BIOLOGICS.pptx

BIOLOGICS
4-Jul-23 Ms Hira Ijaz,M.Phil,PhD 1

Biologics
Definition:
“A preparation such as any drug, a vaccine or an
antitoxin ,that is synthesized from living
organisms or their products and used as
diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive agent” .
4-Jul-23 Ms Hira Ijaz,M.Phil,PhDScholar 2

Biologics can be classified into two general
categories
1. Antigens
2. Antibodies
ANTIGEN: An antigen is the material that provokes
the immune response and it can be defined under
three categories.
a) Biologically
b) Chemically
c) Physically

a. Biologically (Definition of Antigens)
An antigen is the substance that when
introduced into the tissue of man or other
vertebrates, causes the formation of antibodies.
These antibodies then react specifically with the
antigen that stimulated their production.

Properties of an antigen:
1. Immunogenicity:
Immunogenicity means the capacity
of an antigen to induce antibody
formation.
2. Specificity:
Specificity is governed by small
chemical sites on the antigen
molecules.

ANTIGENIC DETERMINATES(EPITOPES)
Small chemical sites on the antigen molecules
called the antigenic determinates, the antibody
combines with one or more these sites.

b. Chemically definition of antigen
Chemically antigens are Proteins, However some
higher molecular weight polysaccharides are
also antigenic.

C. Physically definition of antigen:
Antigen must possess a higher molecular weight
.Weight more than 10,000 is required. The
higher molecular weight is associated with the
biologic property of immunogenicity(The
capacity to induce antibody formation)

ANTIGENS DIRECTLY
CONCERNED WITH INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
Examples of antigens that are directly involved
in infectious diseases are
 Exotoxins
 Proteins
 Capsule of bacteria
 Protein coats of virus particles

HAPTENS
“Compounds with a molecular weight lower than
10,000 can be partial antigens and are called
Haptens”.
Because of low molecular weight they cannot
induce the formation of antibodies by themselves
and lack the property of immunogenicity. However
they can attached with the host proteins to form a
complete antigen which will induce the formation
of antibodies specific for the particular Hapten.

HAPTEN

Examples:
Drug or their breakdown products may act as
Hepten and this action is the basis of many drug
allergies e.g. Penicillin Allergy.
Penicillin allergy occurs when immune system
mistakenly reacts to a drug as a harmful
substance.

Antibody
• Antibody, also called immunoglobulin, a
protective protein produced by the immune
system in response to the presence of a foreign
substance, called an antigen.
• Antibodies recognize and latch onto antigens in
order to remove them from the body.
• A wide range of substances are regarded by the
body as antigens, including disease-causing
organisms and toxic materials such as insect
venom

• When an antigen enters the body, the immune
system is able to recognize it as foreign because
molecules on the surface of the antigen differ
from those found in the body.
• To eliminate the invader, the immune system calls
on a number of mechanisms, including one of the
most important—antibody production.
• Antibodies are produced by specialized white
blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells).

• When an antigen binds to the B-cell surface, it
stimulates the B cell to divide and mature into
a group of identical cells called a clone.
• The mature B cells, called plasma cells, secrete
millions of antibodies into the bloodstream
and lymphatic system.

Structure of an ANTIBODY
An antibody (Ab), also known as
an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped
protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is
used by the immune system to identify and
neutralize pathogens such as bacteria
and viruses.

STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
The basic structure of an antibody consists of
two pairs of polypeptide chains that form a
flexible Y shape.
The stem of the Y consists of one end of each of
two identical heavy chains, while each arm is
composed of the remaining portion of a heavy
chain plus a smaller protein called the light
chain. The two light chains also are identical.

• Within particular classes of antibodies the stem
and the bottom of the arms are fairly similar and
thus are called the constant region.
• The tips of the arms, however, are highly variable
in sequence. It is these tips that bind antigen.
• Thus each antibody has two identical antigen-
binding sites, one at the end of each arm, and the
antigen-binding sites vary greatly among
antibodies.

The constant region determines the mechanism
used to destroy antigen. Antibodies are divided
into five major classes, IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and
IgE, based on their constant region structure
and immune function.

• Preformed antibodies, which are derived from
the blood serum of previously infected people
or animals, are often administered in
an antiserum to another person in order to
provide immediate,
passive immunization against fast-acting
toxins or microbes, such as those in snakebites
or tetanus infections.

