Diesel engines exhausting gaseous emission and particulate matter have long been regarded as one of the major air pollution sources, particularly in metropolitan areas, and have been a source of serious public concern for a long time. There has been numerous research in the field of reduction of these pollutants since diesel engines came to major use. Major emissions from a diesel engine are NOx, SOx, CO and particulate matter (PM).amongst these pollutants CO and Sox and some quantity of particulate matters are reduced by some after treatment devices. Also NOx emissions are reduced by selective catalytic reduction, exhaust gas recirculation. In this work, the experiment was carried out on twin cylinder diesel engine fuelled with water emulsified diesel and fly ash as an additive. The test is carried out at constant speed and varying the load condition and investigate the performance and emission characteristics of the engine. Brake specific fuel consumption is increased by 3.33% and 5.43%. and NOX emission is reduced by 11.87% and 15% respectively, when addition of 5% and 10% water in diesel. Also with the addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 5% and 10% water diesel emulsion. Brake specific fuel consumption is increased by 6.27%, 7.91%, 5.79% and 8.21%, also Co emission was increases by 22.33%, 12.5%, 36.36% and 22.22% respectively when results comparing with diesel. The Brake thermal efficiency was increased by 4.39% when addition of 10% water in diesel and also with addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 10% water diesel emulsion there is 3.97% and 1.11%. Brake thermal efficiency increases as compare to diesel.

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Effect of Fly Ash as an Additive on CI Engine
Fuelled with Water Emulsified Diesel
S. M. Chaudhari1
, V. W. Khond2
1,2
Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, G. H. Raisoni College of Engg. Nagpur-440019
Abstract – Diesel engines exhausting gaseous emission and particulate matter have long been regarded as one of the
major air pollution sources, particularly in metropolitan areas, and have been a source of serious public concern for a
long time. There has been numerous research in the field of reduction of these pollutants since diesel engines came to
major use. Major emissions from a diesel engine are NOx, SOx, CO and particulate matter (PM).amongst these pollutants
CO and Sox and some quantity of particulate matters are reduced by some after treatment devices. Also NOx emissions are
reduced by selective catalytic reduction, exhaust gas recirculation.
In this work, the experiment was carried out on twin cylinder diesel engine fuelled with water emulsified diesel and
fly ash as an additive. The test is carried out at constant speed and varying the load condition and investigate the
performance and emission characteristics of the engine. Brake specific fuel consumption is increased by 3.33% and 5.43%.
and NOX emission is reduced by 11.87% and 15% respectively, when addition of 5% and 10% water in diesel. Also with
the addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 5% and 10% water diesel emulsion. Brake specific fuel consumption is increased by
6.27%, 7.91%, 5.79% and 8.21%, also Co emission was increases by 22.33%, 12.5%, 36.36% and 22.22% respectively
when results comparing with diesel. The Brake thermal efficiency was increased by 4.39% when addition of 10% water in
diesel and also with addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 10% water diesel emulsion there is 3.97% and 1.11%. Brake thermal
efficiency increases as compare to diesel.
Keywords- Twin cylinder diesel engine, fly ash, NOx, brake thermal efficiency
I- INTRODUCTION
Internal combustion engines generate undesirable
emissions during the combustion process. The pollutants
that are exhausted from the internal combustion engines
affect the atmosphere and cause problems such as global
warming, smog, acid rain, respiratory hazards etc. These
emissions are mostly due to nonstoichiometric
combustion, dissociation of nitrogen and impurities in
the fuel and air .Major emissions include Nitrogen
Oxides (NOx), unburnt Hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of
Carbon, oxides of Sulphur and other carbon particles or
soot. There are various ways to treat these pollutants.
Two major ways are –treatment inside the cylinder and
after treatment or treatment outside the cylinder. In this
project an emulsion is prepared which replaces the diesel
fuel meant for the engine, and the emission and
performance parameters are studied [1].
Water acts as a diluents, which lowers the combustion
temperature and suppresses NOx formation. The water
emulsification decrease overall particulate emissions.
