20050.pdf

THESIS WRITING,REPORTING
AND PRESENTATION
INTERPRETATION AND
REPORT WRITING
1

CONTENTS
• WHAT IS THESIS
• STRUCTURE OF THESIS
• PRESENTATION
• INTERPRETATION
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCE
2

WHAT IS THESIS
• Not a question- it is an answer
• Not a project - it is a reason a project is
done
• Not a problem -it is a proposed solution
3

STRUCTURE OF THESIS
Introduction paragraph
Body paragraph
Conclusion paragraph
4

INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH
• Introduces and ease reader into topic
• Moves from general to specific ones
• End with the thesis statement

BODY PARAGRAPH
• Where you prove your thesis
• It includes;
oPoint(topic sentence: proves thesis)
oProofs(as many as practical)
oComment(relates proofs to thesis)
6

CONCLUSION PARAGRAPH
• Re-state your statement
• Move from specific to general ones
• Ease reader away from essay, and back to real
life again
7

PRESENTAION
• Present the findings of the study in the order of the specific
problem as stated in the statement of the problem
• Findings are presented in these forms
oTabular
oTextual
oGraphical

INTERPRETATION
• Task of drawing inferences from the collected fact
after an experimental study
• It has two aspects
continuity
explanatory concepts
9

INTERPRETATION
TECHNIQUES
• Explanations
• Extraneous information
• Guidance
• Relevant factors
PRECAUTIONS
• Data are appropriate
• Good homogeneity
• Proper analysis
• Avoid errors
10

REPORT WRITING
 RE+PORT= To carry information again
 Document giving summarized and interpretative
information of research done based on factual data,
opinions and about procedure used by the
individual or group
11

STEPS INVOLVED IN REPORT
WRITING
• Logical analysis of the subject matter
• Preparation of the final outline
• Preparation of the rough draft
• Rearrange of the rough draft
• Preparation of the final bibliography
• Writing the final draft 12

LAYOUT OF THE REPORT
• Preliminary pages
• Main text
oIntroduction
oStatement of findings and recommendation
oImplications of the results
oSummary
• End matter
13

CONCLUSION
One should always keep in view the fact report
writing is an art which is learned by practice
and experience,rather than by mere
doctrinarian
14

REFERENCE
• C R Kothari “Research Methodology and
Techniques” New Age International Publishers
• http://w.w.w.slideshare.net/razif/thesis
• http://w.w.w.slideshare.net/razif/interpretation
15

TECHNIQUES OF
INTERPRETATION
AND PRECAUTIONS
IN INTERPRETATION
1

CONTENTS
- What is Interpretation?
- Why Interpretation?
- Importance of Interpretation
- Process of Interpretation
- Techniques of Interpretation
- Precautions in Interpretation
- Conclusions
- References
2

WHAT IS INTERPRETATION?
• Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences
from the collected facts after an analytical and/or an
experimental study.
• It is a search for broader meaning of research
findings.
• Interpretation is the device through which the factors
that seem to explain what has been observed by the
researcher in the course of the study can be better
understood.
• It also provides a theoretical conception which can
serve as a guide for further researchers. 3

WHY INTERPRETATION?
• The usefulness and utility of research findings lie in
proper interpretation.
• It is a basic component of research process because of
the following reasons: -
1) It is through interpretation that the researcher can
well understand the abstract principle that works
beneath his findings.
4

2) Opens new avenues of intellectual adventure and
stimulates the quest for more knowledge.
3) To understand and to make others understand the
significance of his research findings.
4) Interpretation is involved in the transition from
exploratory to experimental research.
5

IMPORTANCE
• Usefulness and utility of research findings lie
in proper interpretation
• To understand the abstract principle that works
beneath the finding
• Establishment of explanatory concepts
6

• To explain the real significance,i.e, why his
findings are what they are
• Interpretation is required for hypothesis results
• Research is embedded in complex system and
as a result, findings are not always as black
and white as we would like to think
7

PROCESS OF INTERPRETATION
• Review of statistical data (graphs, pie chart, etc)
• Using spreadsheets and structural software (excel
sheets, tabular forms, etc)
• Interpreting qualitative data (numerical data,
surveyed data, etc)
• Interpreting quantitative data (surveyed data,
interview methods, etc)
8

