacular architecture emerges from tight-knit communities, as seen in the Kowloon Walled City example. Overall, the document examines the various environmental and human factors that shape architectural form and urban planning.
2. How Do Geography & Weather Affects Our Built Surroundings.
GEOGRAPHICAL & CLIMATIC
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4. • Architecture is a habitable art.
It is therefore dependent, for its
success, on factors that define
human comfort. Geography and
climate being amongst the
foremost.
• It is a relationship between
environment and living patterns
of human beings. Typically, this is
manifested through planning and
design.
• Geographical-climatic
phenomenon in design is about
how natural surroundings and
topography affect architecture
and urban setup of societies.
A section showing placement of spaces
according to contours, following the natural
topography of the area.
GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE
5. • SITE PLANNING in landscape and
architecture refers to the
organizational stage of the design
process.
• It involves the organization of land
use zoning, orientation, slopes, soils,
hydrology and land drainage.
• So the major concerns of planning
are
Solar Radiation Air temperature
Topography
Humidity
Precipitation
Air movement
Vegetation & local factors
GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE
6. • SITE PLANNING in landscape and
architecture refers to the
organizational stage of the design
process.
• It involves the organization of land
use zoning, orientation, slopes, soils,
hydrology and land drainage.
• So the major concerns of planning
are
Solar Radiation Air temperature
Topography
Humidity
Precipitation
Air movement
Vegetation & local factors
GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE
CLIMATIC FACTORS AFFECTING
ARCHITECTURE
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16. • The positioning of settlements can help to take advantage of local
features.
• Settlements have to be properly oriented regarding prevailing winds.
• Winds are more frequent and relatively cooler at higher elevations.
More wind at high altitude
WIND
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19. GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE
• The prevailing local climate has
always influenced building
methods or architecture in
general.
• It is therefore understandable that
building types found around the
world are very diverse.
• Humans created protection from
the climate by building shelters
that were adapted to the climatic
conditions they were in. The home,
often very simple in its
construction, storage areas for
food and other life-sustaining
goods, is often of higher priority to
the community.
20. DESIGN FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSTRUCTION
• Earthquakes,
• Storms,
• Floods,
• High Solar Radiation,
• High Humidity & Condensation, And
• Salt Levels In Soil .
STANDARDS THAT ANY BUILDING MUST REACH
• Temperature and humidity within a closed space;
• Phonic (acoustic) sealing of the interior space;
• Fresh air required for breathing;
• Natural and artificial illumination of spaces;
• Possibility to maintain hygiene within the built space;
• Aesthetic factor, meaning the harmony of shapes and colors.
21. How Do Politics And Religion Affects Our Built Surroundings
POLITICO-RELIGION
22. • The main interest of the ruling
government in state is to treat
architecture as a visible sign of
progress to gain global
recognition from other nations:
that is, a political need for the
ruling regime to be more
noticeable and to be more
supreme.
• Another purpose is to gain and
claim social acknowledgement
from the local masses.
• In order to achieve this the
authorities often build
monumental structures. Ex World Trade Centre towers and
the remaining Slurry wall
POLITICO-RELIGION
23. THE GROUND ZERO RE-BUILDING
EX WORLD TRADE CENTRE, NEWYORK-AMERICA
• Grand restoration of the skyline and filling the void the destruction has caused.
• A symbol of reborn political strength of the united states of America.
24. • Governments try to integrate or unify
the population to follow one ruling body
by making various programs such as the
usage of icons in the form of buildings to
promote the idea of nationalism.
• Many buildings seem to portray images
referencing ethnic, history, cultural or
religious belief in order to potentially
evoke the nationalistic sentiments
among the masses.
• Architecture is the best tool as it
metaphorically communicates to the
masses through scale, form and other
elements.
• A built structure on the other hand may
separate too.
The Pakistan monument being used as a
nationalist symbol of unity
POLITICO-RELIGION
25. THE BERLIN WALL
BERLIN-GERMANY (1961-1989)
• Once one of the most politically charged structures in the world.
• A symbol of division between east and west Berlin.
• Length more than 96.3 miles.
26. • Religions shape lives of human race.
• It directly or indirectly governs each and every aspect of its followers.
Architecture is no exemption. In all societies architecture concretizes religion. The
structures they build and the spaces they shape support and reflect spiritual
practices and religious beliefs.
• Often because of the religious beliefs, the political structural framework is given
shape.
• Religion in a culture provides a system of common values that often serves to
validate and legitimize the social order; this explains why the state and religion
are so often knotted in complex cultures.
POLITICO-RELIGION
St. Basil's Cathedral, Moscow, Russia
Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, India
Budapest Jewish, Hungary
27. • The history of architecture is concerned more with religious buildings than
with any other type, because in most past cultures the universal and exalted
appeal of religion made the church or temple the most expressive, the most
permanent, and the most influential building in any community.
• Religions form the foundation of cultural identity and have decisively
shaped world civilizations based on differing, but not exclusive, views of
ultimate value.
Example of Religious Structures:
Christian architecture - (Churches)
Jewish architecture - (Synagogue)
Islamic architecture - (Masjid)
Buddhist architecture - (Temples)
Hindu architecture - (Mandir)
POLITICO-RELIGION
28. • The mosque for example was of central importance to the life of a
Muslim culture, the whole community would revolve around.
• A place to worship, bathe, eat, sleep, debate, and be schooled at.
POLITICO-RELIGION
30. • In a complex society social
stratification divides people and
families into distinct ranked
groups on the basis of their
wealth and status.
• Moreover, complex societies can
be further divided into groupings
on the basis of culture, language,
religion, occupation, or place of
residence.
• So the social aspect of
architecture is to deal with the
design of spaces in an urban
cultural setup in which the
activities of people are inter
related and inseparable in a
sustainable way.
Social Stratification:
• Refers to the ranking of
individuals and groups in any
given society
• It is a basic component of social
organization and is transmitted
through generations.
SOCIO-CULTURAL
• Housing is a very important
aspect of human existence.
• Specifically income, occupation,
education and the household
size are considered and
statistically tested to determine
their influence on the
architectural form of houses.
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32. DISTINCT SOCIAL CLASSES AND RESULTING
URBAN SETUP
KARACHI - PAKISTAN
• Divided in 3xdistinct social classes distinctively showing in architectural/urban
design.
1. The slums
2. Middle income communities
3. High income setups.
33. THE KOWLOON WALLED CITY
HONGKONG
• Inhabited by lower class of the city.
• Difficult living conditions in the city centre.
• Tightly knit community.
• Secluded by design and having a living culture of their own.
• Demolished later.
