Smart electric grid

1. A PRESENTATION ON
POWER SUBSTATIONS
BY
………………………

2. INTRODUCTION
 A SUBSTATION IS A PART OF AN ELECTRICAL GENERATION ,
TRANSMISSION, AND DISTRIBUTION
 A SUBSTATION TRANSFORM VOLTAGE FROM HIGH TO LOW, OR THE
REVERSE OR PERFORM ANY OF SEVERAL OTHER IMPORTANT
FUNCTIONS LIKE SWITCHING, CONVERTING etc

3. HISTORY
 ELECTRICITY GENERATION is the process of
generating electric power from other sources
of primary energy.
 The fundamentals behind Electricity Generation
were discovered around 1830s by Michael
Faraday.
 During those days we use to utilise the generated
at the same place where it is generated
 But by the time the demand of power increases even from
those areas where generation is not possible.

4. By the time we tried to implement the
concept of transmitting power from one place
to another place.
In the starting we have to transmit the power
to a very less distance, so we directly transmit
the generated power at the generated voltage
itself.

5. NEED OF SUBSTATION
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATION
 TO SATISFY LOAD GROWTH
 TO ACC0MMODATE NEW GENERATION
 TO MAINTAIN RELAIBILITY REQUIREMENT
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION
 TO STEP UP AND STEP DOWN AC VOLTAGE LEVEL
 TO BREAK THE POWER FLOW
 PROVIDE SUPPORT TO THE POWER FLOW

6. TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS
ON THE BASIS OF SERVICE
REQUIREMENT
TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION
SWITCHING SUBSTATION
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
SUBSTATION
CONVERTING SUBSTATION
INDUSTRIAL SUBSTATION
ON THE BASIS OF
CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
OUTDOOR SUBSTATION
INDOOR SUBSTATION
UNDERGROUND SUBSTATION
FREQUENCY CHANGER SUBSTATION
POLE MOUNTED SUBSTATION

7. BRIEF DESCRIPTION
TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION:
Those substations which change the voltage
level are called transformer substation.

8. SWITCHING SUBSTATION:
These type of substations simply perform the
switching operation of power lines.

9. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
SUBSTATION:
Those sub-stations which
Improve the power factor
Of the system are called
Power factor correction
Substation.
 These are
Generally located at the
Receiving end of transmission
lines.
 They generally use synchronous
condensors as power factor
improvement equipment

11. CONVERTING SUBSTATION:
• Use to convert ac power into dc power by
using static converting devices like SCRs.
• Used for traction, electroplating and welding.

12. OUTDOOR SUB-STATION:
 We prefer this type of substation when voltage is
above 66kv , because for such voltage the clearance
between conductor and the space required for
switches,C.B., and other equipement becomes so great
that it is not economical to install the equipment
indoor.

14. INDOOR SUB-STATION:
 Generally we use indoor type of sub-staion for voltages
upto 11kv but this range can be increased upto 66kv if
atmosphere is contaminated with impurities.

15. UNDER GROUND SUB-STATION:
This type of sub-station is prefered in highly
populated areas, where the space available is
limited and costly too.

16. POLE MOUNTED SUB-STATION:
This is an outdoor sub-station with equipment
installed overhead on H-pole or 4-pole structure
Used for voltages upto 11kv (33kv in some cases) .

21. RELAYS
• A relay is automatic device which senses an
abnormal condition of electrical circuit and
closes its contacts. These contacts in turns
close and complete the circuit breaker trip coil
circuit hence make the circuit breaker tripped
for disconnecting the faulty portion of the
electrical circuit from rest of the healthy
circuit.

25. SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

26. • Newer microprocessor-based relays and other
intelligent devices provide unprecedented
flexibility and rich functionality which, in turn,
provide low cost monitoring analysis and
diagnosis of electrical faults in the power
network.

28. SMART SUBSTATION
The number of distributed energy resources and new appliances with
power electronics in the distribution grid rapidly grows. This leads to
power quality problems and power flow fluctuations.
An Intelligent Distribution Station is designed to maintain power
quality and reliability in an economic way.
Station level includes sub-system like automation system, control
system for standing area, communication system and standard time
system, etc.
It is used to meet the function of the primary device, to detective and
control the whole or more than one station device, and to perform the
function of data collection, monitoring control(SCADA), lockout
operation, and synchronous phase collection, electric energy collection,
information protection and relevant function.

30. Features of the Smart Station:
1. Improving power quality, reliability and load profile
2. Control of voltage pollution
3. Demand Response,
4. A system for local control and remote monitoring
5. An electricity storage system, consisting of a battery
and a bi-directional inverter (ESI)
6. Stepless control of the voltage level on the LV bus
bar, performed by a smart transformer
7. Bidirectional communication between home
appliances and the Smart MV/LV-station, using a
home automation system .