TECHNIQUE OF INTERPRETATION
1) By giving reasonable explanation of the
relations and interpret the lines of relationship
in terms of the underlying process.
2) Extraneous information must be considered
for the sake of good results and proper data
handling.
9

3) Consultation with experts. The quality of your
research must be ensured with the help of a field
expert. Sometimes he/she is also called a
research guide.
4) Consider all relevant factors affecting the
problem to avoid false generalisation. The
linkage of study with topic is a must.
10

PRECAUTIONS IN INTERPRETATION
The researcher must pay attention to the following
points for correct interpretation:
• The data is appropriate, trustworthy and adequate for
drawing inferences.
• The data reflects good homogeneity
• Proper analysis has been done through statistical
methods
11

• The researcher must remain cautious about the errors
that can possibly arise in the process of interpreting
results.
• Interpretation is intertwined with analysis and cannot
be distinctly separated
• Precautions concerning the reliability of data,
computational checks, validation and comparision of
results.
12

• Broad generalisation should be avoided as most
research is not amenable to it because the coverage
may be restricted to a particular time, a particular area
and particular conditions.
• The researcher must make sure that there is constant
interaction between initial hypothesis, empirical
observation and theoretical conceptions.
13

CONCLUSION
• Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inference
from collected facts after analytical studies.
• So, here we also discussed about the techniques of
interpretation which involves four steps.
• Similarly, precautions were also studied.
14

REFERENCES
• C.R. Kothari “Research Methodology and Techniques”
New Age International Publishers
• http://m.authorstream.com/presentation/nitya.r-887379-
interpretation-1
• https://www.slideshare.net/sonakshisaxena3/data-
interpretation
• https://www.slideshare.net/shubhamsharma1187/interpret
ation-in-report-writing-in-rm
15

SIGNIFICANCE OF REPORT
WRITING & PRINCIPLES OF
THESIS WRITING
1

INTRODUCTION
 A research report is a document presenting brief
description and the results of a study or a research done
which includes testing, experimentation, and analysis of
various subject matters in a report format.
 Research report involves relevant information on the
research work carried out. It may be in form of hand-
written, typed, or computerized.
 The report is prepared in the form of thesis or
dissertation.
2

SIGNIFICANCE OF REPORT WRITING
Research report is a research document that contains
basic aspects of the research project
 The practical utility of research study depends heavily on
the way it is presented to those who are expected to act
on the basis of research findings.
 Research report is a written document containing key
aspects of research project.
 It is a medium to communicate research work with
relevant people.
 It is also a good source of preservation of research work
for the future reference.
3

Cont…
 Preparation of research report is not an easy task. It is an
art. It requires a good deal of knowledge, imagination,
experience, and expertise. It demands a considerable time
and money.
 Research report is considered a major component of the
research study
 The research task remains incomplete till the report has
been presented and/or written.
 Even the most brilliant hypothesis, highly well designed and
conducted research study, and the most striking
generalizations and findings are of little value unless they
are effectively communicated to others.
4

Cont…
 The purpose of research is not well served unless the
findings are made known to others.
 Writing of report is the last step in a research study and
requires a set of skills somewhat different from those called
for in respect of the earlier stages of research.
 This task should be accomplished by the researcher with
utmost care; he may seek the assistance and guidance of
experts for the purpose.
 Research results must invariably enter the general store of
knowledge.
5

PRINCIPLES OFTHESISWRITING
These principles are often called as qualities or requirements
of a good report.
Selectiveness:
 It is important to exclude the matter, which is known to all.
 Only necessary contents should be included to save time,
costs, and energy.
 Care should be taken that the vital points should not be
missed.
Comprehensiveness:
 Report must be complete. It must contain enough detail to
covey meaning.
6

Cont…
Cost Consideration:
 It must be prepared within the budgeted amount. It should
not result into excessive costs.
Accuracy:
 It must be free from spelling mistakes and grammatical
errors.
Clarity:
 Report must reveal the facts clearly. Contents and
conclusions drawn must be free from ambiguities.
Preciseness:
 Research report must not be unnecessarily lengthy. It must
contain only necessary parts with adequate description.
7