TYPES OF ANTIBODIES
These are distinguished by the type of heavy
chain found in the molecule IgG molecules have
heavy chains known as gamma-chains; IgMs
have mu-chains; IgAs have alpha-chains; IgEs
have epsilon-chains; and IgDs have delta-chains.
Differences in heavy chain polypeptides allow
these immunoglobulins to function in different
types of immune responses and at particular
stages of the immune response.

1. IgG (70-75%)
2. IgM (10%)
3. IgA (10-15%)
4. IgD (1% or less)
5. IgE(0.001% or less)

1. IgG
IgG is the most abundant serum
immunoglobulins(70-75%).
 It is the only antibody that can pass through
the placenta.
Protects against bacterial or viral infection.
 Molecular wt. approx. 150,000
 Contains 1400 amino acids.

2.IgM
This is the first antibody the body makes when
it fights a new infection.
Molecular weight: 900,000
 Molecules of IgM are pentamer of the basic 4
chain immunoglobulin unit.
Found mainly in blood and in lymph fluids

• The baby does not get any maternal IgM, IgA
or IgE as they do not cross the placenta, so if
IgM is found it may suggest the baby has
encountered an infection in utero. If the baby
is born prematurely, the IgG level is lower
than that of a term infant, in proportion to the
degree of prematurity. The IgG from the
mother protects the baby from many
infections in the first months of life.

3. IgA
 Immunoglobulin A (IgA, is an antibody that plays a crucial
role in the immune function of mucous membranes.
 Molecular weight: 320,000
 Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody that's part of your
immune system. IgA is found in mucous membranes,
especially in the respiratory and digestive tracts. It is
also found in saliva, tears, and breastmilk , and form a
specific defense mechanism in these areas of body.
 These are found in relatively low concentration in blood
serum.
 IgA exists in serum in both monomeric and dimeric forms

4.IgD
In B cells, the function of IgD is to signal the B
cells to be activated. By being activated, B
cells are ready to take part in the defense of
the body as part of the immune system
Molecular weight: 180,000
Percent of total immunoglobulin: 0.2%
It is present on the surface of B-cells and plays
a role in the induction of antibody production.

5. IgE
Associated with allergic reactions(when immune
system overreact to environmental antigen and
found in lungs, skin, and mucus membrane.
Molecular weight: 200,000
Percent of total immunoglobulin: 0.002%
IgE and IgD are found in serum in much smaller
quantities than other Igs. IgE primarily defends
against parasitic invasion and is responsible for
allergic reactions
Distribution: basophils and mast cells in saliva and
nasal secretions

• The newborn baby may get additional
antibody via breast feeding, but this antibody
does not get absorbed from the baby’s
gastrointestinal tract.
• However its presence in the baby’s pharynx
and intestinal tract protects the baby from
diarrheal diseases, and to some extent from
respiratory disease.

Types of Immunity
Immunity is classified into two major types.
1. Natural/Innate Immunity
2. Acqiured Immunity
Natural/Innate Immunity
The term natural or innate means the defense
mechanism endowed at birth and that come
into play immediately or within hours of an
antigen appearance in the body.

Acqiured Immunity
On the other hand, acquired immunity is quiet
specific and is in contrast to natural immunity.
Generally it is subdivided in to 2 classes.
i. Active immunity
ii. Passive immunity
Each of which is further subdivided into
“Acquired immunity”

Active Immunity
a) Naturally acquired active immunity
b) Artificially acquired active immunity
Passive immunity
a) Naturally acquired Passive immunity
b) Artificially acquired Passive immunity

Active Immunity
Active immunity means the specific immunity
developed by an individual in response to the
introduction of antigenic substance into the body.
a)Naturally acquired active immunity
In this type of immunity, the antigenic substances
may be received by the body in a natural manner.

b)Artificially acquired active immunity
Whereas in this type, antigenic substances may
be received by the body through the
administration of vaccines or toxoid.

