CA PPT.pdf

Referencing and avoid plagiarism
Hiranya Dissanayake
Senior Lecturer
Department of Accountancy,
Wayamba University of Sri Lankaa

Session Outline
• Format of the Report
• Preplanning
• Academic Integrity
• Techniques to avoid Plagiarism
• Referencing

Format of the Report
1. Title Page
2. Acknowledgement
3. Executive Summary
4. Introduction
5. Review of Literature
6. Analysis and Discussion
7. Conclusions
8. Appendixes
9. References
10. Bibliography

Title Page
• Most assignments need a title page, which should
include:
– the title and number of the assignment
– the course number and name
– the due date
– your full name and student number.

Executive Summary
• An executive summary is a brief overview of a report that is designed to give the reader a quick preview of the
report's contents.
– Your conclusions or recommendations and includes only the essential or most significant information to
support those conclusions
– Executive summaries are usually organized according to the sequence of information presented in the full
report.
– Executive summaries are usually proportional in length to the larger work they summarize, typically 10 to 15
percent.
– Write the executive summary after you have completed the report and have decided on your
recommendations.
– Review your report and identify the key points and use these to organize a draft of your summary
– Make the summary concise, but be sure to show how you arrived at your conclusions
– Don't introduce any new information that is not in your report
– Executive summaries should communicate independently from your report
(https://www.otago.ac.nz/accountancyfinance/student-resources/otago01515115.html)

Introduction
• Briefly describe the context and background to the research
• Describe the change, problem or issue to be reported on
• Define the specific objectives and purpose of the report
• Indicate the overall answer to the problem explored in the report
• Outline the report's scope (the extent of the investigation, also known as its terms of reference or
brief)
• Preview the report structure
• Comment on the limitations of the report and any assumptions that are made
IMPORTANT
• Make sure your first sentence does some real work
• Focus the reader's attention
• Demonstrate that you understand the topic
• Remember that sometimes it is easier to write the conclusion before the introduction

Review of Literature
Organise literature according to your main objectives

Analysis and Discussion
• Two key purposes:
1. To explain the conclusions
2. To justify the recommendations
• Key points to remember when you are writing the discussion include the following:
– Present the analysis in a logical and systematic way
– If necessary, divide the material with appropriate headings to improve the readers'
understanding
– Back up your claims with evidence—explain your findings
– Link theory to practical issues
– Persuade readers of the validity of your stance

Conclusion
• The conclusion should:
– be arranged so that the major conclusions come first
– identify the major issues relating to the case and give your interpretation of them
– relate specifically to the objectives of the report as set out in the introduction
– be a list of numbered points
– follow logically from the facts in the discussion
– be clean-cut and specific
– be brief
• Recommendations point to the future and should be:
– action-oriented
– feasible
– logically related to the discussion and conclusion
– numbered
– arranged in order of importance
– Brief

Appendices
• Include in the appendices any essential extra
material, such as tables and graphs that support your
research but don't relate directly to the discussion of
your findings.
(https://www.otago.ac.nz/accountancyfinance/student-
resources/otago01515115.html)

An Hour of Planning can save you ten hours of
doing

Preplanning
• Write down your key point which addresses the topic and state your
point of view.
• Write down four or five ideas which support this point of view.
Support each of these ideas with further individual statements
developed from theories, ideas or examples that you have read
about.
• Write down a concluding idea. This is closely linked to your initial
key point or point of view.

Conquer the paragraph
• Paragraphs are the building blocks of an essay.
– The first sentence in a paragraph sets up the paragraph, this is the topic sentence.
– The body of the paragraph extends and develops the topic sentence.
– The concluding statement links to the next paragraph.
• Some basic pointers for paragraphs
– One idea per paragraph
– Have a clear topic sentence
– A paragraph is complete in itself; it has unity
– Have two to four paragraphs per page
– Use at least three sentences per paragraph; the first sentence is best if it is short
– Know when to end a paragraph and begin another by using a linking sentence

Paragraph Writing
• Link paragraphs together
– Show continuity of ideas between paragraphs
– Remember that ideas are separate parts of a whole argument
– When you begin a new idea with a new paragraph, show that it is connected to the last
idea of the previous paragraph
• Use linking words/phrases
– Furthermore
– As I have mentioned
– Therefore
– Nevertheless
– This demonstrates/shows/indicates
– Thus
– So
– But not only
– However
– It seems then
– If we look at this case in the broader context, we can
– Likewise
– On the other hand

Have You ever cheated at the exam?