Diesel water emulsification may require additional
cetane enhancing additives. NOx can roughly be lowered
on one- percent reduction for every percent of water
added to the fuel, depending on engine design and

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service profile [3]. The advantage of an emulsion fuel
are reduction in the emission of nitrogen oxides and
particulate matters, which both are health hazardous and
reduction in fuel consumption due to better burning
efficiency. An important aspect is that diesel emulsion
can be used without engine modification. The
combustion efficiency is improved when water is
emulsified with diesel. This is a consequence of the
micro emulsions, which facilitate atomization of the fuel
[4].
Some metal-based additives are reported to be effective
in lowering diesel emissions. They may reduce diesel
emissions by two ways [5]. First, the metals either react
with water to produce hydroxyl radicals, which enhance
soot oxidation, or react directly with carbon atoms in the
soot, thereby lowering the oxidation temperature. When
these additives are used after combustion in the engine,
the metal acts as a nucleus for soot deposition. Usually,
the additive is added as a metal-organic compound, and
it is emitted in the particulate phase as oxide, on soot
particles or forming new nanometre-sized particles by
homogeneous nucleation of the additive.
In this project, the addition of water in diesel and this
emulsified fuel inject in CI Engine and reduce the
emission characteristics of the engine. And also addition
of fly-ash in emulsified fuel and improves the
performance and reduces the emission characteristics of
the engine. Because fly-ash contain various types of
metal additives. So fly-ash use as combustion improver
and emission reduction additives to increase the
efficiency and decrease the NOx emission of the CI
Engine.
II-LITERATURE REVIEW
The addition of water to diesel fuel has been proven to
significantly reduce NOx and PM emissions. These
benefits have been observed both with and without
modifications to the test engine. It was discovered that
the effectiveness in lowering the peak combustion
temperature is dependent on the engine timing and
decreases as engine timing is advanced. Greater
reductions in both PM and NOx can also be attained with
the combined use of emulsions and after treatment
technologies such as PM traps and oxidation catalysts.
Anna Lif et al. [3] have worked on reduction of water
and PM in diesel engines. The water content affects the
combustion under on two accounts. The first is the
reduced peak temperature in the cylinder, resulting in a
lower levels of NOx formation. The second is the micro
explosion phenomenon, which is due to the volatility
difference between water and diesel. Water contents
ranging from 5% to 45% have been studied.
C. Alan Canfied [4] has worked on effects of diesel
water emulsion on diesel engine and NOx emissions.
Results also lead to conclude that NOx reduction from
fuel injection timing delay and improved injector design,
as demonstrated in, is also probably due to a reduced
flame temperature. A trend to lower exhaust temperature
and lower NOx emissions with increased timing delay,
which corresponds to the trend for water added to the
fuel. In general, it was concluded from the reported data
that fuel—water mixtures are an effective option to
reducing NOx emissions from diesel engines without
requiring modifications to the engine, if a lower full load
is acceptable. By installing larger fuel injectors, the
diesel engine can attain the original load level.
Omar Badran et al. [5] have worked on Impact of
Emulsified Water/Diesel Mixture on Engine
Performance and Environment. Emulsified diesel fuels
of 0, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 water/Diesel ratios by
volume, were used in a single cylinder, direct injection
Diesel engine, operating between 1000-1600 rpm. The
average increase in the brake thermal efficiency for 30%
water emulsion is approximately 5% over the use of
diesel for the engine speed ranges studied. The
particulate matter and NOx emissions decrease as the
percentage of water in the emulsion increased to 30%.
K. Kannan et al. [6] have worked on NOx and HC
emission control using single cylinder engine. This paper
reports on the effects of water emulsified diesel fuel
combustion on the brake thermal efficiency, brake
specific fuel consumption and NOx and unburnt
hydrocarbon emissions in a diesel engine. Experiments
were conducted on a single cylinder four stroke cycle
direct injection diesel engine running at a constant speed
with a fuel injection pressure of 200 bars. Tests were
done using commercial diesel fuel and emulsified diesel
fuel with 10% and 20% water by volume.