Cont…
Objectivity:
 Report must be free from personal bias, i.e., it must be free from
one’s personal liking and disliking.
 The facts must be stated boldly. It must reveal the bitter truth.
 It must suit the objectives and must meet expectations of the
relevant audience/readers.
Simplicity:
 Report must be simple to understand. Unnecessary technical
words or terminologies (jargons) should be avoided.
Proper Language:
 Researcher must use a suitable language. Language should be
selected as per its target users.
8

Cont…
Reliability:
 Research report must be reliable.
 Explain how your approach to the problem is different from
other methods of investigation and how your report will
answer gaping questions in your field.
Proper Format:
 An ideal repost is one, which must be prepared as per
commonly used format.
 One must comply with the contemporary practices;
completely a new format should not be used.
9

Cont…
Attractive:
 Report must be attractive in all the important regards
like size, colour, paper quality, etc.
 It should use liberally the charts, diagrams, figures,
illustrations, pictures, and multiple colours.
10

CONCLUSIONS
 Selectiveness
 Comprehensiveness
 Cost Consideration
 Accuracy
 Clarity
 Preciseness
 Objectivity
 Simplicity
 Proper Language
 Reliability
 Proper Format
 Attractive
Research report is a research document that contains basic
aspects of the research project. It is also a good source of
preservation of research work for the future reference.
The basic principles of thesis writing are:
11

REFERENCES
 http://www.trainingserver3.org/NARATN/attachments/Atta
chment%209%20%20Principles%20of%20good%20report%2
0writing.pdf
 http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/marketing/marketing-
research/principles-of-a-good-research-report/48716
 https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-university/research-
methodology-tutorial-355/significance-of-report-writing-
11586.html
 https://www.coursehero.com/file/21259703/SIGNIFICANC
E-OF-REPORT-WRITING/
 http://www.writeawriting.com/academic-writing/principles-
good-thesis-writing/
12

FORMAT OF REPORTING
AND DIFFERENT STEPS
IN REPORT WRITING
3-9-2016 1

CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• RESEARCH REPORTS
• FORMAT OF REPORTING
• DIFFERENT STEPS IN REPORT
WRITING
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
3-9-2016 2

INTRODUCTION
• RESEARCH REPORTS: are detailed and
accurate accounts of the conduct of disciplined
studies accomplished to solve problems or to
reveal new knowledge.
• Research report involves relevant information on
the research work carried out. It may be in form
of hand-written, typed, or computerized.
3-9-2016 3

FORMAT OF REPORTING
• There is no one best format for all reports.
• Format depends on several relevant variables.
• . Report must be attractive.
• It should be written systematically and bound
carefully.
• A report must use the format that best fit the
needs and wants of its readers.
3-9-2016 4

• Title Page: Page at or near the front which
displays its title, subtitle, author, publisher, and
edition.
• Researcher’s declaration: Declare that it is
our own work and we also say the name of our
guide and co guides if any.
• Certificate of the research Supervisor:
Identify the supervisors under whom the
student’s research was carried out.
First Part (Formality Part):
3-9-2016 5

• Acknowledgement
• Table of contents: indictor of a good report
• Abstract:brief definition of research
• Dedication page: Source to offer warmest
gratefulness of the writer towards any other
person for whom he wish to pay honour.
3-9-2016 6

Main Report(Central part)
• Introduction
a) Theoretical background of the topic: concepts
together with their definitions and reference to
relevant scholarly literature, existing theory
that is used for your particular study.
b) Statement of the problem
c) Literature review
d) Study of research :The research purpose is a
statement of "why" the study is being
conducted, or the goal of the study.
3-9-2016 7

• Hypothesis : most important instrument in
research. Generally hypothesis is considered as
an assumption or a supposition which has to be
proved or disproved.
• Definition of concept
• Model: graphical representation
• Chapterisation: The entire research work will run
into 5 different chapters
3-9-2016 8