Passive Immunity
Passive immunity is the type developed
by the introduction of preformed
antibodies into the body.
 In this type, the body cells are not
stimulated to produce their own antibodies
.The immunity acquired by the individuals
is not self developed ,but is passed from
one individual to another, the term passive
immunity is applied.

a) Naturally acquired Passive immunity
Occurs during pregnancy, in which certain
antibodies are passed from the maternal into the
fetal bloodstream.
b) Artificially acquired passive immunity
Short-term immunization by the injection of
antibodies, such as gamma globulin, that are not
produced by the recipient's cells.It is produced
quickly but is not long lasting.

VACCINES
A substance used to stimulate the production of
antibodies and provide immunity against one or
several diseases, prepared from the causative agent
of a disease, its product or a synthetic substitute,
treated to act as an antigen without inducing the
disease.
It may contain living, attenuated or killed viruses,
killed rickettsiae.

1. Vaccines create
immunity that protects
you from an infection .
2. Sometimes vaccines are
called immunization,
needles, or shots.
3. It protect you from a
specific disease that can
make you very sick,
disable or even kill you.
4. They boost your body’s
own defense system
which is called the
immune system

Effectiveness of vaccine
• Vaccines do not guarantee complete protection
from a disease.
• Sometimes, this is because, the host’s immune
system simply doesn’t respond adequately or at
all.
• This may be due to a lowered immune system in
general ( diabetes, steroid use, HIV infection) or
because the host immune system doesn’t have B
cell capable of generating antibodies to that
antigen.

Active immunization from
vaccination
• Primary active immunization from vaccination
develops more slowly than the incubation
period of most infections and must be induced
prior to exposure to infectious agent.
• Therefore general action of vaccines should
be considered prophylactic.

Active immunization with Non-
living Vaccines
 Non living vaccines provides protection for
only a limited time, so repeated vaccination is
required to maintain protection against Typoid
fever, cholera and plague.

Active immunization with living
Vaccines
Whereas active immunization with living agents
is generally preferable to immunization with
killed vaccines because of a superior and more
long lived immune response.
For example: A single vaccination of measles,
rubella or mumps, is sufficient to produce a
long lasting effects.

Active immunization may cause fever, malaise,
soreness at injection sites or allergic reactions.

VIRAL VACCINES

VIRAL VACCINES
 For prophylaxis against mumps, rubella,
rubeola , smallpox, and yellow fever contains
living viruses.
 Inactivated or killed viruses are used in
influenza and rabies vaccines.
Preparations containing live attenuated or
killed viruses are available for immunization
against poliomyelitis

1. SMALLPOX VACCINE
(‫ک‬َ‫چ‬‫)چی‬
The smallpox vaccine helps the body to develop
immunity to smallpox. The vaccine is made from
a virus called vaccinia which is a “pox”-type virus
related to smallpox. The smallpox vaccine
contains the “live” vaccinia virus—not dead virus
like many other vaccines.
 Available in dried and liquid form, the later
consist of a smooth ,aquoeus suspension of
infected tissue that contain 40-60%
sorbitol/glycerin.

DISCOVERY OF SMALLPOX
VACCINE
The pioneering work of Dr.Edward Jenner in
England in 1796 established that when a mild case
of cowpox (vaccinia) is developed by a person, the
same person is immune to smallpox.
Using this information , he inoculated a young boy
with pus from a milkmaid infected with cowpox .
Two months later, the boy was inoculated with pus
from a patient infected with smallpox, but no
disease developed. Immunity had been established.

METHOD OF PREPARATION
Smallpox vaccine is the living virus of vaccinia
(cowpox) that has been grown in the skin of a
vaccinated bovine calf (Young domestic cow).
 The calf is prepared by washing and shaving its
belly then scarifying the epidermis so that serum
oozez through the cuts.
 The seed virus is inoculated into scarifications
merely by hand rubbing.
 Calf is maintained in aseptic stall and given food
and water during the growth of virus.

 The vesicles that develop are removed at the
time of maximum potency.
 Thoroughly triturated and either made into a
smooth suspension with an aqueous solution of
glycerin or sorbitol or reduced to a dried pellet.

USES & DOSE
• Specific immunizing agent and is used as
prophylactic before infection occur and creates
active immunity that lasts for 7 years.
DOSE: Percutaneous and contents of 1 capillary
tube by Multiple Puncture Method.