R. Venkatesh Babu and Dr. S.Sendilvelan, [7]
investigate the effect of addition of water-fuel
emulsions in diesel engines is a notable reduction in
NOx emissions. The added water acts as a diluents,
which lowers the combustion temperature and
suppresses NOx formation. The water emulsification
decrease overall particulate emissions. Diesel water
emulsification may require additional cetane enhancing
additives. NOx can roughly be lowered on one- percent
reduction of for every percent of water added to the
fuel, depending on engine design and service profile.
This reduction is achieved by lowering the peak
combustion temperature in the engine cylinders.

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The various types of metal additives use in a Diesel
Engine and investigate the
Performance and emission characteristics of the engine
V. Arul Mozhi Selvan. et al. [8] an experimental
investigation is carried out to establish the performance
and emission characteristics of a compression ignition
engine while using cerium oxide nanoparticles as
additive in neat diesel and diesel-biodiesel-ethanol
blends. The cerium oxide acts as an oxygen donating
catalyst and provides oxygen for the oxidation of CO or
absorbs oxygen for the reduction of NOx. The
activation energy of cerium oxide acts to burn off
carbon deposits within the engine cylinder at the wall
temperature and prevents the deposition of non-polar
compounds on the cylinder wall results reduction in HC
emissions. The tests revealed that cerium oxide
nanoparticles can be used as additive in diesel and
diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blend to improve complete
combustion of the fuel and reduce the exhaust
emissions significantly.
G.R.Kannan et. al [9] have found that the biodiesel
fuelled engines emit less carbon monoxide, total
hydrocarbon, and particulate matter (PM) as compared
to diesel but there is a slight increase in nitric oxide
(NO) emission. Reduction of NO can be attained while
using biodiesel can be achieved by improving the diesel
engine design and combustion chamber [10]. The
reduction rates achieved have not been adequate to meet
the emission standards. Further reduction in emission
and improvement in engine efficiency can be achieved
by use of fuel additives. Metal based additives have been
employed as combustion catalyst to promote the
combustion and to reduce fuel consumption and
emission for hydrocarbon fuels.
Kelso [11], investigated the effect of platinum based
additive on diesel engine. These metal additive acts as a
fuel borne catalyst and increase the combustion rate. and
the result revealed that the use of platinum based
additive improved BSFC and reduced CO and UHC
emission. It was found that Metal based additives have
been employed as combustion catalyst to promote the
combustion and to reduce fuel consumption and
emission for hydrocarbon fuels.
Yang HH, Miyamoto N. et al. [12] has experimentally
studied the reduction of emission while using metal
based additive may be either due to the fact that the
metal react with water vapour to produce hydroxyl
radicals or serve as an oxidation catalyst thereby
reducing the oxidation temperature that results in
increased particle burnout. Due to this phenomenon the
rate of combustion increases.
V.W.Khond and Swapnil M.Kondawar [13] investigated
that, Fly-ash contains silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide,
iron or calcium oxide and carbon content. Ash also
contains smaller amount of magnesium oxide, sodium
oxide and potassium oxide. Fly ash is typically finer than
Portland cement and lime. Fly ash consists of silt-sized
particles which are generally spherical, typically ranging
in size between 10 and 100 micron (Figure 1)
Fig 1: Fly ash particles at 2,000x magnification, SEM
Table 1 : Metal Content in Fly-Ash
Contents Percentage
Si02 70.70%
Al203 20.70%
Fe203 3.90%
CaO 1.13%
K20 1.09%
Ti02 0.92%
MgO 0.77%
Na20 0.26%
P205 0.15%
MnO 0.05%
They investigate the effect of water emulsified diesel
fuel inject in a CI Engine and improve the performance
characteristics and reduce the emission characteristics
also they have add various types of metal based additive
in a Diesel and investigate the performance and emission
characteristics of the CI Engine.