DESIGN OF STUDY
• Methodology: Answers how was the data collected
or generated? And, how was it analyzed?
• Data sources
• Data collection: questionaires,interviews,group
sessions,observations
• Dataprocessing:verify,organize,transform,integra
te,extract data
• Data management: store,preserve,share data
• Overview of report: Synthesizes key points for
its readers, saving them time and preparing them
to understand the study's overall content.
3-9-2016 9

• Limitations of study: Characteristics of design or
methodology that impacted or influenced the
interpretation of the findings from your research.
• Results
• Summary
3-9-2016 10

TERMINAL ITEMS
• Bibliography:
• Appendix: extra information about research
• Copies of data collection instruments:
Methods of data collection include documents
review, observation, questioning.
Technical Details on sample plan:
comprises of different sample units or sample
population whom you are going to contact to
collect market research data.
• Complex Table: Table of records containing
multiple fields stored in a structured and
searchable format. 11

• It requires careful pre-planning. The planning
process involves the following consolidations and
steps:
1) The target audience
2) The communication characteristics of the
audience
3) The intended purpose of the report
3-9-2018 12
DIFFERENT STEPS IN
WRITING REPORT

DIFFERENT STEPS IN
WRITING REPORT
• Logical Analysis of the subject matter: primarily
concerned with the development of the subject.
They are usually of 2 types logical and
chronological.
• Preparation of the final outline: The next step in
writing a research report is to outline or to make
a frame upon which long written works are
constructed.
• Preparation of the rough draft
• Re-writing and polishing: The careful revision
makes the difference between a mediocre and a
good piece of writing 13

Preparation of the final Bibliography: The
bibliography is a list of books which are used as a
reference for the preparation of the report
• The bibliography should be arranged
alphabetically and may be divided into two parts.
• The first part may contain the names of the
books and pamphlets, and second part may contain
the names of the magazines and news paper
articles.
• Writing the final Draft: The final draft should be
written in a concise and objective style and in
simple language, avoiding vague expressions.
14

SUMMARY
• Research report is a research document that
contains basic aspects of the research project.
• There is no one best format for all reports.
• Format depends on several relevant variables.
• Research report is divided into three parts as:
formality part, central part, terminal part.
• Writing a report requires careful pre-planning
and contains 6 major steps. They are logical
analysis, preparing final outline, rough
draft,rewriting and polishing, final bibliography
and final draft.
3-9-2018 15

REFERENCES
http://www.manoa.hawaii.edu/ctahr/aheed/Carl/Lec
ture2_Research_&_Methodology_Chap2.ppt
www.slideshare.net/ShrutiMishra19/ppt-on-report-
writing
www.slideshare.net/meghana353/research-report-
writing
3-9-2016 16

LAYOUT & MECHANICS
OF
RESEARCH REPORT

Research report consists of :-
The Preliminary Section (Prefatory Pages)
The Main Text (Main body of the Report)
The Reference Section (End matter)
2
Layout of Research report

The Preliminary (Prefatory Pages)
The Title Page
Acknowledgement
Researcher’s Declaration
Research Supervisor’s Certificate
Abstract
Table of content
List of tables
List of figures
List of abbreviations
3

4
Name of the thesis
Thesis submitted to:
XYZ UNIVERSITY, City
For the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY
Submitted by :
XYZ
Under the Supervision of :
Prof.ABC
INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES & RESEARCH
XYZ UNIVERSITY, City, HARYANA [INDIA]
Date

5
RESEARCHER‘S DECLARATION
I declare that the thesis entitled “…………” is a record of
independent research work carried out by me under the
supervision and guidance of Prof. XYZ. This has not been
previously submitted for the award of any other diploma, degree
or other similar title.
Place:…
Date:……
(NAME)
Signature of the
Researcher

RESEARCH SUPERVISOR’S CERFICIATE 6
Certified that the thesis entitled “………..” submitted to the XYZ
University, City for the award of degree of Doctor of
Philosophy is a record of independent research work carried out
by Mr./Ms….. a Research Scholar Ph.D. programme, under my
supervision and guidance. This has not been previously
submitted for the award of any diploma, degree or other similar
title.
(Name)
Place
Date Signature of the Supervisor

The Main Text (Main body of the Report)
Introduction
 Statement of the problem
 Significance of the problem
 Purpose of study
 Assumptions
 Definition of the concept
 Objective of the study
 Hypothesis
11