How it is given
• Administered using a bifurcated needle, not
an injection
• Bifurcated needle is dipped into the vaccine
and then used to prick the skin number of times
in few seconds.
• Administered into the superficial layer of the
skin

2. RABIES
• Rabies is a deadly disease caused by virus that
attacks the central nervous system.
• The virus is present in the saliva, spinal fluid
and brain tissue of rabid animal, human get
rabies when they are bitten by an infected
animal.

Rabies Vaccine
• Rabies vaccine is also known as( Human
Diploid Cells rabies Vaccine HDCV)
• A sterile lyophilized preparation of either the
whole virion or subvirion rabies virus.
• Whole Virion vaccine: is prepared from
Wistar rabies virus grown in cultures of human
diploid embryo lung tissue and inactivated
with Tri- N-Butyl phosphate and ß-
propiolactone.

• Subvirion Vaccine is prepared from the
Pasteur derived Pitman-Moore virus grown on
human diploid cell cultures developed in
Europe and inactivated with ß- Propiolactone.
• Both vaccines are supplied as 10ml, single-
dose vials of lyophilized vaccines with
accompanying diluent.

USES & DOSE
An active immunizing agent and is
recommended for the prevention of rabies in
person bitten by an animal supposed or known to
be rabid.

• Pre-Exposure immunization:
3 injections of 1ml of reconstituted vaccine on each
of days 0,7 and 21
• Post –Exposure immunization:
5 injections of 1ml of reconstituted vaccine on each
of days 0,3,7,14 and 28 and rabies immunoglobulins
should be administered at the time of first dose of
vaccine for additional protection,particularly in the
case of bite from a wild animal.

3. YELLOW FEVER
Yellow fever is a serious disease caused by the
yellow fever virus. It is spread through the bite
of an infected mosquito and cannot be spread
directly from person-to-person
Symptoms of yellow fever include fever,
headache, jaundice, muscle pain, nausea,
vomiting and fatigue.

YELLOW FEVER VACCINE
Yellow fever vaccine is an attenuated
strains of yellow fever virus prepared by
culturing the virus in the living embryo
of the domestic fowl.
( Gallus domesticus).

Preparation:
The virus-infected ,chick embryo pulp is
suspended in water and after aseptic processing
is distributed in suitable quantities into ampoules
, and then ampoules are filled with dry nitrogen
and flame sealed.

• Storage:
Must be stored at temperature below 0°C but
not more than 5°C.

USES & DOSE
Active immunizing agent that is used to
develop active immunity against disease.
 S/C 0.5 ml

4. INFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINE
Flu is caused by influenza viruses, and is spread
mainly by coughing, sneezing, and close contact.
Symptoms vary by age but can include,fever/chills ,
sore throat , muscle aches ,fatigue , cough,
headache ,runny or stuffy nose.
Influenza virus vaccine is a sterile aqueous
suspension of inactivated Influenza virus Type A&
B , either individually or combined prepared from
extra embryonic fluid of influenza virus infected
chick embryo.

Preparation:
During commercial preparation of vaccine ,the
virus growth are collected, concentrated and
refined by ultracentrifugation and inactivated by
UV radiations.

USES & DOSE
Active immunization against the disease
 I/M o.5 ml preferably in the deltoid muscles.

5. POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE
INACTIVATED
• It is a viral disease that can effect nerves and can lead
to partial or full paralysis.
• POLIOVIRUS VACCINE INACTIVATED
(IPV;SALK)
Poliomyelitis virus of type 1, 2, and 3 and viral strains are
grown separately in primary culture of Rhesus monkey
kidney tissue bathed by a complex nutrient fluid
containing more than 60 ingredients.
After incubation the virus is harvested by decanting the
nutrient fluid that is clarified by filtration;then the
formaldehyde is added. The formaldehyde treated virus is
maintained at 36 °c at a PH 7 until all virus are killed.

• The formaldehyde treated virus is maintained
at 36 °c at a PH 7 until all virus are killed.
• Formaldehyde is then neutralized and a
preservative is added.
• The three types of virus are then pooled ,and
the resultant mixture is the trivalent vaccine.

Types of polio virus
• Type 1 poliovirus: Named after a female
chimpanzee from which it was first isolated.
There are two other strains of poliovirus:
• Type 2 (known as the Lansing virus and Type 3
(known as the Leon virus).
• Immunity to one strain does not provide
protection against the other two. All three strains
are therefore included in the poliovirus vaccine.

