WEC World Energy Issues Monitor : Global Report 2022
E&E presentation
1. 1
Energy Resources in Developing Countries
Presented by:
•Houssam Housien
PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment
2. Introduction
What is “resources” mean?
a: a source of supply or support: an available means,
b: a natural source of wealth or revenue,
c: a natural feature or phenomenon that enhances the quality of
human life,
d: a source of information or expertise.
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3. Energy Resources
Natural energy resources
Human Resources and Knowledge
Technological Aspect: Innovation and Adaptation
Capital and Infrastructure: Market, Access and Grid
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5. Natural energy resources
Marine Energy for Coastal Regions ex: offshore wind, tidal and
wave energy
Importance of Rural Bio-Energy
Waste as Energy Resource “developing nations generate a large
amount of waste due to their high population density waste
management has become more of a challenge in recent years.”
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7. Natural energy resources
Marine Energy for Coastal Regions
The marine environment usually found in developing nations is a
complex construct between natural and sociological systems.
Existence of ‘Customary Waters’ areas, local tourism and fisheries
economic sectors, harbour and port activities, and national security are
often found to create overlapping leaderships and conflicts of interests.
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8. Natural energy resources
Marine energy resource assessment cases:
Indonesia Aceh province
The Maldives
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9. ACEH, INDONESIA
Some problems that faced the marine energy:
Crew has no experience
sub-sea data devices and the boat was
poorly equipped for maintaining
position
depth-sounding equipment was not
available
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11. ACEH, INDONESIA
The work clearly shows that a significant untapped
resource exists in the region but that the development of
marine renewable for Aceh requires a more thorough and
measured evaluation of the available resource using
industry standard systems to analyze the real-time
behavior of wind, waves and tides.
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12. The Maldives
Selection of appropriate technology for deployment in
Maldivian channels requires a three-phased-feasibility
study to obtain independent in-depth
the Government of the Maldives is obliged to use
technology that is not suited to the particular channel and
current characteristics, and will not deliver maximum
energy at the most economical cost
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14. Natural Energy Resources
Marine energy is a renewable energy resources for
many developing nations of the world.
Bio-energy is one of the most mature renewable
energy sector in developing countries.
Developing nations generate a large amount of waste
due to their high population. Treating these waste
products as energy resources contributes to energy
supply and reduces climate change impact of the
gaseous emissions
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15. Marine Energy for Coastal/Island
Regions
Marine Energy is behind in terms of knowledge and
experience when compared to other renewable energy
resources.
The marine environment usually found in developing
nations is a complex construct between natural and
sociological systems.
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16. Rural Bio-Energy
Difficulty of energy access in rural parts of the
developing world.
Traditional biomass fuels are still being used (fuel
wood and animal dung)
These solids can be upgraded to more convenient Bio
fuels (solid, liquid and gaseous)
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18. Waste as Energy Resource
Fuel production from waste can take place either by
decomposition (gasification/ pyrolysis/ hydrolysis) or
biological process (anaerobic digestion/fermentation).
The most economically feasible energy
(power/heat/cooling) generation from this fuel are
through incineration of mixed waste, anaerobic
digestion of organic waste and gasification of part of
the refuse-deri.ved fuel
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20. Challenges and opportunities
Challenges: Co-operation of local communities and
governments with global expertise.
Opportunities:
Provide energy
Provide clean water
Provide jobs and economic development
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22. Availability of skills
Developing nations
• Overlapping and confliction
New institution level
• To fully capture the resolution mechanism
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23. Availability of skills
Educational concept
• Specific skills of renewable energy concentrated in
high academic levels and research centers
While
• Very limited skills are developed in schools
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24. Knowledge Management
Challenges:
• Information sharing
The key entities in the RE knowledge management
1. Networks and partnership with main mandate of
collecting, analyzing and updating information and
knowledge.
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25. Knowledge Management
2. Regional governmental and non-governmental
organizations
-That tend to concentrate on the barrier analysis
which focus on enabling environmental
assessment on policy and policy measures
3. International finical institution
- provides finding for clean developing projects
-providing information on available funding measures
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26. In summary
The Trend in Knowledge Management for renewable
energy
• Facilitate technology transfer
• Capacity building
• Policy making
• Enabling information sharing at international levels
While we still have gaps in
• Lack of infrastructure
• Unequal geographic distribution
• Market regulations
• Lack of evaluations on capacity building and policy making
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28. Innovation and Adaptation
• Adapting complex and sophisticated technologies to the
local contexts remains a challenge.
• The engineering capabilities of the indigenous
communities to design, manufacture, install, operate
and maintain their own tailor-made technologies for
their specific contexts are also still very limited.