Research methodology
Analysis of data
Inferences
Conclusion
 Research findings
 Contribution of the study
 Limitations of the study
 Scope for the future
12

The Reference Section (End matter)
Reference
Appendices
Bibliography
Index
13

1. Size of physical design:
 Unruled paper 8 ½” x 11”
 Blue or black ink
 Margins – left ( 1 to 1 ½”), right (1/2”),
top & bottom (1”)
 Typing - Double spaced
 One side
15
Mechanics of Report Writing

2.Procedure:
3.Layout:
 Well thought and appropriate
 Consider objective and nature of the problem
4.Treatment of quotations:
 Quotation marks
 Double spaced
 If it is more than 4 or 5 lines, single spaced
16

5.Footnotes:
 Meant for cross references, citation of authorities and
sources, acknowledgement and explanation from a
point of view
 Placed at the bottom of the page
 Numbered consecutively
 Single spaced
17

6.Documentation style:
Regarding the single-volume reference:
 Author’s name in normal order
 Title of the work, underlined to indicate italics
 Place and date of publication
 Pagination references
Eg.1 Kothari, C.R. Quantitative Techniques, New
Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Inc. 1978,
p. 995.
19

Regarding multi-volumedre
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
:
 Author’s name in the normal order;
 Title of work, underlined to indicate italics;
 Place and date of publication;
 Number of volume;
 Pagination references (The page number).
20

Regarding works arranged alphabetically:
 .No pagination is needed for alphabetically arranged
works.
Eg.1 “Salamanca,” Encyclopedia Britannica, 14th Edition
21

Regarding periodicals reference:
 Name of the author in normal order;
 Title of article, in quotation marks;
 Name of periodical, underlined to indicate italics;
 Volume number;
 Date of issuance;
 Pagination
22

Regarding second-hand quotations reference:
 Original author and title;
 “quoted or cited in,”;
 Second author and work.
Eg.3 J.F. Jones, Life in Ploynesia, p. 16, quoted in History of the
Pacific Ocean area, by R.B.Abel, p. 191.
23

Case of multiple authorship:
 In case of multiple authorship, et al or “and
others” should be used.
Eg.4 Hughes et al, “Science or Promotion”, SAGE Journals,
2013, p.13.
24

7.Punctuation:
 Author’s name
 Title of the book
 Title
 Edition
 Place of publication
 Name of the publisher
 Date of publication
 Volume
 Page reference
25

8. Use of statistics, charts and graphs:
 It is used in the form of tables, charts, bars, line
graphs
and pictograms.
 Neat and attractive
 Self explanatory and complete in itself
26

9.Final drafts:
 Revising and rewriting the rough draft of thereport
 Are the sentences clear?
 Grammatically correct?
 Whether it is logical?
27

10.Bibliography:
 Prepared and appended to the research report
28

11.Preparation of the index:
 Index acts as a good guide for the report
 Two ways : subject index and author index
 Alphabetically arranged
29

CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Referencing
• Figures
• Tables
• Conclusion of a research
• Oral presentation
• Making a presentation
• Summary
• References

INTRODUCTION
• A research presentation is meant to showcase our
research findings.
• 3 important elements that report the research findings
are;
1. References
2. Figures
3. Tables
• Most often they cause problems although they sound
straightforward.
• Most adequate – oral presentation
• Made effective with the use of interactive display.
• Way of preparing a presentation is also of high
significance.

REFERENCING
• Referencing previous works occurs throughout the
research proposal and research reports.
• Allow your reader to follow up what you have read.
• Mainly done to,
– Provide supporting or contrary evidence for the
views we write about
– Assign credit for an idea, concept or result
– Add information and details on matters discussed

• Important ethical issue:
– Intellectual integrity
– To distinguish between your ideas and someone else’s
ideas
• Failure to give credit for an idea or result to its originator
– Plagiarism
• References must be formatted in a consistent and
conventional manner.
• References can be written for,
– Book
– Journal
– Online document

Format for citing References
1.Book
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of book (edition if
not first). City: Publisher.
e.g., Cornett, M., Wiley, B.J., & Sankar, S. (1998). The
pleasures of nurturing (2nd ed). London: McMunster
Publishing.