So according to their investigation we add Fly-
Ash in a water diesel emulsified fuel because Fly-Ash
contains various type of metal additives and emulsified
fuel is fuelled with Twin cylinder Diesel Engine test rig

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and investigate the performance and emission
characteristics of the CI Engine.
III-EXPERIMENTATION AND MEASUREMENTS
In experimentation and measurements first prepare the
fuel sample and check the properties of fuel sample. This
emulsified fuel is fuelled with Twin cylinder Diesel
Engine test rig and investigate the performance and
emission characteristics of the CI Engine and compare
this result to the Diesel Engine fuelled with pure Diesel.
Preparation of emulsion
An emulsion can be defined as a mixture of two liquids
in which one is present in droplets of macroscopic or
ultramicroscopic size, distributed throughout the other.
Emulsions are made from the constituents spontaneously
or by a mechanical way. In spontaneous emulsions, the
mixing is easy and spontaneous. (Britannica) But if they
don’t mix properly then a third chemical called a
surfactant is used to bind the molecules of the
constituent liquids. Then a magnetic stirrer is used to
mix the liquids thoroughly. After mixing them for some
time, emulsion is formed.
To help save time in emulsifier selection, ICI introduced
in the late 1940's a systematic scheme of centering down
on the relatively few emulsifiers suitable for any given
application. This is called the HLB System - the letters
HLB standing for "Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance.
Briefly, the HLB System enables you to assign a
number to the ingredient or combination of ingredients
you want to emulsify, and then to choose an emulsifier
or blend of emulsifiers having this same number. At
least, this is the principle of the system. In practice,
unfortunately, the task is never simple. But the HLB
System does provide a useful guide -a series of beacons
to steer you through channels where virtually no other
markers exist.
Fig 2 :Surfactant Tween 80
Fig 3 :Surfactant Span 80
Magnetic Stirrer
This is used to thoroughly mix the mixture and form the
emulsion. It consists of a motor which is used to rotate
the blades which is dipped in the mixture. There is speed
control knob to optimize the speed of the motor.
Fig 3: Magnetic Stirrer
So according to HLB value, Sorbitan monooleate,
NF, (Span 80) and Polysorbate 80, NF, (Tween 80) these
two surfactants are selected and prepare the fuel sample.
Table: Properties of Fuel sample
Fuel Sample Calorific
Value
(kJ/kg)
Density
(kg/m3
)
Viscosity
(cSt)
Diesel 49500 831 2.41
Diesel + 5%Water 47133 838 6.58
Diesel + 5%Water +
3%flyashl
47314 841 7.2
Diesel + 5%Water +
6%flyashl
47468 844 7.63
Diesel + 10%Water 44791 845 12.88
Diesel + 10%Water
+ 3%flyashl
44815 847 12.92
Diesel + 10%Water
+ 6%flyashl
44954 850 12.98

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Experimental Setup
Fig : Schematic diagram of Experimental Setup
Table: Engine specification
Engine Kirloskar Twin Cylinder Diesel
Type Vertical four stroke, C.I. Engine
Bore 87.5 mm
Stroke 110 mm
Cubic capacity 1.323 litre
Normal compression
ratio
17.5:1
Fuel tank capacity 11 lts.
Governor Centrifugal Mechanical Type
Speed 1500 rpm
Cooling Water cooling
Mode of starting By hand cranking
B.M.E.P. at full load
and 1500 rpm
6.33 Kg/Cm2
IV-RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Performance characteristics
In the performance characteristics, investigate the
variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Brake
Mean Effective Pressure and also the variation of Brake
Thermal Efficiency and Brake Mean Effective Pressure.
Comparison graphs were plotted to see what are the
advantages and disadvantages of using the emulsion over
diesel.
Brake specific fuel consumption
Brake specific fuel consumption of an engine is
defined as the amount of fuel used in kg per brake power
per second. This is an important performance parameter
as it determines the mileage of the vehicle. In practical
purposes this very important aspect a consumer looks
for, as it determines whether the product is value for
money or not.
