VERY BRIEF AND TABULATED SLIDE In this slide you are going to be informed about Language Learning Theories (pages 2-3), Language Learning Methods and Approaches (pages 4-9) in a brief way. Page 5 = Grammar Translation Method, Direct Method, Audio Lingual Method and Suggestopedia. Page 6= Community Language Learning and Total Physical Response Page 7= Communicative Approach Page 8= Problem Based Learning and Task Based Learning Page 9= Eclectic Approach and Digital Learning (Eclectic Approach and Digital Learning in this slide are explained with only two lines. The pros and cons are not mentioned.) Those theories, approaches and methods is written down in a brief way. To make it more comprehensible, it has been tabulated.

1. LANGUAGE
LEARNING
Hilal Su Yüzbaşı

2. Theories
Behaviorism
Constructivism
Cognitivism

3. Behaviorism
Learning happens
through
repetition and
reinforcement.
Stimuli+Response
=Learning
Watson, Pavlov,
Skinner, Carter
Cognitivism
Learning happens
through internal
processing of
information.
Sensory/Short-
Term/Long-Term
Memory
Gestalt, Piaget,
Vygotsky, Bloom,
Gagne
Constructivism
Our knowledge of
the world comes
from our
experiences.
Learning happens
through
connections to
prior knowledge.
Bandura, Bruner,
Gardner, Ericson,
Rogers, Maslow,
Dreikur, Dewey

4. 1. Grammar Translation Method
2. Direct Method
3. Audio Lingual Method
4. Suggestopedia
5. Community Language Learning
6. Total Physical Response
7. Communicative Approach
8. Problem-Based Learning
9. Task-Based Learning
10. Eclectic Approach
11. Digital Method
Methods and Approaches

5. GRAMMAR
TRANSLATION METHOD
DIRECT METHOD AUDIO LINGUAL
METHOD
SUGGESTOPEDIA
Teacher Authority Guide Authority Authority
Parent
Student Passive Active Passive Passive
Child
Error
Correction
+ +
(reward and praise)
+
(positive/negative
reinforcement)
+/-
(at the beginning
there isn’t but later
there is)
L1Use + - - +/-
(it can be used for
meaning but course
by course it becomes
less)
Activities Translation Oral communication,
dialogues
Memorizing by
imitations,
dialogues
Role-playing, music,
songs, games,
gymnastic activities,
dialogues
Skills Grammar, reading, writing
(+)
Speaking, listening (-)
Grammar, speaking,
listening (+)
Reading, writing (-)
Grammar,
vocabulary,
speaking (+)
Grammar (%)
vocabulary (+)

6. Community Language Learning Total Physical Response
Teacher Counsellor Director (at the beginning)
Follower (later)
Student Active Follower (at the beginning)
Director (later)
Error
Correction
+
(repeats the right version without going
further)
+/-
(at the beginning only major ones but later
minor ones too)
L1Use + +/-
(introduction is made in L1, then rarely used)
Activities Small group tasks, voice recording,
communicating
Commands, role reversal, action sequance,
silent period, humorous skits
Skills Speaking, creative thinking (+) Speaking (+)

7. Communicative Approach (CA)
• In this approach, the main point is communication.
• Everybody can make pronunciation mistakes. So they can be
tolerated.
• Teachers are facilitators, managers, advisors, and monitors.
• L1 is banned.
• Authentic materials are used (for instance newspaper in the
target language).
• Activities; scrambled sentences language games, picture
strip story, role play.

8. Students brings a
problem
Identify the
problem-solving
stages, time,
structure, etc.
Case Studies
/Role Plays/
Simulations
Problem is
solved
Problem-Based Learning
Task-Based Learning
Teacher
brings a
task.
The Pre-
Task
The Task Review
-Small groups.
-Engage the
learners, set
expectations,
give instructions
-Begin the task.
-Fluency is
important.
-Review the
conclusions.
-Accuracy is
important.

9. Eclectic Approach
This is an approach that combines all of the methods and approaches. Thanks to
this combination, each course with different needs can provide what is necessary for
the day’s lecture.
Digital Learning
Technology use is increasing day by day. Moreover, as this increase continues, more
and more people starting to learn from the internet. This brings pros and cons within
itself.