Academic Dishonesty
“the theft of stealing of ideas and other forms of intellectual
property”(Sandy, 1999,p. 75).

Academic Dishonesty
Academic dishonesty can take many forms, which can be broadly
classified as follows (Whitley & Keith-Spigel, 2002; Pavela, 1978;
Stern & Havelick, 1986):
– Cheating
– Plagiarism
– Fabrication or falsification
– Sabotage
(https://www.niu.edu/academic-integrity/faculty/types/index.shtml)

CHEATING
Cheating involves unauthorized
use of information, materials,
devices, sources or practices in
completing academic activities.
(https://www.niu.edu/academic-integrity/faculty/types/index.shtml

PLAGIARISM
• Plagiarism is a type of cheating in
which someone adopts another
person's ideas, words, design, art,
music, etc., as his or her own without
acknowledging the source, or, when
necessary, obtaining permission from
the author.

FABRICATION
Fabrication or falsification
involves the unauthorized
creation or alteration of
information in an academic
document or activity.

Sabotage
• Sabotage involves disrupting or
destroying another person's work
so that the other person cannot
complete an academic activity
successfully.

What is Plagiarism?
Choose as many as you like.
a. Copying another student’s work
b. Using a paragraph from your own essay submitted previously
c. Using an idea/ information from someone else in your essay
without saying so
d. Copying something directly from a book, journal or website
without quotation marks or saying where you found it
e. Citing someone else’s idea and discussing it (NOT
PLAGIARSM)
f. Using a graph from the Internet without citing it
(https://www.canterbury.ac.uk › docs › study-skills)

How to avoid plagiarism
• Avoid poor paraphrasing: make sure that you change the words and the way the sentence is put
together. You can also be accused of plagiarism if you only change someone's words very
slightly
• Make sure you understand the sentence(s) you want to paraphrase to ensure you do not change
the meaning.
• Don’t forget to use quotation marks when you borrow somebody else’s words
• Make clear which arguments of your essay are based on other people’s work and whose work
you have used
• List every source you have used and double check your reference list against the citations in
you essay

Paraphrasing
You paraphrase when you change the information read into your own words
without changing the original meaning.
Why paraphrase?
• It shows that you understand what the writer is saying
• It makes it easier to build you own argument. For example, you can use what
someone else says as evidence or an example to support what you want to say
• It fits more easily with your own writing style
Example:
Original: Employers who provide childcare at the workplace have found that
lateness declines and levels of stress experienced by employees also decline.
Paraphrased reference: There is evidence to suggest that on-site day care is
beneficial to employers because employees are more punctual and appear to
suffer less from stress (Smith, 2018).

Paraphrasing Exercise
‘Employers who provide childcare at the workplace have found that lateness
declines and levels of stress decrease’ (Smith, 2012, p.52).
1. According to Smith (2012), those employees who are provided with
childcare at the workplace have a tendency to be more punctual and less
stressed.
2. Smith (2012) has held the view that when employers offer day care
facilities, their employees tend to arrive on time more and seem to be
less stressed.
3. There is evidence to suggest that on-site day care is beneficial to
employers because employees are more punctual and appear to suffer
less from stress (Smith, 2012).

Exercise
“Organic approaches use design and management procedures that work with natural
processes to conserve all resources and minimize waste and environmental damage,
while maintaining or improving farm profitability” (MacRae et al., 2017)
1. According to MacRae et al. (2017), organic approach which use design and
management procedures with natural processes aimed to improve economic and
environmental sustainability.
2. MacRae et al.(2017) views that organic farming aims to conserve resources,
minimimising waste and environmental damage and improve profitability with the
use of natural processes in design and management procedures.
3. There is evidence suggest that organic approach improves economic and
environmental sustainability(MacRae et al., 2017).

Things to note
Why are these different?
1)It is necessary to read research papers critically. In this regard,
Walker (2019) emphasises the importance of understanding the
methodology employed by researchers in their studies.
2)It is important to understand the methodology that researchers use
in their studies (Walker, 2019).
When the author’s name is part of the sentence, it does NOT go
inside the brackets because it becomes the subject of your sentence.

Referencing
• Referencing is an acknowledgement that you
have used the ideas and written material
belonging to other authors in your own work.

