Geology, a word that literally means “study of Earth”. Geology is traditionally divided into two broad areas: physical and historical. Physical geology examines the materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the many processes that operate beneath and upon its surface. Earth is a dynamic, ever-changing planet. Internal forces create earthquakes, build mountains, and produce volcanic structures. At the surface, external processes break rock apart and sculpt a broad array of landforms. The erosional effects of water, wind, and ice result in a great diversity of landscapes. Because rocks and minerals form in response to Earth’s internal and external processes, their interpretation is basic to an understanding of our planet. In contrast to physical geology, the aim of historical geology is to understand the origin of Earth and the development of the planet through its-billion-year history. Agents of weathering: Water Precipitates Fire Pressure Bio weathering (fungi) Acid (Chemical weathering)

1. Earth Processes & Energy Budget
Presented by:
Hemant
M.Sc. Environment studies
17001556002
CEEES (DEENBANDHU CHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, MURTHAL, SONIPAT)

2. Contents
 Introduction
 Exogenous process
 Endogenous process
Hemant

3. Introduction
 Geology, a word that literally means “study of Earth”. Geology is
traditionally divided into two broad areas: physical and historical.
 Physical geology examines the materials composing Earth and seeks to
understand the many processes that operate beneath and upon its
surface. Earth is a dynamic, ever-changing planet. Internal forces create
earthquakes, build mountains, and produce volcanic structures. At the
surface, external processes break rock apart and sculpt a broad array of
landforms. The erosional effects of water, wind, and ice result in a great
diversity of landscapes. Because rocks and minerals form in response to
Earth’s internal and external processes, their interpretation is basic to an
understanding of our planet.
 In contrast to physical geology, the aim of historical geology is to
understand the origin of Earth and the development of the planet through
its-billion-year history.
Hemant

4. Earth processes
Exogenous process Endogenous process
1. Weathering
• Physical/mechanical weathering
• Chemical weathering
2. Erosion
3. Mass wasting/land slide
4. sedimentation
1. Folding & Faulting or Tectonic
movements
2. Volcanism(volcanic activity)
3. Metamorphism
4. Earthquake(seismic activity)
Hemant

5. Exogenous process
1. Weathering:
The disintegration or decomposition of rocks, soil, and other
minerals with materials through contacts with earth.
a. Physical/Mechanical weathering: The breakdown of rocks by
mechanical process along rock fracture.
b. Chemical weathering: The process by which rocks breakdown
by chemical reaction.
Hemant

6. Agents of weathering
 Water
 Precipitates
 Fire
 Pressure
 Bio weathering (fungi)
 Acid (Chemical weathering)
Hemant

7. 2. Erosion: The process in which the earth surface is worn away by water, wind,
or ice and moves rock debris or soil from one place to another.
3. Mass wasting/land slide: This refers to the movement of large masses of
materials down a slope or a steep-sides hill due to the pull of gravity.
a. Debris flow happens when large amount of sediments falls down to the slope.
b. Mud flow happens when combined soil and water flow down a slope.
c. Slump is a slow movement of soil along curved surface.
Triggers of mass wasting
• Volcanic eruption
• Earthquakes
• Heavy rainfall
4. Sedimentation: It is the accumulation of materials such as soil, rocks
fragments & soil particles setting on the ground.
Hemant

8. • Endogenic processes are geological processes that occur beneath
the surface of the Earth.
• It is associated with energy originating in the interior of the solid
earth.
• The main endogenic processes are Folding & Faulting or Tectonic
movements.
• They take place mainly along the plate boundaries, which are the
zones that are not stable.
 Folding & Faulting or Tectonic movements
 Volcanism(volcanic activity)
 Metamorphism
 Earthquake(seismic activity)
Endogenous process
Hemant

9. Folding
 When two forces push towards each other from opposite sides,
the rock layers will bends into folds.
 The process by which folds are formed are due to
compressional forces known as folding.
 There are large-scale and small-scale folds. Large-scale folds
are found mainly along destructive plate boundaries.
Hemant

10. Faulting
 Faulting is the fracturing and displacement of more brittle rock
strata along a fault plane either caused by tension or
compression.
 A break in rock along which a vertical or horizontal rock
movements has occurred is called a fault.
 The process of forming a fault is faulting.
 The line of fault which appears on land surface as known as
fault line.
 These lines are often lines of weakness which allow molten rock
to rise up onto the earth surface when there is active volcanic
activity nearby.
Hemant

11. Volcanism or magmatism
(also known as volcanic activity or igneous activity)
 Magma beneath the crust is under very great
pressure. When folding and faulting occurs, cracks
or fractures which are lines of weakness are
created.
 When these line of weakness develop downward in
the crust and reach the magma, they will release
the pressure in the magma.
 This allows magma to rise up along the lines of
weakness and intrude into the crust. Some magma
may even reach the earth’s surface and some
don’t.
Hemant

12. Metamorphism
 Metamorphism is an endogenic process which
occurs when there is pressure and heat applied to
geologic structures which leads to the formation of
metamorphic rocks. Examples like Amphibolite,
Marble, Slate etc.
Hemant

13. Earthquakes
 An earthquake or (seismic activity) is a sudden
shaking or vibration in the earth’s crust.
 When plates suddenly move past each other, the
built-up strain is released along the fault, and the
rock fractures.
 An earthquake also can be triggered by molten
rock moving up into the chamber of a volcano
before eruption.
Hemant

14. THANK YOU!

15.  https://prezi.com/7g1exwz0vpoq/internal-and-
external-earth-processes/
 https://www.nap.edu/read/11809/chapter/4
 https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/earths-
changing-surface/the-forces-that-change-the-face-
of-earth
 https://www.slideshare.net/sstoffre/earth-processes
 http://earthsci.org/processes/pro.html#Introduction
%20Earth%20System%20Science
References:
Hemant