2. Journal Article
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of article. Title of
Journal, volume number (issue number), page
numbers.
e.g., Barry, H. (1996). Cross-cultural research with
matched pairs of societies. Journal of Social
Psychology, 79 (1), 25-33.
3. Internet sources : Include the full web address and
date of access of website.

FIGURES
• Means of presenting scientific data.
• Each figure serves a purpose.
• Each one must be titled and numbered consecutively
with a short and concise title.
• Title appears below the figure.
• Two types:
– Graphs
– Images

Graphs
• Show trends in data
• Should be in grayscale (black, white and grey)
• Patterns can be used
• Labeling must be clear – axes & units of measure.
• Include only the just enough information.
• Different graph formats – line chart, bar chart, pie
chart, scatter plot etc.

Images
• Diagrams, photographs, illustrations, maps, flowcharts
etc.
• Explain complex concepts and theories
• Clarity – all parts must be clear and legible at the
figure size used
• Completeness
–Label important parts of schematic diagrams
–Insert scale in images and maps
• Formatting – check journal instructions for resolution,
size limitation etc.

TABLES
• Represent extensive numerical data in an organized
manner.
• Exact comparison between data points.
• Figures can be used in addition to highlight certain
aspects.
• Tables must be self explanatory.
• Title appears above the table.
• Use footnotes to explain abbreviations.
• Table formatting must meet journal requirements.

• e.g., use only 3 horizontal lines above and below the
column headings and no vertical lines

Relating tables and figures to text
• Do not restate all information in the text of the
paper.
• Refer to all tables and figures in the text.
- Point out relevant parts of a table/figure
when referring to it
- Refer to tables/figures with their
numbers (e.g., Table 1); do not refer their
location (‘in the table below’)

CONCLUSION OF A RESEARCH
• Final phase of research.
• Extrapolate beyond results and findings
• Results - address and test hypothesis.
• Conclusion – implications or tests of hypothesis.
• Examine and interpret the implications of the study.

To give a summary of :
• What was learned
• What remains to be learned (for future work)
• Shortcomings of what was done
• Benefits, advantages, applications etc., of the work
(evaluation)
• Recommendations

Common Problems
1. Too long
2. Too much detail
3. Failure to comment on larger, more significant issues
4. Failure to reveal the complexities of a conclusion or
situation
5. Failure to match the objectives of research
6. Lack of a concise summary of what was learned

ORAL PRESENTATION
• Concise and to the point.
• Brief discussion of a defined topic delivered to a
public audience in order to impart knowledge or to
stimulate discussion
Purpose:
• Give the audience a sense of what your idea/work is
• Make them want to read your paper
• Get feedback on your work

Points to be considered:
1. Clearly state the title of the research topic at the
beginning
2. Concisely explain what you were trying to
accomplish in the research
3. Clarify the scope of your research
4. Present the results in an objective and balanced
manner
5. Draw and present clear conclusions about the
results of your research

Order of presentation
Two approaches:
1. Give your conclusions first and then validate
them with evidences and arguments
2. Start with the details and construct an argument
that leads to your conclusion
Quality of presentation
• Don’t lean, slouch or hide behind the podium
• Project your voice clearly and distinctly
• Avoid the use of pause sounds
• Make sure that all overheads/slides are clear enough for
everyone

Preparations for a presentation
• Give one or more practice runs
• Plan to use time wisely.
• Rehearse with an honest friend
• Have backups
Merits
• An opportunity to give-and-take decisions
• Better understanding of findings and implications
• Strengthen your research

Demerits
• Lack of a permanent record concerning the research
details.
• Findings may fade away from people’s memory
Solutions
• A written report may be circulated before the OP and
referred to frequently
• Use of slides, wall charts and blackboards help in
contributing to clarity

MAKING A PRESENTATION
Purpose
• Showcase your research findings
• Communicate the importance of your research
• Prompt the audience to ask questions and give
valuable feedback

Contents
1. Title (include authors and affiliations)
2. Introduction (background, purpose, hypothesis)
3. Method (methodology)
4. Results (Use figures/tables, explain findings)
5. Conclusion/Discussion (clinical implications)
6. Future work (to where the work is headed)
7. Acknowledgement

