The circulatory system consists of the cardiovascular system, blood, and hematology. The cardiovascular system includes the blood, blood vessels, and heart. Blood is a connective tissue that transports oxygen and removes carbon dioxide to and from cells via blood vessels. It has plasma and cellular components and maintains a temperature around 38 degrees Celsius. Blood tests examine components like hemoglobin, hematocrit levels, and blood cell counts. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells and can bind up to four oxygen molecules. Blood cells originate from stem cells in the bone marrow through the process of hematopoiesis.
4. BLOOD
• BLOOD IS A CONNECTIVE TISSUE VOLUME 4-5
L IN FEMALE & 5-6 L IN MALE
• ALL CELLS ARE EXPOSED TO BLOOD VESSELS
• CELLS RECEIVE OXYGEN & REMOVE CO2 VIA
BLOOD
• HAS PLASMA & CELLS
• DENSER & VISCOUS THAN WATER
• TEMPERATURE 38 DEGREE-1 DEGREE MORE
THAN BODY
• PH 7.35-7.45
5. BLOOD
• CONSTITUES 8% OF BODY WEIGHT
• CONSTITUES 20% OF ECF
• 55%PLASMA & 45% CELLS & FRAGMENTS
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13. BLOOD TESTS
• HAEMOGLOBIN
• NEMATOCRIT- % OF BLOOD VOLUME
OCCUPIED BY HEMOGLOBIN, NORMAL 38-46
IN FEMALES,40-54 IN MALES >65%
POLYCYTHEMIA
• TLC,DLC
• PERIPHERAL SMEAR
• ABSOLUTE COUNTS
• BONE MARROW EXAMINATION
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15. HEMOGLOBIN
• Made of 4 heme pigments
• 4 polypeptide chains & 4 globins
• Centre of heme is Iron ; can combine
irreversibly with 1 oxygen molecule
• Each hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen
molecules Only 23% of CO2 is carried by it
• RBC has 280 million Hemoglobin molecules
• When all 4 sites are occupied Hb is saturated
• Oxyhemoglobin breaks down faster when pH
is low ,O2 is low ,Temp high
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18. FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS
• BLOOD CELLS LIVE ONLY FOR
HOURS,DAYS,WEEKS
• ORIGINATE FROM PLEURIPOTENT/STEM CELLS
• PROCESS OF BLOOD FORMATION IS CALLED
HEMOPOIESIS
• IN FETUS-YOLK SAC ,LAST 3 MONTHS-RED
BONE MARROW(ALL MARROW)
• RED BONE MARROW-IN ADULTS