Three Types of Polio Virus
• Type 1 ( Brunhilde) :Most often isolated from
paralytic cases.
• Type 2 ( Lansing) : Concerned in sporadic
disease.
• Type 3 ( Leon) :Proved to be the etiologic
agent in less frequent epidemics.

USES & DOSE:
 PolioVirus vaccine inactivated(IPV) -
Developed by Dr. Jonas Salk.It is also
called“salk vaccine”
Create active immunity against disease
 S/C, 3 Inj of 1 ml , 4 or more weeks apart, 4th
reinforcing dose of 1ml 6-12 months later.

Trivalent oral polio
vaccine(TOPV)
Preparation of one or a combination of 3 types of
live, attenuated virus. It has been manufactured
in a manner suited for oral administration and
free from any other microbial agent other than
attenuated polio-virus intended to be present.
Manufacturing is similar to poliovirus vaccine
inactivated.

USES & DOSE:
Oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert
Sabin. It is also called “Trivalent oral polio
vaccine” or “sabin vaccine”
 Active immunizing agent
2 doses at interval of 8 weeks, 3rd dose after
interval of 8-12 months later

6. MEASLES VACCINES
Measles:.
Vaccines containing live , attenuated rubeola
(measles) and rubella (German measles) viruses
are available for active immunization
• Viruses for production of these vaccines are
grown on cultures of either avian tissue or
human diploid cell tissue
.

i. Measles virus vaccine live or rubeola
vaccine:
Rubeola vaccine is prepared from attenuated
viruses derived from the original Edmonston B
strain .The Ender’s strain is a modified
Endmonston B strain and is claim to have high
degree of antigenicity with low incidence of
adverse effects. Rubeola virus is grown on
cultures of Chick Embryo Tissue.

Uses & Dose:
• Provides active immunization of children 15
months of age or older.
• Single S/c Inj of not
Less than 1000
TCID50 (Tissue culture
Infectious doses) of the
reconstituted vaccine.

Rubella (3 day measle),Milder
ii) Rubella virus vaccine live/ German measle
It is prepared from the Wistar Institute RA 27/3
strain grown on human diploid cell tissue.
Uses & Dose:
Active immunization against
German measle for children
aged 1 to puberty.

• Single S/c Inj. of not less than 1000 TCID50
(Tissue culture Infectious doses) of the
reconstituted vaccine.

7. MUMPS VACCINE
Its symptoms include low-grade fever,
respiratory problems, and most notably swelling
of the salivary glands below the ear.
Prepatration:
Mumps virus vaccine live is prepared with the B-
level Jeryl Lynn strain of the virus , grown in cell
cultures of chick embryo tissue.

Dose & Uses:
• Not recommended for infants less than 1 year
old.
• Single S/c Inj. of not less than 5000 TCID50
(Tissue culture Infectious doses) of mumps
virus vaccine.
• Provides active immunity for 10 years

COMBINATION VIRUS
VACCINE
Combination live virus vaccines containing
either measles virus and rubella virus, rubella
virus and mumps virus or measle virus, rubella
virus, mumps virus. (MMR)
Dose: S/C Inj of 0.5ml at 15 month age of child

8. Hepatitis Vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine:
• The first hepatitis B vaccine to become available
commercially in 1982 is composed of chemically
inactivated HBsAg particles purified from the
plasma of persons with chronic HBV infection.
• Specific antibody (anti-HBs)develops in 75-90%
of healthy adults after the first 2 doses of vaccine
and in 85-90% after the third dose of vaccine.

Hepatitis Vaccine
• Hepatitis B virus causes hepatitis in hundreds
of thousands of people each year in the US,
• Initial infection is fatal only in few cases but
others go on to develop chronic active hepatitis
,cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer.

Uses and Dose
• Active immunizing agent
• I/M as 3 doses of 1 ml(20μg) ,with the first 2
doses 1 month apart and a booster dose
administered after 6 months after the first dose.
• For patients on dialysis and
immunocompromised: 3 doses of 2 ml (40 μg)
should be given
• For children under 10 years old,3 doses of 0.5 ml
(10 μg) are recommended.

RICKETTSIAL VACCINES
Rickettsia are cultured in chick embryo or in
monkey kidney tissue cultures in a manner
similar to that of virus.
TYPHUS FEVER
Typhus is a disease caused by an infection with
the Rickettsia bacteria. Fleas, mites, lice, or ticks
transmit it when they bite you.