31. Monitoring Device & Protection Device
•Communication failure detector
•SF6 gas leakage monitoring system
•The electronic harmonic analyzer
•Microcomputer protection devices
•Current limiting intelligent protector
•Intelligent circuit controller, etc.
•Circuit breaker online monitoring
•Standard time system
•Low voltage motor protection controller
•Smart electricity meter etc.

32. Remote terminal unit---RTU:
RTU most commonly stands for Remote terminal Unit,but is sometimes also
used as an abbreviation for Remote Telemetry Unit or Remote Telecontrol
unit.RTUs are devices that rely on microprocessors and communication
interfaces to automatically monitor and control field devices and to function as
gateway to the plant control or SCADA(supervisory control and data
acquisition)systems.
•RTUs are commonly equipped with several communication ports and internal
inputs and outputs to communicate with and monitor several devices at once.
•Depending on the project needs some RTUs can be expanded with different
circuit cards including communication interfaces,additional storage,backup
power and additional I/Os.
•RTUs can often communicate with a range of devices in the facility,including
meters,HMIs,IEDs,sensors and many others. They transfer the data they collect
from these object to the servers the SCADA software operates on.
•RTUs use a range of standard communication protocols to control field devices
such as ModbusRTU, ModbusTCP, Profibus, DLMS, IEC 104, IEC 101, IEC
102, Procome, OPC or IEC 61850.

33. IEC 61850:
IEC 61850 is an international standard that defines
communication protocols to provide communication between
different equipment located in a substation, such as protection,
control, and measurement equipment as well as (IEDs)
intelligent electronic devices.
From its first version this standard reached considerable
success in substation communication networks and systems
management. Now a days it is not only applicable to utilities it
is also used in other industries such as wind energy and EV
charging.

34. •Unifies communications, avoiding proprietary protocols.
•Provides interoperability, by integrating equipment from several
manufacturers.
•Reduces costs (wiring and engineering time).
•Improves setup and maintenance processes.
•Future proof standard i.e. meeting your evolving needs.
IEC 61850 came forth from the need to unify these protocols(proprietary and
standardized). For mission critical organization this is something that becomes
even more difficult. They not only need to provide communication but they also
need to keep their infrastructure secure at all times. Also IEC 61850 aims to
provide interoperability, a key concept to allow for the integration and
management of equipment from different manufacturers. The reality is that the
entire world is moving forward with the IEC 61850 standard.

35. What is the purpose of IEC 61850?
Provide platform for designing, integrating and maintaining
substation equipment to do the following: –
•Communications
•Protection
•Control
•Automation
•Measurements
•Recording
•Monitoring

36. UNDERSTANDING IEC 61850
3 levels are defined by IEC 61850, please note that each level contains
different devices:

37. IEC 61850 architecture example
•PROCESS LEVEL: In this level there are different devices such
as switchgears, like circuit breakers, switches, a current
transformer and a voltage transformer.
•BAY LEVEL: Here we can find intelligent electronic devices
called IEDs. IEC 61850 defines a process bus to allow
communications between IEDs and intelligent instruments
and switchgears.
•STATION LEVEL: It contains SCADA and HMI systems; used
for substation control and monitoring. Station level uses a
station bus to be able to communicate with IEDs located in a
bay level.

39. Communication protocols of IEC 61850:
Although Internet protocol structures provide a secure way of
transmitting data, it is slow for real-time systems. That’s why the
standard makes the process faster for different protocols for different
applications:
•MMS (Manufacturing Messaging Specification): it is widely used for
communication between the IEDs and SCADA system for application,
configuration, and monitoring data exchange.
•GOOSE (Generic Object-Oriented Substation Events): it is used to send
messages regarding the status between IEDs. Frequently used for
teleprotection tripping.
•SMV (Sampled Measured Values): provides fast and reliable
communication of measurement, protection and control values of
power systems mostly from CT (current transformers) and VT (voltage
transformers).

40. The role of the substation in a power grid:
A utility power grid comprises a series of components: the site where the power
is generated (the power plant), transmission stations that ensure that generated
power is distributed efficiently, and distribution stations that get the electricity
into our industries, offices and homes. Each component of the grid must
communicate with the others - a task that has grown more complex, yet more
critical as utilities progress in modernizing their power grids.
The substation includes two main areas of control that define the focus for
digital and wireless transformation:
•The switchyard—where the incoming and outgoing power lines arrive and the
electrical power operating equipment and primary control elements are located.
These elements include power transformers, circuit breakers, reclosers and
instrument transformers (which provide a scaled down version of voltage and
current).
•The control room—Where secondary equipment like relays and protection
control of the primary elements is implemented

41. Figure 1: The switchyard and control room are the main areas of focus for the wireless
substation.
Volt/Var control equipment in substation:
• Deploy fixed and switched capacitors to reduce VAR flow losses and maintain
acceptable voltage levels
• Install on-load tap changing transformers
• Install single and three-phase line voltage regulators (LVR)
• Employ simple one-way communications systems: like radio or PLC (power line
carrier)
• Results could only be measured back at the substation and voltages out on the feeder
could only be estimated through system models