Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure is created to identify, analyze, and evaluate the potential environmental impacts of a proposed project or development.

1. What is environmental impact assessment and
its type?
Introduction
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure is created to identify, analyze, and
evaluate the potential environmental impacts of a proposed project or development.
EIA's main objective is to provide decision-makers with information on the potential
environmental impacts of a project or development and to identify ways in which these
impacts can be avoided or reduced.
EIA is usually required by law or regulation for specific types of projects or
developments including large-scale infrastructure projects, industrial facilities, or mining
operations. The objective of EIA is to assure that environmental considerations are
taken into account when deciding whether to proceed with a proposed project or
development.

2. Environmental Impact Assessment in India
Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006, which establishes the legal
framework for the implementation of EIAs in the country, governs Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) in India. The Notification was recently revised in 2020, and the
revised version came into effect on 14th September 2020.
Under the Notification, there are two categories-
Category A projects- which are likely to have significant environmental impacts are
required to undergo a comprehensive EIA process, which includes public consultation
and a detailed analysis of the potential environmental impacts of the project.
Category B projects- which are likely to have lesser environmental impacts are required
to undergo a less rigorous process, which may or may not include public consultation,
depending on the size and scale of the project.
Types of environmental impact assessment
There are several types of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), each with its own
specific purpose and scope. The most common types of EIA are:
1. Preliminary Environmental Assessment (PEA) - This type of assessment is
carried out at the earliest stages of a proposed project, and is conducted to
determine potential environmental impacts and establish whether a full EIA is
necessary.
2. Screening Environmental Assessment (SEA) - This type of assessment is used
to evaluate proposed projects and determine whether they are likely to have
significant environmental impacts that require a full EIA.

3. 3. Comprehensive Environmental Assessment (CEA) - This is the most detailed
and comprehensive type of EIA, and is used for large-scale or complex projects
that are likely to have significant environmental impacts. A CEA involves a
thorough analysis of potential impacts, as well as the development and
evaluation of mitigation measures.
4. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) - It is used to identify the potential
environmental impacts of policies, plans, and programs at a regional or national
level, rather than for individual projects.
5. Cumulative Environmental Assessment (CEA) - This type of assessment is used
to evaluate the potential cumulative effects of multiple projects or activities in a
particular area, taking into account the combined impacts of these projects over
time.
6. Social Impact Assessment (SIA) - This type of assessment is used to evaluate
the potential social impacts of a project, such as impacts on local communities,
social structures, and cultural heritage.
Environmental Impact Assessment Significance
● It helps decision-makers to make informed decisions about whether to approve
or reject a proposed project or development.
● EIA can help to identify ways in which the potential environmental impacts of a
project can be avoided, minimized, or mitigated.
● It helps to ensure that projects are designed and implemented in a way that
minimizes harm to the environment and to local communities.
● EIA can help to ensure that economic development is balanced with
environmental protection and social welfare.
● EIA can help to promote transparency and public participation in
decision-making.
● It helps to build trust and legitimacy in decision-making processes and can
ensure that the concerns and interests of all stakeholders are taken into account.

4. ● EIA is an important tool for ensuring that economic development is balanced
with environmental protection and social welfare.
Conclusion -
In conclusion, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a crucial process that helps
decision-makers to identify and evaluate the potential environmental impacts of a
proposed project or development. In India, the EIA Notification of 2006 governs the
implementation of EIAs, which was recently revised in 2020. There are different types of
EIAs, including PEA, SEA, CEA, SEA, CEA, and SIA, each with its own specific purpose
and scope. Ultimately, EIA is an important tool for achieving sustainable development
and ensuring that economic growth is not achieved at the expense of the environment
and social well-being.