TYPHUS VACCINE: Typhus vaccine is a
sterile suspension of the killed rickettsial
organisms of a strains of typhus rickettsiae for
antigenic activity.
USES & DOSE:
Active immunizing agent for typhus fever
2 S/C Injections of 0.5 ml (4 weeks apart),
followed by 0.5ml every 6-12 months.

BACTERIAL VACCINES
Bacterial vaccines consist of suspension of
attenuated or killed pathogenic bacteria in
isotonic sodium chloride solution or other
suitable diluents.
1) TYPHOID VACCINE
Typhoid vaccine is a sterile suspension
containing killed typhoid bacilli (Salmonella
typhi) and consist of 1 billion typhoid organisms
in each ml

Uses & Dose
2 Inj at a Dose of 0.5 ml ,S/C, 4 weeks apart,
followed by 0.5ml every 3 years.
2)CHOLERA VACCINES:
Sterile suspension of killed cholera vibrios
(Vibrio cholerae) is an isotonic sodium chloride
solution or other suitable diluents.

Uses & Dose:
S/C, I/M, 0.5 ml and then 1 ml 4 weeks later,
0.5ml dose repeated every six months.
3) PLAGUE VACCINE:
Plague vaccine is a sterile suspension , in an
isotonic sodium chloride solution or other
suitable diluent ,of killed Plague bacilli (Yersinia
pestis) and contains 2 billion plague bacilli in
bacilli in each ml.

Uses & Dose
2, 0.5 ml I/M Inj, 4 weeks apart, then 0.2 ml 4-12
weeks later.
4) PERTUSSIS VACCINES
Pertussis vaccine is a sterile bacterial suspension
of killed pertussis bacilli (Bordetella pertussis )
Bordetella pertussis is the organism that causes
causes the disease known as whooping cough or
pertussis.

• Use and Dose:
• Active immunizing agent used to create
immunity .Usual dose is S/C 3 Inj, 0.5 ml or 1
ml,atleast 3-4 weeks apart.

5. TUBERCULOSIS VACCINES
BCG vaccine is a dried , living culture of the
bacillus Calmette-Guerin strains of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated by two
bacteriologist Calmette and Guerin.
Uses& Dose: BCG vaccine is an active
immunizing agent against tuberculosis It is
administered intradermally as the reconstituted
vaccine in doses of doses of 0.1 ml

6. MENINIGOCOCCAL
POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE
• It contains specific bacterial capsular
polysaccharide for Neisseria meningitidis.
Dose:
Single S/C inj of 0.5 ml containing 50 μg
meningococcal polysaccharide.

7. PNEUMOCOCCAL
VACCINE,POLYVALENT
Affords protection against 14 most prevalent
capsular type of pneumococci accounts for 80%
pneumococcal diseases and prepared by isolating
and purifying polysaccharide antigen from
strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Dose: Single 0.5 ml S/C , I/M

TOXINS & ANTITOXINS
Toxins are bacterial waste products that are
poisonous to animal body.
EXOTOXINS:
When toxins are excreted from bacterial cells
producing them and are dissolved in
surrounding culture medium they are referred
as Exotoxins.

ENDOTOXINS:
When toxins are retained within bacterial body ,
they are called endotoxins.
COMMERCIAL PREPARATION OF EXOTOXINS
Highly virulent organisms are cultured in media and
then killed by appropriate means. Organisms are
removed by filtration through bacterial filter and
filtrate contains toxins and other products is
standardized on a suitable animal to determine
minimum lethal dose.

FLUID TOXOIDS
Treating exotoxins with formaldehyde eliminates
the toxic properties . The detoxified products are
called as Fluid toxoids.
ADSORBED TOXOIDS
By adsorbing the fluid toxoid with aluminium
phosphate, aluminum hydroxide an adsorbed
toxoid is produced, is when administered, result in
slower release of antigen from site of injection and
subsequent production of higher or more
prolonged antibody titers.

USES:
Fluid and adsorbed toxoids produces active
immunity against diphtheria and tetanus.
DTP : Diptheria and tetanus toxoid combined
with pertussis vaccine in combination known as
DTP.

