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- 1. Mark Boxer, Jeff Bush OFS FTTH Basics and Network Design
- 2. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Agenda • Drivers for FTTH • Why Fiber? • Fiber Feeds Everything • Nuts and Bolts - The Components • Installation Techniques • Network Architectures and Planning 2
- 3. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Bandwidth – then, now, and next 3 ≈ 0.6 kbps Then 2 Mbps 25 Mbps 1.5 Mbps 9 Mbps 6 Mbps Now Next VR > 500 MBPS
- 4. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Agenda • Drivers for FTTH • Why Fiber? • Fiber Feeds Everything • Nuts and Bolts - The Components • Installation Techniques • Network Architectures and Planning 4
- 5. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Why Fiber? Greater Bandwidth, Longer Distance, Lowest Cost / Bit Bandwidth Distance Cost per Bit Copper Bandwidth Distance Cost per Bit Fiber 2,400 Pair Copper Cable 100 Gbps to 1KM 1 Fiber Cable > 50 Tbps > 5,000 KM 5
- 6. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Why fiber? Metal cables and wireless have significant limitations • Reliable - Fewer truck rolls with fiber • Lower power consumption versus DSL/HFC • Not affected by lightning, rain, humidity issues • No maintenance needed for amplifiers Feature Benefit High bandwidth High information carrying capacity Low attenuation Long distances without repeaters, less expensive Light weight Small size Easier installations Unobtrusive No metallic conductors No grounding problems No “crosstalk” Passive No power requirements No circuit protection needed Inexpensive Widely deployable & cost effective 6
- 7. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Agenda • Drivers for FTTH • Why Fiber? • Fiber Feeds Everything • Nuts and Bolts - The Components • Installation Techniques • Network Architectures and Planning 7
- 8. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Fiber Feeds the Cell Network • Mobile bandwidth demand, driven by smartphones and video, is growing rapidly • Fiber is needed to and up the tower for 4G networks and beyond • Fiber has many advantages for cell network operators: • Weight • Tower loading/bracing • Grounding • Installation time • Power losses • Space • Cooling requirements Bandwidth 8
- 9. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Fiber in Telephone and Cable Networks • Fiber to the Node, Copper/coax to the home • Bandwidth variable based on distance, metal cable quality, node size • Asymmetric bandwidth (more downstream than upstream) Telephone: FTTN - Fiber to the Curb/Node Cable: HFC - Hybrid Fiber Coax 12 - 24 fibers Powered Switch or Node Central Office OLT Twisted Pair or Coax Typical Distance Range 9
- 10. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Fiber Feeds the Power Network • Fiber is an integral part of the utility communications network • Substation to substation communications • Equipment within substations • FTTH – Primarily municipalities and co-ops • Smart grid initiatives are changing the nature of power delivery 10 Transmission Distribution Nuclear Renewable Smart Meter Micro Grid --:Information --:Power
- 11. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Agenda • Drivers for FTTH • Why Fiber? • Fiber Feeds Everything • Nuts and Bolts - The Components • Installation Techniques • Designing the OSP Network 11
- 12. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Optical Fiber Fastest Comms Pipe Available • Light travels in core and is constrained by the cladding • Acrylate coating protects pure silica (glass) cladding Core Cladding Coating Light ray 12
- 13. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Fiber Structure • Core - The center of a fiber – Typically contains dopants to change speed of light • Cladding - Outer layer of glass to contain light – Different refractive index • Coating - Cushions and protects fibers v vs v 125 microns 200-250 microns 8-62.5 microns Core Cladding Coatings 13
- 14. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Main Fiber Types Single-mode & Multimode • Single-mode fiber – Carries only one mode of light – Used for the majority of FTTH deployments • Multimode fiber – Carries multiple modes of light Singlemode Multimode 50-62.5 µm core cladding Index of Refraction Profiles 8-10 µm 125 µm 125 µm 14
- 15. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Bend Insensitive Fiber Enables Fiber in Non-traditional Places 15 Small radius Service Disrupted Small radius Conventional Singlemode fiber Small radius Bend insensitive Singlemode fiber Small radius Service Maintained
- 16. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTH Network Macro View Aerial Cable Underground Cable Central Office / Headend Drop Closures or Terminals Splitter Cabinet Drop Cable Splice Closures Direct Buried Cable 16