Figure 4-2: Variation of Brake Specific Fuel
Consumption and Brake Mean Effective Pressure
It is seen from the Figure that the Brake
Specific Fuel Consumption of the Engine increases when
emulsion is used, it depends on the concentration of
Water in the emulsion and also the Fly-ash content in the
Water-Diesel emulsion.
The Brake specific fuel consumption is
increased by 3.33% when addition of 5% water in diesel
and also with the variation of addition of 3% and 6% fly-
ash in 5% water diesel emulsion there is 6.27% and
7.91% Brake specific fuel consumption increases as
compare to diesel.
The Brake specific fuel consumption is
increased by 5.43% when addition of 10% water in
diesel and also with the variation of addition of 3% and
6% fly-ash in 10% water diesel emulsion there is 5.79%
and 8.21% Brake specific fuel consumption increases as
compare to diesel.
4. 2.2 Brake Thermal Efficiency

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Figure 4-4: Variation Brake Thermal Efficiency and
Brake Mean Effective Pressure
Brake thermal efficiency of a vehicle is a very important
performance parameter. It increases with increase in
load. It can be seen that it increases linearly for diesel.
Whereas for the emulsions, it increases initially till a
load and then decreases. But it can be observed that
Brake thermal efficiency for emulsions are always
higher than that of diesel except at very high loads. So
emulsions prove out to be better fuels when Brake
thermal efficiency is concerned.
The Brake thermal efficiency is increased by
1.55% when addition of 5% water in diesel and also with
the variation of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 5%
water diesel emulsion there is 1.88% and 3.91% Brake
thermal efficiency decreases as compare to diesel.
The Brake thermal efficiency is increased by
4.39% when addition of 10% water in diesel and also
with the variation of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in
10% water diesel emulsion there is 3.97% and 1.11%
Brake thermal efficiency increases as compare to diesel.
4.3 Emission Characteristics
In the emission characteristics, investigate the
variation of NOX (Oxides of Nitrogen) emission and
Brake Mean Effective Pressure, CO (Carbon Monoxide)
emission and Brake Mean Effective Pressure,
Hydrocarbon emission and Brake Mean Effective
Pressure,CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) emission and Brake
Mean Effective Pressure and also the variation Smoke
Opacity emission and Brake Mean Effective Pressure.
Comparison graphs were plotted to see what are the
advantages and disadvantages of using the emulsion over
diesel.
4.3.1 NOX (Oxides of Nitrogen) emission
Fig 4-6: Variation of NOX (Oxides of Nitrogen)
emissionand Brake Mean Effective Pressure
The NOX emission is decreased by 11.87% when
addition of 5% water in diesel and also with the variation
of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 5% water diesel
emulsion there is 10% and 7.5% NOX emission
decreases as compare to diesel.
The NOX emission is decreased by 15% when
addition of 10% water in diesel and also with the
variation of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 10% water
diesel emulsion there is 13.75% and 11.87% NOX
emission decreases as compare to diesel.
4.3.2 CO (Carbon Monoxide) emission

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Figure 4-8: Variation of CO (Carbon Monoxide)
emission and Brake Mean Effective Pressure
Carbon monoxide is emitted as a result of incomplete
combustion of carbon and oxygen under high
temperature inside the cylinder. With increase in load
CO emission increases for all the fuels used. It has been
observed that emission of CO increases with increase in
volume of water in the emulsion. This happens because
with increase in water the temperature inside the
cylinder decreases slowing down the combustion of
carbon, as a result of which incomplete combustion
occurs.
The CO emission is increased by 30% when
addition of 5% water in diesel and also with the variation
of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 5% water diesel
emulsion there is 22.22% and 12.5% CO emission
increases as compare to diesel.
The CO emission is increased by 46.15% when addition
of 10% water in diesel and also with the variation of
addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 10% water diesel
emulsion there is 36.36% and 22.22% CO emission
increases as compare to diesel.
4.3.3 Hydrocarbon emission
Figure 4-10: Variation of Hydrocarbon emission and
Brake Mean Effective Pressure
Exhaust gases leaving the combustion chamber
of a CI engine contains up to 100 ppm of hydrocarbon.