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29. Appropriateness Elements of Technology
Appropriate technology elements need to become the guiding principles to
optimally harness energy resources in developing nations;
Coming from (WEIRD) perspective,
appropriate technology does not mean crude technology
Politics, culture and society influence the subjective definitions of appropriate
technology.
However, as a general approach, appropriateness can be considered as fulfilled
when elementary, intermediate or advanced technologies are seen to be best
served by existing:
Local natural resources,
Workforce skills
Capital invested
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30. Technological independence
An often neglected element of appropriate technology. appropriateness is
usually approached through resource assessment and technology matching.
However, the following needs to be included:
1. The hard (material, equipment, facilities) and soft (knowledge, organization,
management) aspects of energy technology cannot separated from one
another in providing solutions to equal energy access.
2. Different regions and communities will have different technology needs and
should be, wherever possible, independent of international supply chains,
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31. Understanding the indigenous characteristics of local communities in
interacting and adapting to technologies is an often-missed aspect of
knowledge transfer.
Promoting the rights of indigenous people in acquiring the basic knowledge in
technical and management aspects of sustainable energy systems brings the
ability to implement appropriate technology.
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33. Capital and Infrastructure: Market, Access and Grid
Capital and infrastructure as resources are necessary in promoting sustainable
energy generation..
As financing has historically been known to be one of the main barriers for
sustainable energy implementation in developing nations, greater efforts
should be addressed towards attracting actors and agents with an ability to
mobilize adequate financing.
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34. Government of developing nations are promoting public- private relationships
and financial plans based on microfinancing . At least three action levels
should form a concentrated effort:
Development of public- private agreements for financing sustainable energy
projects.
Increased role of international aid providing the necessary conditions to
stimulate investment in remote areas and
Involving international aid and microfinancing programs at long-term
interventions.
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35. Implication of Resources Exploitation
on Water and Food Resources
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36. Unanswered Question
How to quantify the social and environmental cost for
developing a renewable energy resource exploitation scheme
?
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37. Bio-energy
Land use changes
Large-scale cultivation of non-agricultural land and
peat land area degradation and the release of CO2
some of these natural land conversions include
alterations from Brazilian rainforests into soybean and
sugar plantations; and the Indonesian rainforests and
peat lands into palm oil plantations
Irrigation water which is often the requirement for a
large-scale plantation will add to the pressure on already
stressed water resources.
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38. Waste to energy
The possibility of generating contaminant emissions in the
flue gas, hazardous material in the ash and pollution in the
excess water.
The pathways for air emissions to reach humans or the
environment can be direct or indirect
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39. Marine Energy
In developing nations; An attempt to understand both the
environmental and socioeconomic impact of resource
exploitation in both on-grid and off-grid coastal/island
regions.
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Editor's Notes
***
Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, Democratic
(WEIRD) perspective
it means technology that is fit for purpose in the desired location and valued by the people who use it.
Therefore, appropriateness requires an optimum match between
availability of resources (natural material, human, techniques and capital),
local needs (present situation and future projection) and applicable
technology, which is independent from international supply chain.
Wherever possible, there should be universal access to knowledge of developing sustainable energy technologies for locally appropriate use.
-Sets of methodologies for selecting the most appropriate sustainable energy technology to match local raw materials and social requirements must be developed to avoid exhausting capital without sufficient gains in terms of monetary values and community welfare.
This is especially determinant in the context of developing nations, where usually there is not only the lack of investment funds, but also the non-existence of proper conditions for investment.
To attract private capital to sustainable energy projects;
3- programs should significantly increase access of energy services to the poorest communities of developing nations
The question which remains unanswered, This is especially the case when assessments include specific considerations on the indigenous populations’ immediate and future requirements, whilst also fulfilling the global demands for energy resources coming from sustainable sources.
but not excluding other energy natural resources will create a chain of implications on water and food
as resources themselves.
Land use alterations to cater for bio-energy plantations have caused ecological, economic, as well as social impact in major developing nations.
Water supply is another issue which is related to bio-energy production.
“Peat” : a brown, soil-like material characteristic of boggy, acid ground, consisting of partly decomposed vegetable matter. It is widely cut and dried for use in gardening and as fuel.
Air emission aspects include acid gases (hydrochloric acid and sulphur oxides) organic compounds (dioxins and furans), inorganic compounds
(trace metals) and nitrogen and carbon oxides.
direct (through inhalation) or indirect (through the food chain).
For this, technology innovation in the waste to energy sector is developing rapidly in the
last years to meet the more stringent legal requirements.
where the marine environment plays a large part in offering food security and livelihood to the local communities;
