Hypothesis, assumptions, and the conceptual model

1. Section 6- Hypothesis,
Assumptions, and The
Conceptual Model

2. Section 6-
Hypothesis,
Assumptions ,
and The
Conceptual
Model
The conceptual
Models,
Theories, and
Theoretical
Framework
Research
Problem
Developing and
Refining a
research
Problem
The
Hypothesis:
What and
Why
Relationship
Kinds of
Hypothesis
Assumptions

3.  The question ask in the study.
 It is also called as Problem Statement and it would be
answered by the hypothesis (wood & Haber, 1998,p.60)

4.  Practical experience, a critical appraisal of the
scientific literature, or interest in untested theory
basis in generating the research problem.
1. Defined a specific problem area
2. Reviewed the relevant scientific literature
3.Examined the problems potential significance
4. Examined the feasibility of studying the research
problem.

5. A Formal Research Problem is used in developing grant
proposals, theses and dissertations when greater detail is
required.
-It is a question for which an answer is to be
described, explained, or predicted.
- it is a brief a statement of relationships among
variables.

6.  A Hypothesis - is a tentative explanation for
something to answer the questions “How” and “Why”.
 Hypothesis in Scientific Research are often derived
from a theory (Shaughnessy et al 2000).
 Theory is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions,
and propositions that are advance to explain and
predict phenomena ( Cooper & Emory, 1995).
What is the difference between Hypothesis and
Theory?

7.  Theories tends to be abstract and involve multiple
variables.
 Hypothesis tend to be simple , two variable
propositions involving concrete instances.
 What do hypothesis really do?

8.  It guides the direction of the study.
 Limits what shall be studied and what shall not.
 Identifies facts that are relevant and those that are not.
 Suggest which form of research design is likely to be
most appropriate.
 Provides framework in organizing conclusions that result
from the conduct of the research process.
 Suggest appropriate sampling instrument and
procedures.
 Allows investigation to confirm or disconfirm a theory.

9. Purpose of the hypotheses:
1. To provide a bridge between theory and reality.
2. To be powerful tools for the advancement of
knowledge they enable the researcher to
objectively enter new areas.
3. To provide direction for any research endeavor.

10. Fig. 6.1 Interrelationship of problem statement, literature review, theoretical
framework, and hypothesis.

11. Examine the literature review and theoretical framework.
Asses the primary purpose of the study and the xplicit or implied problem
statement.
Is the primary purpose
Exploratory, descriptive or
hypothesis-generating
Is the primary purposebtesting
causal or associative
relationship.
Yes No Yes No
Formulate
research
questions
Formulate
Hypothesis
Research or
scientific
hypothesis
Statistical or
null
hypothesis
Assess for
presence of
IV and DV, a
predictive
statement,
testability
Directional
Hypothesis
Nondirectional
Hypothesis
Fig.6.2

12. Relationships
Hypotheses describing relationship between two variables
with respect to some uses are called Relational hypothesis.
Two interpretations of Relational Hypothesis:
1. Correlational Hypothesis
Variables that occur together in some specified manner without
implying that one causes the other.
2. Causal or Explanatory Relationship
are hypotheses reflecting causes-and-effect relationships.

13. KINDS OF HYPOTHESIS
1. Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis that predicts a relationship between
two or more variables.
“Problem hypothesis” “Empirical hypothesis”
or “Substance hypothesis”
2. NULL (Statistical)Hypothesis
is a statement of a relationship or difference that
can be tested statistically.

14.  Assumption:
- are statements of what the researcher believes to
be facts but cannot verify.
- an assumption to an postulate is an essential
prerequisite to carrying out some operation or a line of
thinking.
- these assumption are at the very base of every
research activity.
- assumptions are accepted on a common sense
basis and they are assumed valid.

15.  Conceptual Model (Paradigms):
-is a set of constructs specified in such a way that
their formal co-sections are evident.
- a model is defined as a representation of a system
that is constructed to study some aspect of system or the
system as a whole (Cooper & Emory,1995).