These consist of small non equilibrium which is formed
when large fuel molecules break up during the
combustion reaction. It is often convenient to treat these
molecules as if they contained carbon atom. It is seen
that HC emissions increases up to a certain load then
decreases for diesel. For the emulsions it shows
increasing trend as the load increases. Under lower load
conditions emission in case of diesel is more than that of
emulsions but at higher load conditions the emulsions
give more HC (Hydrocarbon) emissions than diesel.
The Hydrocarbon emission is decreased by
28.57% when addition of 5% water in diesel and also
with the variation of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in
5% water diesel emulsion there is 31.42% and 34.28%
Hydrocarbon emission decreases as compare to diesel.
The Hydrocarbon emission is decreased by
40% when addition of 10% water in diesel and also with
the variation of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 10%
water diesel emulsion there is 42.85% and 44.28%
Hydrocarbon emission decreases as compare to diesel.
4.3.4 CO2 (Carbon dioxide) emission

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Figure 4-12: Variation of CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
emissionand Brake Mean Effective Pressure
Carbon dioxide comes as exhaust as a result of complete
combustion of carbon particles in the fuel and the
combustion of CO inside the cylinder. For diesel it
increases linearly with increase in load. For the
emulsions too it increases linearly with some variations
at some loads. CO2 emission increases when we add
water to diesel. With increase in the percentage of water
in diesel CO2 emission increases.
The CO2 emission is decreased by 0.46% when
addition of 5% water in diesel and also with the variation
of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 5% water diesel
emulsion there is 0.69% and 1.15% CO2 emission
decreases as compare to diesel.
The CO2 emission is decreased by 0.69% when
addition of 10% water in diesel and also with the
variation of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 10% water
diesel emulsion there is 0.92% and 1.36% CO2 emission
decreases as compare to diesel.
4.3.5 Smoke Opacity emission
Figure 4s-14: Variation of Smoke Opacity emission and
Brake Mean Effective Pressure
Smoke opacity is increases with increase in Brake Mean
Effective Pressure. The smoke decreases with diesel and
water emulsion when comparing with diesel. Also the
addition of Fly-ash in diesel decreases the smoke further.
The use of emulsified fuel improve better combustion is
the cause for the smoke reduction.
The Smoke Opacity emission is decreased by 6.25%
when addition of 5% water in diesel and also with the
variation of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 5% water
diesel emulsion there is 6.25% and 12.5% Smoke
Opacity emission decreases as compare to diesel.
The Smoke Opacity emission is decreased by 12.25%
when addition of 10% water in diesel and also with the
variation of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 10% water
diesel emulsion there is 18.75% and 18.75% Smoke
Opacity emission decreases as compare to diesel.
V-CONCLUSION
1. The brake specific fuel consumption of the
engine increases for emulsion than diesel at all
brake mean effective pressure. it depends on the
concentration of water in the emulsion. The
brake specific fuel consumption is also
increases with increase the percentage of fly-
ash.
2. It can be observed that brake thermal efficiency
for water diesel emulsions are always higher
than that of diesel except at very high loads. So
emulsions prove out to be better fuels when
thermal efficiency is concerned. And addition
of fly-ash also increases the thermal efficiency.
3. With increase in brake mean effective pressure
NOx emission increases for diesel as well as
other fuels. It has been observed that using
diesel water emulsion as fuel greatly reduces
the NOx emissions as compared to diesel.

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4. The addition of metal additive decreases the HC
emission when comparing with diesel. The use
of metal additive promotes complete
combustion is cause for the hydrocarbon
emission reduction.
5. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions
increase with increase in water percentage in
the fuel. This is due to the fact that most of the
hydrocarbons are burnt at lower loads.
6. Smoke opacity is increases with increase in
brake mean effective pressure. The smoke
decreases with diesel and water emulsion when
comparing with diesel. Also the addition of fly-
ash in diesel decreases the smoke further.
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