matter in our surrounding class 9

1. MATTER IN OUR
SURROUNDINGS

2. Title
• WHAT IS MATTER?
• ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE
AND VOLUME IS MATTER.MATTER
HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM.

3. Title
• EXPERIMENT

4. • IT WAS THE RUTHERFORD’S ALPHA SCATTERING
EXPERIMENT
• OBSERVATION
• MOSTLY ALPHA RAYS ARE PASSING THROUGH
THE GOLD FOIL.THUS ATOM POSSES EMPTY
SPACE.
• FEW ALPHA PARTICLESARE SLIGHTLY
DEFLECTING.THUS ATOM POSSES MASS AND
CHARGE BUT NOT DISTRIBUTED UNIFORMLY
• A FEW ALPHA PARTICLES ARE LARGELY
DEFLECTING.THUS ATOM POSSES MASS IT A
CONCENTRATED IN A SMALLER REGION.

5. MATTER IS MADE UP OF PARTICLES.
PARTICLES OF MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM.
PARTICLES OF MATTER MOVE CONTINOUSLY.
PARTICLES OF MATTER ATTRACT EACH OTHER.
PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE VERY SMALL.

8. MATTER WITH DEFINITE SHAPE BOUNDRIES AND
VOLUME IS A SOLID. ATTRACTIVE FORCE BETWEEN
THE PARTICLES OF SOLID SYATE ARE VERY HIGH, SO
IT NEED HIGH PRESSURE TO DEFORM THE SOLID
STATE.
THE PARTICLES ARE NOT TO FREE TO MOVE FROM
ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER .BUT THEY CAN VIBRATE
ABOUT THEIR MEAN POSITIONS.

10. A STATE OF MATTER IN WHICH VOLUME IS FIXED
BUT SHAPE IS NOT FIXED IS CALLED LIQUID
STATE.A LIQUID STATE TAKES THE SHAPE OF THE
VESSEL IN WHICH IT IS KEPT.ATTRACTIVE FORCES
AMONG THE PARTICLES OF LIQUID ARE LESS IN
COMPARISON TO THE SOLID STATE PARTICLES
AND MORE THAN THE GASEOUS STATE
PARTICLES.

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID STATE

12. GASEOUS STATE
SUBSTANCE WITH NO FIXED SHAPE, SIZE OR
VOLUME IS SAID TO BE IN GASEOUS
STATE.ATTERACTIVE FORCES AMONG GASEOUS
PARTICLES ARE VERY LESS OR WEAK.THEY
OCCUPY THE WHOLE SPACE AVAILBLE TO THEM
MOLECULES OF GAS MOVE FREELY . WHEN THE
FAST MOVING PARTICLES HIT THE WALLS OF THE
CONTAINER THEY EXERT A PRESSURE WHICH IS
KNOWN AS GAS PRESSURE AND THE MOTION IS
KNOWN AS BROWNIAN MOTION

13. CHARACTERISTICS OF
GASEOUS STATE
GAS HAS NEITHER SPECIFIC FIXED VOLUME NOR
SHAPE.
THE DENSITY OF GAS IS LOWER THAN THAT OF
SOLID OR LIQUID .
A GAS IS HIGHLY COMPRESSIBLE THIS IS DUE TO
LARGE INTERPARTICLE SPACE WHICH CAN BE
REDUCED BY APPLYING PRESSURE.
GAS SHOWS TH PROPERTY OF DIFFUSION AND
FLUIDITY.

15. PLASMA
THIS IS THE FOURTH KNOWN STATE OF MATTER IN
THIS STATE ALL THE PARTICLES GET HIGHLY
ACTIVATED AND CHARGED .THE PARTICLES EXIST IN
SUPER ENERGETIC AND SUPER EXCITED STATE .THE
FLUORESCENT TUBE AND NEON BULBS CONSIST OF
PLASMA .
PLASMA OR IONISED GASES CAN EXIST AT
TEMPERATURES STARTING AT SEVERAL 1000
DEGREE CELSIUS.
THE MAJORITY (90%) OF THE MATTER IN THE
UNIVERSE IS ACTUALLY FOUND IN PLASMA STATE.