ANTITOXINS
Antitoxins are prepared from bloods of animals,
usually horses, that have been immunized by
repeated injections of specific bacterial
exotoxins. The toxin in constantly increasing
dose, induces the formation of antitoxins in the
blood of infected animals.

THERAPEUTICALLY IMPORTANT
ANTITOXINS
1. DIPHTHERIAANTITOXINS
2. TETANUS ANTITOXINS
3. BOTULISM ANTITOXINS

1.DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXINS
Sterile, non –pyrogenic solution of the refined
and concentrated proteins, chiefly globulins
containing antitoxic antibodies obtained from
blood serum or plasma of healthy horses that
have been immunized against diptheria toxin or
toxoid.
POTENCY: NLT ( NOT LESS THAN) 500 antitoxin
units per ml

USE & DOSE:
Passive immunizing agent and produce passive
immunity against diptheria.
I/M OR I/V
Prophylactic dose: 1000-10,000 units
Therapeutic dose: 20,000-80,000 units

2. TETANUS ANTI-TOXINS
It is a steirle , non pyrogenic solution of the
refined and concentrated proteins, chiefly
globulins containing antitoxic antibodies
obtained from blood serum or plasma of healthy
horses immunized against tetanus toxin or
toxoids.
POTENCY:
NLT 400 antitoxin units per ml

Use & Dose:
Passive immunity against tetanus
I/M, S/C
Prophylactic dose: 3000-10,000 units
Therapeutic dose: 40,000-100,000 units

3. BOTULISM ANTITOXINS
• Sterile , non pyrogenic solution of refined and
concentrated antitoxic antibodies, chiefly
globulins, obtained from blood serum or plasma
of healthy horse that have been immunized
against toxins produced by both type A and type B
and type E strains of clostridium botulinum
Use & Dose: Positive immunizing agent
I/V 20,000 units repeated at 2-4 hr internals as
necessary.

VENOMS & ANTI-VENOMS

VENOMS
Venoms are poisonous excretions secreted by
animals (certain snakes and spiders), introduce
into the bodies of their victims by biting or
stinging etc.
Poisonous snake bite often causes severe pain,
amputation and death.

SNAKE VENOMS/VENINS
• Snake venoms are obtained by holding the
poisonous snake over a conical container
covered with a sheet of thin rubber . The snake
strikes the rubber and penetrate with its fangs
where the semisolid venom is ejected in to the
container.

• Mixtures of venins from poisonous snakes of a
locality, country or continent are prepared and
used in the preparation of POLYVALENT
ANTIVENINS(Anti snakebite serum).
POLYVALENT ANTIVENINS: Sterile, non
pyrogenic preparations derived by drying a frozen
solution of specific venom –neutralizing globulins
which are obtained from serum of healthy horses
immunized against 4 species of venomous snakes.

Family: Crotalidae
1. Crotalus atrox ( Western diamondback)
4 Feet
2. Crotalus adamenteus (Florida diamondback)
7.8 feet
3. Crotalus durissus (South American Rattlesnake
4.9 feet
4. Bothrops atrox (Common lancehead)
6.6 feet

Uses and Dose
• Passive immunizing agent
• I/M 10 ml reconstitued antivenin
• I/V infusion 1:10 dilution of antivenin in Nacl
Inj (5% Dextrose Inj)

ANTISERUMS
Antiserums are biologics prepared in a manner
similar to that for antitoxins and antivenins except
that bacteria / viruses are used to stimulate the
production of specific antibodies in a healthy
animal such as the horse.
Viral or bacterial cells as found in vaccines, serves
as the antigenic substances, these are introduced
into the animal bodies in gradually increasing doses
and are continued until the proper antibody titer of
the blood serum is achieved.

• The destruction of the injected cells by
phagocytes liberates antigenic materials with
the subsequent development of
corresponding antibodies.
• Antiserum against rabies is an example of this
type of immunizing agent.

ANTIRABIES SERUM
Antirabies serum is a sterile,non pyrogenic solution
containing antiviral substances obtained from the
blood serum or plasma of a healthy horse that has
been immunized against rabies by means of
vaccine.
Use and Dose:
Injection of antirabies serum provides the patient
with immediate protection against rabies.
The usual single dose is ,intramuscular,NLT 1000
units per 40 pounds of body weight.

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