Guidelines for a good presentation
1. Consider whom the presentation is designed for
- Early motivation
- Spoil the punch line
- Visuals
2. Keep the slides simple and uncluttered
3. Make sure that the charts are legible for everyone
4. Highlight key information
5. Focus attention on one concept at a time
6. Reinforce your conclusion

Technical Aspects
• Use few powerful slides
• Be consistent in the choice of color, font size and
type
• Use clear, simple visuals
• Place the graphics in similar location within each
slide
• Use contrast – light on dark or vice versa
• Use standard fonts

SUMMARY
• Referencing shows that you are aware of the
state of knowledge in your subject and are
familiar with the work of leaders in the field.
• Figures and tables can be used to present data,
clarify interpretations and explain concepts.
• Conclusion is the final phase of your research,
concerned with implications or tests of
hypothesis.

• Oral presentation is meant to present subject
content in an organized, concise and effective
manner to a live audience.
• In order to give a successful talk, the presenter
should be organized, prepared and enthusiastic
about the research being presented.

REFERENCES
• Kothari, C. and Garg, G. (2014). Research
methodology Methods and Techniques. 3rd ed. New
Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., p.63
• https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/files/publications/styl
e/chapter-05.pdf
• https://www.viterbo.edu/sites/default/files/academi
c_resources/undergraduate_research/a_guide_to_or
al_research_presentations.pdf
• csnotes.upm.edu.my/kelasmaya/web.nsf/.../$FILE/re
sultsconclusionUPM.ppt

 OBJECTIVE
 INTRODUCTION
 NEED FOR VISUALAIDS
 TYPES OF VISUALAIDS
 GUIDELINES
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
03/09/2018
2

To obtain the knowledge about different types of visual
aids.
 To get the guidelines while using visual aids
03/09/2018
3

 Visual Communication is communication through a
visual aid and is described as the conveyance of ideas
and information in forms of that can be read or looked
upon.
 Visual aids can play a large role in how the audience
understands and takes in information that is presented.
 It is necessary to choose a visual aid that is appropriate
for the material and audience.
03/09/2018 4

 Memory retention.
 Attention span.
 Comprehension.
 Create a focal point.
 Reference material for later use.
 To enable better understanding.
 Helps in relating and transferring learning to the real
simulation.
03/09/2018 5

Objects
 The use of objects as visual aids involves bringing the
actual object to demonstrate on during the speech.
03/09/2018 6

Models
 Models are representations of another object that serve
to demonstrate that object when use of the real object is
ineffective for some reason.
03/09/2018 7

Graphs and charts
 Graphs are used to visualise relationships between
different quantities. Various types are used as visual
aids including bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts etc.
03/09/2018 8

Maps
 Maps show geographic areas that are of interest to the
speech.
 They are often used as aids when speaking of
differences between geographical areas or showing the
location of something.
03/09/2018 9

Tables
 Tables are columns and rows that organise words,
symbols and/or data.
03/09/2018 10

Poster
 A poster is a very simple and easy visual aid. Poster can
display charts, graphs, pictures or illustrations.
03/09/2018
11

Power point
 Power point is a complete presentation graphics
package. It gives every thing we need to produce a
professional looking presentation.
03/09/2018
12

Videos and photographs
 Use video only when it is essential to communicate
your message.
03/09/2018 13

 Use only if necessary
 Make it simple
 Clarity and credibility
 Specify what to notice.
 Visual aids –Below or next to the text
03/09/2018 14

 Visual aids can guide your audience through your
presentation and reinforce the main points.
 Visual aids are important in facilitating thought ,but
they are just meant to supplement a text ,not to take its
replace. Hence ,you should use the text to present your
argument ,mentioning important figures to back up
your claims.
03/09/2018 15

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology
[2] C.R.Kothari,titled “Research Methodology Methods and
Techniques” Published in 2004 by New Age International
(P) Ltd.
[3] https://www.slideshare.net/
[4] Ranjit Kumar, titled “Research Methodology” Published in
1999 by Sage Publications (P) Ltd
03/09/2018 16

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