Introduction to the emerging field of Quantum Space Technologies which may revolutionize the way we communicate and process information.

1. Quantum Space Technologies
Jakub Mielczarek

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Photons - quanta of light
Photon polarized in x direction - state
Photon polarized in y direction - state
CC BY-3.0

3. Elementary quantum mechanics
| i = cos(✓/2)|0i + ei
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sha1_base64="2gSt+2FTbwDNWeis11lOfXjIqq4=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="/RKKLTVSQdlFkB/lm43n5vKj+mI=">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</latexit>
Quantum mechanics tells us that photon can be in
quantum superposition of the two polarizations:
P(0) = | cos(✓/2)|2
<latexit sha1_base64="x8uIbQyr1OxvRSVgKDknlno+9bU=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="x8uIbQyr1OxvRSVgKDknlno+9bU=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="x8uIbQyr1OxvRSVgKDknlno+9bU=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="pVaJUuQD4BwzmVbF9hScZf91qOw=">AAAC3XicjVHLSsNAFD3Gd31V3QhugkWom5p0oxtBEMFlBfuAVksyjm1omgnJRBAfO3fi1h9wq78j/oH+hXfGKahFdEKSM+fec2buvX4cBql0nNcRa3RsfGJyajo3Mzs3v5BfXKqlIksYrzIRiqTheykPg4hXZSBD3ogT7vX9kNf93p6K1895kgYiOpIXMT/ue50oOAuYJ4lq51cqRWdjx75qMZEWW7LLpbdZ3rg6KbfzBafk6GUPA9eAAsyqiPwLWjiFAEOGPjgiSMIhPKT0NOHCQUzcMS6JSwgFOs5xjRxpM8rilOER26Nvh3ZNw0a0V56pVjM6JaQ3IaWNddIIyksIq9NsHc+0s2J/877UnupuF/T3jVefWIkusX/pBpn/1alaJM6wrWsIqKZYM6o6Zlwy3RV1c/tLVZIcYuIUPqV4Qphp5aDPttakunbVW0/H33SmYtWemdwM7+qWNGD35ziHQa1ccp2Se1gu7O6bUU9hFWso0jy3sIsDVFAl7xs84gnPVtu6te6s+89Ua8RolvFtWQ8fX8eXmA==</latexit>
P(1) = |ei
sin(✓/2)|2
<latexit sha1_base64="ROr/Ng1EPfBu47ok+AfJ34SoRW0=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="ROr/Ng1EPfBu47ok+AfJ34SoRW0=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="ROr/Ng1EPfBu47ok+AfJ34SoRW0=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="5qnG8d53u/YVgxCmvXi3pg665Lw=">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</latexit>
Probabilities of the basis states:
Quantum state of a photon is
an example of a qubit (quantum bit).
P(0) + P(1) = 1<latexit sha1_base64="rRXaJE3Khj2p2Wi2aApXUlq8WsI=">AAACznicjVHLSsNAFD2Nr1pfVZdugkVoEUoigm6EggguI9gH1CJJOq1D0yQkk0Ipxa0/4FY/S/wD/QvvjFNQi+iEJGfOPefO3Hu9OOCpsKzXnLGwuLS8kl8trK1vbG4Vt3caaZQlPqv7URAlLc9NWcBDVhdcBKwVJ8wdegFreoNzGW+OWJLyKLwW45h1hm4/5D3uu4KotlO2KodO2a6c2bfFklW11DLnga1BCXo5UfEFN+gigo8MQzCEEIQDuEjpacOGhZi4DibEJYS4ijNMUSBvRipGCpfYAX37tGtrNqS9zJkqt0+nBPQm5DRxQJ6IdAlheZqp4pnKLNnfck9UTnm3Mf09nWtIrMAdsX/5Zsr/+mQtAj2cqho41RQrRlbn6yyZ6oq8ufmlKkEZYuIk7lI8Iewr56zPpvKkqnbZW1fF35RSsnLva22Gd3lLGrD9c5zzoHFUta2qfXVcql3oUeexh32UaZ4nqOESDuqq4494wrPhGCNjatx/So2c9uzi2zIePgAjMpGo</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="rRXaJE3Khj2p2Wi2aApXUlq8WsI=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="rRXaJE3Khj2p2Wi2aApXUlq8WsI=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="8NUyuQjrc/DkSiLR2bEIg1NPXvw=">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</latexit>
CC BY-SA 3.0