- 17. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Outside Plant Fiber Cable • Most often “loose tube” cable structure –Fibers loose in buffer tubes • Handles stress/strain and temperature fluctuations and climatic extremes –Also available in ribbons –Fibers and buffers are color coded • Underground applications – Direct Buried – typically armored – Duct cable • Aerial applications – Lashed to a messenger – All-Dielectric, Self-Supporting (ADSS) Buffer tube Fiber Loose buffer tube structure Ribbon fiber and cable structure 17
- 18. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Inside Plant Fiber Cable • Indoor cables are different than outdoor cables • Most often “tight buffer” cable structure –Provides additional protection for frequent handling –Easier connectorization • Multiple types of cable structures • Riser, plenum, low smoke/zero halogen products –Designed to meet flame smoke ratings • Yellow jacket indicates single-mode fiber 18
- 19. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Fiber Management Devices Closures, Terminals • Fiber management devices are used in the central office or remote cabinets • Closures are used in the field to connect cables and fibers • Terminals are often used for the final drop to the home • Multiple designs available for each component 19
- 20. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Connectors and splitters Splitters • Used with Passive Optical Network (PON) systems • Used to split one fiber into multiple fibers – Decreases power – Splits bandwidth • Split ratios are powers of 2 – 1x2, to 1x64 (1x32 most common) LC Connector SC Connector 20 Splitter Cabinet Splitter MPO Connector (12 fiber ribbon connector) Connectors • “SC” and “LC” most common • Color indicates polish (back reflection) • Blue = “Ultra” polish • Green = “Angle” polish Splitter in splice tray
- 21. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush MDU and in-home Deployments • MDU and in-home installations are different than outside plant • Most inside installations require tight bends and bend insensitive fibers • Manufacturers have developed fibers and products for these applications Fiber 21
- 22. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Agenda • Drivers for FTTH • Why Fiber? • Fiber Feeds Everything • Nuts and Bolts - The Components • Installation Techniques • Network Architectures and Planning 22
- 23. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush OSP Cable Placement Options Aerial • Fast, minimal restoration time • Typical choice for overbuilding existing aerial plant Below Grade • Required if no existing aerial plant • Aesthetically pleasing! 23
- 24. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Splicing Fusion • Most common type of splice • Fibers joined together and melted at approximately 1600 degrees C Mechanical • Common overseas • Less common in US FTTH installations Splice sleeve to cover completed splice Illustration of electrodes used to form fusion splicing arc 24
- 25. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Optical Loss Budget Unmanaged Switch OLT Encoder & DVD Fiber Management Designers must ensure adequate optical power going both directions Component Typical loss values @ 1550 nm Fiber 0.2 dB/km Splices 0.05 dB Connectors 0.2 dB Splitters (1x32) 17-18 dB 25
- 26. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Agenda • Drivers for FTTH • Why Fiber? • Fiber Feeds Everything • Flavors of FTTx • Nuts and Bolts - The Components • Installation Techniques • Network Architectures and Planning 26
- 27. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTX Network Planning Establish Ultimate Network Plan • Ensures incremental additions support ultimate objectives Network Plan Objectives • Reduce installed costs • Increase speed of network build • Increase return on investment o Target network segments based on ROI • Streamline build cost estimation process Example Network Plan Cable route design for 10k premise network 27
- 28. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTX Architectures GPON GE-PON Point to Point (Active Ethernet) Current Gen Next Gen Current Gen Next Gen Downstream Bandwidth 2.4 Gbps total 10 Gbps total 1.2 Gbps total 10 Gbps total 100 -1000 Mbps per sub Upstream Bandwidth 1.2 Gbps total 10 Gbps total 1.2 Gbps total 10 Gbps total 100 -1000 Mbps per sub Typical distance 20 km 20 km 20 km 20 km 20 km Wavelengths (nm), Downstream Upstream 1490 1310 1577 1270 1550 1310 1577 1270 1550 1310 28
- 29. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTX Architectures • Requires largest cables and most splicing • Highest cost of electronics per customer • Maximum bandwidth per customer Active Ethernet (Active E) or Point-to-point (P2P) Central Office or Powered Cabinet Electronics SFU Business MDU Dedicated Fibers 29
