LYMPHOMA.pptx
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This document discusses different types of lymphoma. It describes Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which can be indolent, aggressive, or highly aggressive and affects B-cells. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. The document outlines the development of B-cells and T-cells from bone marrow precursors and their circulation through lymph nodes and other secondary lymphoid organs. It provides details on several specific types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma defined by their genetic mutations and characteristics.
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Secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer's patches, and other mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT). They trap antigens and mount immune responses by activating B and T cells. Lymph nodes contain cortex, paracortex, and medulla regions and filter lymph. The spleen filters blood and contains red pulp and white pulp. MALT includes tissues like Peyer's patches in the intestine and tonsils, which protect mucosal surfaces from pathogens.
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Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
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Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Call Girls Lucknow 9024918724 Vip Call Girls Lucknow
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Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
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LYMPHOMA.pptx
- 1. LYMPHOMA Roland L. Zara, MD, FPCP
- 2. Non- Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Lymphocytes Tumor Reed Sternberg cell Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- 3. Non- Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Lymphocytes Tumor Reed Sternberg cell Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- 4. T Cell develops from bone marrow Primary lymphoid organ Precursor B cells Naïve B cells Circulate in blood Lymph nodes Secondary lymphoid organs
- 5. B cells grouped together into cortex in cortex Differentiates into plasma cells particularly in the medulla Release antibodies
- 6. Clusters of differentiation CD 4 CD19 Activated B cell gets into the primary LN Differentiates into centroblast Proliferate in the germinal center Rearrangement of Ig genes
- 7. Goes to the medulla Memory B cells goes into blood, spleen, LN, mucosa associated lymphoid tissues
- 10. Genetic mutations in T cells or Bcells It this happens cells should undergo APOPTOSIS Instead the cells divide continuously and uncontrollably
- 11. Neoplastic cell in Lymph nodes known as NODAL LYMPHOMAS
- 12. Lymphomas also goes outside the lymph noses EXTRA NODAL LYMPHOMAS GIT Intestinal obstruction BONE MARROW SPINAL CORD
- 13. NON HODGKINS B CELL LYMPHOMA
- 14. NON HODGKINS B CELL LYMPHOMA MORE COOMON Expresses CD20 Can be indolent Aggressive Highly aggressive
- 15. NON HODGKINS B CELL LYMPHOMA Most common aggressive
- 16. NON HODGKINS B CELL LYMPHOMA Indolent Chromosomal Translocation between 14 and 18 They swap large pieces of chromosome Most common indolent NHL
- 17. NON HODGKINS B CELL LYMPHOMA Highly aggressive Chromosomal translocation between 8 and 14 Involves the jaw Infects lymphocytes and incorporates DNA into host DNA
- 18. NON HODGKINS B CELL LYMPHOMA Starry sky appearance TINGIBLE BODY Macrophage that has eaten neoplastic cells Neoplastic lymphocytes
- 19. NON HODGKINS B CELL LYMPHOMA Aggressive Chromosomal translocation between 14 and 11 Overexpression of bcl1 Overexpression of growth
- 20. NON HODGKINS B CELL LYMPHOMA Indolent Most common type: MALT Extranodal Linig of the stomach H. pylori infections
- 21. NON HODGKINS B CELL LYMPHOMA Involves BM, spleen, LN Ig M proteins blood gets thick and viscous WALDENSTORM MACROGLOBULINEMIA
- 22. NON HODGKINS B CELL LYMPHOMA Caused by Human T-Lymphocytic Virus spreads through body fluids and infects T cell to incorporate on it’s DNA on its T cell DNA mutations
- 23. NON HODGKINS B CELL LYMPHOMA CD4 + Helper T cells Has distinctive cerebriform nucleus Circulate in the blood SEZARY SYNDROME—Res Rash, pruritic skin lesions