Reasons for Referencing
• To make clear when a particular piece of information, idea, etc. is not our own and
to tell our readers where it came from. This allows us to:
– show where we got our facts from
– use other people’s work to support our own argument (evidence, examples,
findings, etc.)
– discuss what other people or organisations have said and done and give our
own analysis of it
– to provide useful definitions, explanations, etc.
• To allow other people to find the material we used to support our claims.

Citations
Citation(In-text Citations)
You make a short reference
(author’s last name and year
of publication) in the text of
your essay every time you
refer to someone else’s
work.
Reference List(End-text
Citations
You make a list at the end of
your essay of all the sources you
have referred to in you work –
you give complete details here
including publisher, etc.
The citation acts as a key so
that your reader can find the
full reference easily on the
list of references at the end of
your essay.

The Harvard Style
The way we reference is different for different types of sources (e.g.:
books, e-journals etc.).
• Use Cite Them Right
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2016) Cite
them right: the essential guide to
referencing and plagiarism. 10th edn.
Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.

Quotations
Using the exact words of the author(s) in quotation marks ‘…’. You must include the author’s
last name, the year of publication and the page number.
For example:
Generally, English for Academic Purposes (EAP) covers ‘those educational activities in
higher education, the purpose of which is the teaching and learning of the English language
required by undergraduates, post-graduates and/ or staff’ (Kennedy, 2001, p. 25).
When should you quote?
• When you are using someone’s definition which is key
• When you want to discuss exactly what someone said
• When the precise detail of what someone says is important – e.g. a law, policy document,
etc.
• When someone has phrased something effectively and succinctly

More than one author
• Up to three authors: include all the names, in the order they are listed. For example:
A sound business plan is essential to the success of every business (Morson and Child, 2010).
Morson, Child and Smith (2010) state that most single pets live in privileged circumstances.
• More than three authors: give only the first author followed by et al. For example:
Worth et al. (2013) suggest that top CEOs agree income could be raised to 50% on earnings over
£100,000.
Despite technological advances, radio production is less sophisticated than in the past (Howard et
al., 2015).
N.B. Give ALL the names in your reference list:
Howard, C., Smith, T., Jones, L. and Brown, N. (2015) Enemies and Friends. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.

Secondary Referencing
This is a sentence in a book by Grey (2016, p.9):
‘According to Brown’s (2015) study, middle managers feel more stressed than those
in higher positions’.
You want to use Brown’s information but you have only read Grey’s book:
• In your essay:
There is evidence that stress is a greater problem for middle managers than for senior
managers (Brown, 2015, cited in Grey, 2016, p.9).
• In your list of references:
You cannot include Brown because you have not read this author – you can only have
Grey in your list.
• ((www.canterbury.ac.uk › docs › study-skills)

Harvard Style: list of references
• This should list all (and only) the sources you have used in your
assignment
• The list should be in alphabetical order
• Don’t separate different kinds of sources unless you are
specifically told to
• Each reference should follow the format for that kind of text

Reference list - example
Abber, C. and Smith, T. (2016)
Research study methodology. Dover:
Dover University Press.
Wharton, C., Pail, R. and Crumb, F.
(2018) ‘Why businesses fail’,
Business Review, 7 (10), pp. 160-
172.
National Health Service (2019)
Symptoms. Available at:
www.nhs.uk/livewell/symptoms.aspx
(Accessed: 02 July 2017).

Reference list -Exercise
Look carefully at the information given about each item in this list of references.
Can you identify what kind of source each one is?
Barton, K. (2012) People in paintings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baxter, F. (2015) ‘Consumer chemistry’, Journal of Chemistry Education, 65 (3),
pp. 206-219.
Ellis, P. (2017) ‘The ability to think critically’, in Barlow, G. and Freid, R. (eds.)
Thinking skills: How can we teach them? New York: W. H. Freeman, pp. 197-211.
Hopper, C. (2014) ‘Legal Lingo’, The Times, 24 August, p. 25.
Oxfam (2018) E.ON shelves Kingsnorth. Available at:
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/get_involved/campaign/impact/kingsnorth.html
(Accessed: 15 October 2018).
Website Journal Newspaper article Chapter in a book Book
Book
Journal
Chapter
Newspaper
Website

Summary
If you have included something in your essay
and you do not make it clear that it is someone
else’s idea, then readers assume it’s YOUR idea
simply because it’s in YOUR essay.
That’s the convention in academic writing.
Therefore, we reference everything that is not
our own original work.

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