- 30. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTX Architectures PON - Central Office Splitting • Requires largest cables and most splicing • Maximizes OLT port utilization • Utilized in dense urban deployments Splitter F1 Fibers F2 Fibers Central Office or Powered Cabinet OLT SFU Business MDU Dedicated Fibers Shared Fibers 30
- 31. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTX Architectures PON - Cabinet Splitting • Closely resembles copper networks o Cross connect cabinets • Limits initial OLT utilization • Most common method of deployment in U.S. Splitter F1 Fibers F2 Fibers Central Office or Powered Cabinet OLT SFU Business MDU Dedicated Fibers Shared Fibers Splitter Cabinet 31
- 32. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTX Architectures PON - Distributed Splitting • Greatly reduces cable sizes and splicing • Requires more OLT ports than CO or cabinet splitting o Typical break-even take rate is 20-25% F1 Fibers Central Office or Powered Cabinet OLT SFU Business MDU Dedicated Fibers Shared Fibers Splitter Splice Closures Splitter F1 Fibers SFU F1 Fibers 32
- 33. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTX Architectures PON - Cascaded Splitting • Minimizes cable sizes and splicing • Ideal for rural deployments F1 Fibers Central Office or Powered Cabinet OLT SFU Business MDU Dedicated Fibers “S1” 1st Splitter Splice Closure SFU F1 Fibers “S2” 2nd Splitter “S2” 2nd Splitter Shared Fibers Splice Closure Or Cabinet 33
- 34. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTX Architectures Distributed / Cascaded Splitting versus CO / Cabinet Splitting Advantages 1. Significantly reduces cable sizes 2. Significantly reduces splicing requirements 3. Eliminates need for splitter cabinets • Associated permitting Disadvantages 1. 100% splitter installation • Initial as opposed to incremental 2. 100% OLT port installation • Initial as opposed to incremental Typical break-even take rate is 20-25% • Greater than 25% - distributed / cascaded more economical • Less than 20% - CO / cabinet more economical 34
- 35. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Summary • Video, internet, and new applications are driving bandwidth increases that require fiber • Fiber is the best method for providing low cost, high bandwidth services • Lowest cost/bit • Lowest OPEX • More reliable than metallic technologies • Lower attenuation, weight • Fiber architectures include multiple types of PON and point-to-point • Multiple ways of deploying FTTH • OSP design decisions have significant impacts on network build costs 35
- 36. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Thank you for attending. Please remember to complete the online evaluation of this session in the mobile app by selecting the bar graph icon. 36
- 37. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Questions? Mark Boxer Applications Engineering Manager, OFS mboxer@ofsoptics.com 252 495-4131 Jeff Bush Professional Services Manager, OFS jbush@ofsoptics.com 770 241-4713 Please Complete the Evaluation 37
- 38. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush Backup Backup Slides 38
- 39. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTX Architectures Active Ethernet (Active E) or Point-to-point (P2P) Electronics Splice Panel Customers OSP Cable Jumpers Factory Installed Connector Central Office or Powered Cabinet 39
- 40. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTX Architectures PON - Central Office Splitting Optical Terminal Shelf Mount Splitter Splice Panel Customers Jumpers F1 Fibers Factory Installed Connectors Jumpers F2 Fibers OSP Cables F2 Fibers Central Office or Powered Cabinet 40
- 41. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTX Architectures PON - Cabinet Splitting OLT Splice Panel Customers OSP Cables F2 Fibers OSP Cables F1 Fibers Hand Hole Splitter Tails Factory Connectorized Splitter Cabinet Splice Closure Splitters Central Office or Powered Cabinet Cabinet Tails OSP Cables 41
- 42. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTX Architectures PON - Distributed or Cascaded Splitting Service Drop Connection Point Aka “terminal” OLT Splice Panel Customers Splice Tray Splitter Service Drops Customers OSP Cables F1 Fibers OSP Cables F2 Fibers Central Office or Powered Cabinet 42
- 43. FTTH Basics and Network Design OFS – Boxer, Bush FTTX Architectures Design Comparison Cabinet vs. Distributed Splitting 92% 24 or 36 count cables 62% 48 or larger count cables Cabinet Split Design • 6,622 premises • 9,933 fusion splices 1.5 splices / premise Distributed Split Design • 6,127 premises • 6,139 fusion splices 1.0 splices / premise 50% Variance in Splicing 43