4. Quantum cryptography - QKD
No-cloning theorem - an unknown state can’t be copied.
Distrobution of private key utilizing quantum bits and
fundamental properties of quantum mechanics:
Measusrements reduce the quantum state.
Mehic, M., Maurhart, O., Rass, S. et al. Quantum Inf Process (2017) 16: 253

5. BB84 QKD protocol
www.crypto.stackexchange.com

6. Limitations on distance due to losses in optical fiber…
QKD is already in commercial use
The signal has to be amplified with the use quantum repeaters
www.cqc2t.org

7. Intercontinental QKD - Chinese Micius satellite (2017).
It is much easier to transmit quantum signal in air/vacuum.
arXiv:1801.04418

8. XINHUA / JIN LIWANG / MCG

9. Quantum encrypted one-time-pad file transfer.
Video transfer encrypted with the use Advanced Encryption
Standard (AES) -182. A new 182 bit quantum distributed
key has been provided every second.
arXiv:1801.04418

10. Space based QKD configurations
R. Bendington et al. EPJ Quantum Technology (2016) 3:12

12. CubeSats
Canadian Space Agency

14. SPEQS (Small Photon-Entangling Quantum System)
arXiv:1603.06659

15. Galassia CubeSat
arXiv:1603.06659

16. SpooQySat
R. Bendington et al. EPJ Quantum Technology (2016) 3:12

17. Nanobob - CubeSat 12U (quantum uplink only)
Q3Sat - CubeSat 3U (quantum uplink only)
arXiv:1711.01886
EPJ Quantum Technology (2018) 5:4

18. Activated Entangled Photon Source
www.fraunhofer.de

19. ESA ScyLight - SeCure and Laser
Communication Technology.

20. Satelitary quantum network -
,,quantum internet’’
One of the philars of the EU Quantum Flagship program.
QuTech/TU Delft/Scixel

21. Security of financial transactions and trading.
Secured (Earth to Earth) communication for army
and goverment.
Secured channel for telemedicne and medical
data exchange.
Secured comunication with satellites
(military and civil ones).
Solution to the emerging problem of insecurity of
classical cryptographic systems (era of quantum
computing).

22. A perspective for quantum-secured Blockchain:
A perspective for quantum money:
arXiv:1705.09258
arXiv:1604.04453

23. Quantum teleportation to LEO
We already know how to send (teleportate) quantum
information into space. This is crucial for the purpose
of quantum communication.
Twophotons
Photon sent to space
Entanglement
Entanglement
Photon remaining on Earth
Teleported sate on Earth
Teleported sate on LEO
Classical channel

24. Quantum state teleportation to Micius satellite
arXiv:1707.00934

25. Quantum computing
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Quantum circuit
- unitary operator
Initial state Final state
Measurement
Answer to
some
problem
In quantum computers photons can
be used but currently the most advanced
realizations are based on
superconducting qubits.

26. Quantum computing industry is booming!

27. Quantum computing in space industry
Analysis of satellite data > quantum machine learning,
database exploration, …
Mission planning and optimization
Space traffic and navigation management

28. Future - Quantum information
processing in space
High vacuum + low temperature
> reduction of quantum decoherence

29. Lunar (Quantum) Computing/Data Centre?
scales not preserved!
The tidal locking matters! There can
be a communication station on the Moon
directed towards the Earth.

30. Microsoft instaled underwater data centre.
Why not to put it there next time? ;)

31. Business opportunities Now:
Development of CubeSats devoted to QKD
QKD services for public institutions (army, intelligence, etc.)
Analysis of satellite data employing quantum computers
Quantum random number generators for space applictions
Atomic cloks for data transmission timing and navigation
Space traffic and navigation management
Spaceship desing optimization with quantum annealers
Ground stations - Satellite laser ranging systems, …

32. Thank you!
www.jakubmielczarek.com