16. COMMON FORMS OF
PLASMA
SPACE AND ASTROPHYSICS PLASMA EXAMPLE SUN
STAR SOLAR WIND INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM,
CHARGED AIR PRODUCED BY
LIGHTNING,INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM AND
INTERSTELLAR NEBULAE.
TERRESTRIAL PLASMA: LIGHTING,ST.ELMO’S
FIRE.IONOSPHERE.POLAR AURORAE.
ARTIFICIALLY PRODUCED
PLASMA:TELEVISION,ROCKET EXHAUST, ETC…

17. BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
IT IS KNOWN AS FIFTH STATE OF MATTER .
PHYSICALLY ,THE BEC IS JUST OPPOSITE TO THE
PLASMA STATE.
IT IS VERY RIGID NEAR ABSOLUTE ZERO i.e -273.16
DEGREE CELSIUS OR 0K AT THIS ALL MOLECULAR
MOTION STOPS
IT IS A STATE IN WHICH ATOMS ARE AT THEIR LOWEST
ENERGY STATE POSSIBLE.
THIS STATE IS OBTAINED BY SUPER COOLING OF A GAS
OF EXTREMELY LOW DENSITY UPTO ITS ONE HUNDRED
THOUNSANDTH THE DENSITY OF NORMAL AIR.THIS
PROCESS IS KNOWN AS BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATION

19. DEFINITION OF INTERCONVERSION OF
STATES OF MATTER
FUSION:CONVERSION OF SOLID STATE INTO LIQUID
STATE SOLIDIFICATION:CONVERSION OF LIQUID
STATE INTO SOLID STATE .
VAPORISATION:CONVERSION OF LIQUID TO
GASEOUS STATE .
CONDENSATION:IT IS THE CHANGE OF PHYSICAL
STATE OF MATTER FROM GASEOUS STATE INTO
LIQUID STATE.
SUBLIMATION:A CHANGE OF STATE DIRECTLY FROM
SOLID TO GAS WITHOUT CHANGING INTO LIQUID
STATE OR VICE VERSA IS CALLED
DESUBLIMATION/SUBLIMATION

21. LATENT HEAT
Latent Heat is the additional amount of heat supplied to boiling water to
convert it into steam.
LATENT HEAT OF FUSION
THE AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY REQUIRED TO CONVERT 1 KG
OF SOLID TO LIQUID AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE WITHOUT
ANY CHANGE IN TEMPERTURE .
LATENTHEAT OF VAPOURISATION
THE AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY REQUIRED TO CONVERT 1 KG
OF LIQUID INTO GAS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE WITHOUT
ANY CHANGE IN TEMPRATURE

22. EVAPORATION
EVAPORATION IS A PROCESS WHEN A LIQUID
BECOMES GAS BELOW BOILING
POINT.EVAPORATION GIVES COOLING SENSATION.IT
IS A SURFACE PHENOMENA.EXAMPLE SWEATING
DRYING CLOTHES

23. FACTORS AFFECTING
EVAPORATION
IF THE SURFACE AREA IS INCREASED THE RATE OF
EVAPORATION INCREASES.
INCREASE IN TEMPERTURE RESULTS IN CHANGE IN
RATE OF EVAPORATION.
INCREASE IN HUMIDITY RESULTS IN LOW RATE OF
EVAPORATION.
ON A WINDY DAY THE RATE OF EVAPORATION
INCREASES THUS WIND SPEED INCREASES RATE OF
EVAPORATION INCREASES.

24. HOW DOES EVAPORATION
CAUSE COOLING?
IN AN OPEN VESSEL,THE LIQUID KEEPS ON
EVAPORATING THE PARTICLES OF LIQUID ABSORB
ENERGY FROM SURROUNDING TO REGAIN THE
ENERGY LOST DURING EVAPORATION THIS
ABSORBTION OF ENERGY FROM THE
SURROUNDINGS MAKES THE SURROUNDINGS COLD

25. STATE VARIABLES
THERE ARE THREE STATE VARIABLES
TEMPERATURE (T)
PRESSURE (P)
VOLUME(V)

26. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE CAN BRING A
CHANGE IN STATE OF MATTER LIKE IF A
SOLID IS HEATED IT BECOMES A LIQUID AND
IF FURTHER HEATED IT BECOMES GAS AND
IF FURTHER HEATED IT BECOMES PLASMA

27. EFFECT OF PRESSURE
ON APPLYING PRESSURE PARTICLES OF
MATTER COME CLOSER TO EACH OTHER
AND STATES CAN ALSO BE CHANGED
.PRESSURE GIVES OPPOSITE RESULTS TO
THAT OF TEMPERATURE, INCREASE IN
PRESSURE LEADS TO A STATE WITH HIGHER
DENSITY AND HIGHER ATTRACTIVE FORCES.

28. APPLYING PRESSURE AND DECRESING
TEMPRATURE CAN LIQUEFY GAS
OUT OF THE TWO FACTORS THE EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE IS MORE IMPORTANT .BEACAUSE
THERE IS A CERTAIN MINIMUM TEMPERTURE ABOVE
WHICH THE GASES DO NOT LIQUEFY .

29. DIFFERENT UNITS OF
TEMPERATURE
LET x BE THE TEMPRATURE IN CELSIUS
x DEGREE K =x+273.16
HERE LET x BE THE TEMPERATURE IN KELVIN
X DEGREE C= X-273.16.
CONVERSION OF CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT