history of medicine

1. Russian Medicine in
XVIII century
B.L.Lichterman

2. Peter I Alexeevich
Ruled
from 1696 till
1725
(1672 – 1725)

3. Peter I era
• “Great embassy" - Peter I trip to
European countries in 1697-1698
• Many Western specialists (including
medical doctors and pharmacists) were
invited to Russia

4. Peter I era
(late 17th – early 18th cent.)
• Rapid growth and development of
Russian state, from isolated Moscovia
to great Russian Empire (1721)

5. Мария Милослаская Наталья Нарышкина
Федор
(ум. 1682)
Софья Иван (ум. 1696) Петр
Два царя
1682 – 1696 г.
Царь Алексей Михайлович Романов
(1629-1676)
(1651-1694)
Наталья
(1624-1669)

6. Foundation of St.Petersburg
(founded in 1703 )

7. Peter the Great
• 1721 – peace treaty with Sweden, end of
Northern War
• 1721 г. Peter I was entitled “Father of
Fatherland, All-Russian Emperor, Peter
the Great".
• Russian Empire was formed

8. Peter the Great, first Russian
emperor
(1721)

9. Peter I era
• Multiple expeditions to Siberia, Middle Asia
and Far East. Exploration of natural
resources.
• Mapping of Azov, Caspian, Baltic and
White seas

10. Vitus Behring
(1727 – 1729 гг.)

11. Alexei Chirikov

12. Map of Russian Empire
(mid XVIII c.)

13. Culture
• Accelerate the pace of cultural
development , which was associated with
the development of the economy.
• Secularization of art and culture, the end
has come to the dictates of the church in
determining the nature of Russian culture.
• Features of the new culture : secularism ,
democracy , openness in dealing with
other cultures.

14. Science
• To establish contacts with the leading
scientists in Europe .
• Disparate knowledge on various branches
began to turn to science.

15. • In the XVIII century in Russia
revealed the need for a large number
of physicians , primarily to meet the
needs of the Army and Navy , the
service nobility and the emerging
merchant class , as well as for health
care factories and plants, which were
built at a distance from the
administrative and cultural centers of
the country .

16. Education reform
• A system of secular education itroduced
by Peter I played a key role in
secularization of Russian culture

17. Education reform
• In 1699 in Moscow was founded
Pushkarnaya school , and in 1701 the
building was opened Sukharev Navigation
School , which was the first institution of
higher education in Russia.
• First Hospital school was opened in
Moscow in 1707 , and followed her
shipbuilding , mate , engineering , mining
and trade schools .

18. Nickolas Bidloo (1670-1735)
First director of Moscow
hospital school
Compiled by
Manuscript
guide
" For students
surgery
in the anatomical
theater »

19. Hospital schools
• In 1733 there were also open hospital schools
for land and Admiralty Hospital in St. John's
Petersburg, Admiralty Hospital in Kronstadt .
• In 1758 the school was opened at the hospital
Kolyvano Resurrection factory hospital , which
released about 160 doctors.
• From 1788 to 1796 there was a hospital school
at Elisavetgrad hospital , which released 152
physician.

20. Hospital schools
• The program of teaching in hospital schools
were included all the theoretical and practical
medical disciplines and to a greater extent than
in the medical faculties of foreign universities.
• Teaching subjects: human anatomy and
physiology, pathology, medical material, and
surgery.

21. Hospital Schools
• Clinical disciplines taught in the hospital wards,
primary education was considered surgery.
• In the course of internal diseases included
familiarization of students with infectious
diseases, dermatology and sexually transmitted
diseases and children .
• From 1763 , it was introduced to study
midwifery.

22. Hospital Schools
1. Characteristic features of these schools were:
high educational level of the students who came
from schools of spiritual department familiar with
the Latin language , philosophy, works of Greek
and Latin philosophers , democratic origin of
students.
2. Education lasted for 5 - 7 years years followed
by graduation exams: answering questions and
3-4 surgeries upon cadaver

23. Healthcare reforms
• Aptekarsky prikaz was replaced by
Meditsynskaya kantselyariya in 1716, headed
by Robert Erskine, Peter’s physician-in-
attendence

24. Реформа образования
education Reform
• In the XVIII century in Russia for the first time in
the world was developed and put into practice a
new system of medical education , provide
training of qualified doctors universal .
• Graduates of hospital schools have made in
Russia in the XVIII century the bulk of the
outstanding figures of Russian medicine , and
played an important role in the development of
national health care.

25. Academy of sciences
• In 1724 Peter I issued a decree on
foundation of Petersburg academy of
sciences with gymnasium and university

26. Russian academy of sciences
• 1725 - Academy of Sciences was opened.
• Grammar School and the University of the
Academy of Sciences were designed to
train personnel for scientific work.
• Under the auspices of the Academy of
Sciences started drawing maps, carried
out extensive geological and
oceanographic research.

27. Era of palace coup d'etat
• Peter I died on January 8, 1725 and did
not leave a will .
• In the history of the Russian Empire from
1725 to 1762 years, according to the
definition of the historian VO Kliuchevskoi
was " the era of palace revolutions ."
• For 37 years there has been a coup d'etat
3 with the feudal aristocracy and Guarodii.

28. Catherine I Alexeevna
.
(1684 -1727)
Terms
from 1725 to 1727

29. Peter II Аlexeevich
(1715 – 1730)
Terms from
с1727 to 1730 гг.

30. Anna Ioannovna
(1693 – 1740)
Term from
1730 to 1740.

31. Ioann Antonovich (Ivan VI)
(1740-1764)
Nominally
ruleD from 1740 to 1741 .
under the regency
Anna Leopoldovna

32. Elisabeth Petrovna
(1709 – 1761)
Terms from 1741 to
1761

33. Peter III Fedorovich
(1728 – 1762)
Terms
From 1761 to1762 .

34. Catherine II the Great
(1729 – 1796)
Terms from1762 to
1796.

35. Pavel I
(1754 – 1801)
Terms
From 1796 to1801.

36. Science
• In the XVIII century is becoming a science
in Russia the European level.
• The most striking and versatile
representative of Russian science was M.
V. Lomonosov (1711-1765) - first Russian
member of St. Petersburg Academy of
Sciences ( 1745).

37. Мikhail Lomonosov
(1711 – 1765)

38. Laboratory MV University

39. Мозаика М.В. Ломоносова

40. Моsаiк М.V. University

41. MV Lomonosov

42. MV Lomonosov

43. MV Lomonosov
• In 1746, Professor of Chemistry
• Academician Lomonosov in Russia for
the first time began to give public lectures
for students in Russian .

44. Моscow University
• The idea of opening the University of Moscow​​
was embodied in the project II Shuvalov , written
in collaboration with M. Lomonosov, which the
Empress Elizabeth approved January 24, 1755
the nominal decree " On the establishment of
the University of Moscow and two
gymnasiums ."
• April 26, 1755 the opening ceremony of the
Moscow University and two high schools.

45. Old building of Moscow University

46. М.V. Ломоnоsоv
• Especially important written by MV Lomonosov in
1761 appeal to Count II Shuvalov letter " On the
reproduction and preservation of the Russian
people ", in which he drew attention to a number
of issues related to the state of medicine in
Russia at the time.
• Lomonosov said poor care at birth , high infant
mortality in childbirth at an early age , high adult
morbidity and mortality , lack of medical care as
the civilian population of Russia, and in the army.

47. М.V. LомоNоSоV
• Lomonosov set the objective of improving
medical care , increase the number of doctors,
hospitals , pharmacies , compilation and
publication available to a wide circle of books for
assistance in childbirth, on the treatment of
children.
• He called for improved childcare , fight
unhygienic habits in everyday life, in particular
related to church ceremonies , considered
measures to combat infant mortality.

48. М.V. Lомоnоsоv

49. Era of Catherine II
(1762 -1796)
• Catherine II to formulate the challenges facing the
Russian monarch :
• Need to educate the nation , which should be controlled.
• You must enter the good order of the state, society and
support to make it comply with the laws .
• It is necessary to establish in the country a good and
accurate police.
• Need to contribute to the flourishing of the state and
make it fertile .
• It is necessary to make the state a formidable in itself
and inspiring respect for neighbors.

50. The era of Catherine II
• The territory of the Russian Empire grew at the
expense of joining the fertile southern lands - the
Crimea, the Black Sea region , as well as the
eastern part of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth and others .
• The population increased from 23.2 million ( in
1763 ) to 37.4 million ( in 1796 ), Russia has
become the most populous country in Europe
( on it accounted for 20 % of the European
population ) . Catherine II formed 29 new
provinces and built about 144 cities.

51. The era of Catherine II
• The structure of the country for 1796
included the northern Black Sea , Sea
of Azov , Crimea, Right-Bank Ukraine ,​​
the land between the Dniester and the
Bug , Belarus, Lithuania , and Courland
.
• In 1726 , there were 336 cities to beg.
XIX century - 634 cities.
• At the end of the XVIII century the city
was about 10 % of the population.

52. Era of Catherine II
• In a separate administrative unit was placed
city . At the head of it instead of the governors
was put mayor , endowed with all the rights and
powers.
• In the cities, introduced strict police control . City
was divided into parts , which were over the
supervision of the private bailiff , and parts were
divided into quarters, quarterly warden
controlled.

53. War (Войны)
• Azov campaigns of 1695 - 1696 years.
• Russian - Swedish war of 1700 - 1721
years.
• Prut campaign against the Turks in 1711
• Khiva Expedition 1716-1717,
A.Cherkasskogo .
• The war with Persia 1722-1723 gg.
• Russian - Turkish war of 1735-1739 .
• Seven Years War 1756 - 1763 period .

54. Healthcare reform
• All healthcare institutions including
teaching schools were governed by
Meditsynskaya kollegiya ( Collegium
Medicum), created in 1736

55. Реформа здравоохранения
Health Care Reform
• In the middle of the XVIII century made the​​
new health care reform is to increase the
number of doctors in the cities paid great
attention to the education and training of
medical specialists and the teacher

56. Epidemics
In XVIII there were several plague
epidemics in Russia. Plague
epidemic in Moscow 1770—1772
was particularly disastrous
.

57. Count Grigory Orlov
Current Vagankovskoe , Danilovskoye
Dorogomilovskaya Pyatnitskoe,
Kalitnikovskaya , Transfiguration and
Semenovskoe cemetery , known as
historical, are monuments of the
invasion of Moscow plague in 1770
-1772 years.

58. Epidemic
• When Catherine II the fight against epidemics
in Russia began to acquire the character of
public activities directly under the
responsibility of the Imperial Council and the
Senate.
• By Catherine II were created outposts placed
not only at the borders, but also on the roads
leading to the center of Russia .
• Was created by the "Charter of border and
port quarantine ."

59. Smallpox inoculation
In October 1768 , Catherine II has
subjected himself and his son Paul
smallpox vaccination ( inoculation ) .
Since that time in Russia began to be
established ospoprivivatelnye home.

60. Era of Catherine II
• When Catherine II Russian absolutism
reached unprecedented power. Nobility
has received huge privileges , Russia
became one of the first world powers.
• Tightening of serfdom was the main cause
of the peasant voyny1773-1775 years
under the leadership of E.I.Pugacheva.

61. Peasant War1773 – 1775 гг.

62. Pugachev rebellion
• Peasant uprising of 1773-1775 . seized land
Yaitsky troops , Orenburg region , the Urals,
Kama , Bashkiria , part of Western Siberia ,
Middle and Lower Volga .
• To the Cossacks joined Bashkirs, Tatars ,
Kazakhs, Ural factory workers and numerous
serfs of all provinces , the territory of which the
peasant war unfolded .
• Sep 12 . 1774 Pugachev captured, after which
he was executed .

63. Science and Education of the
XVIII century
• In the 1780s . Catherine II made another​​
attempt to create a unified system of
education.
• In 1786, in provincial cities opened four-
year college major ; in the county - two
year low .
• " Charter public schools " provides an
opportunity to transition from a small
school in the main , and then - the
university entrance.

64. Medical Education
• In the second half of the XVIII century in
the Russian Empire has been
considerably developed medical
education.
• From 1764 , we started regular classes at
the medical faculty of Moscow University.

65. Semyon Zybelin
(1735—1802)
Moscow University
First Russian professor of Moscow
University, professor of anatomy and
surgery, practice of medicine and
chemistry member of the Russian
Academy of Sciences

66. Медицинское образование
Medical Education
• In 1764 the Medical Board recognized the equal
rights of Russian and German language teaching
in hospital schools.
• In 1795, in the " preliminary order of positions
who teach , students ' stated: " ... Professor
should know perfectly the Russian language for
precise and intelligible to express their thoughts
on the hold the teaching of doctrine; in case of
necessity, when it will be impossible to find such
permitted knowing thoroughly the Latin language
, which will be required to teach in 3 years
(follow-up 3 years) , during which period it has to
learn the Russian language . "

67. Medical Education
• In 1764 the Medical Board received the right
to confer the degree of Doctor of doctors of
medicine, but in the XVIII century it was given
only 16 physicians trained in hospital
schools.
• Medical faculty of Moscow University has
received the right to confer the degree of
doctor of medicine only in the 90s of the XVIII
century .
• In the 1859-1860 period . were allowed to
defend their dissertations in Russian .

68. Foma Barsuk-Мoiseev
The first MD thesis "On the physiology of
breathing " at Moscow University (1794).

69. Меdicine
• In the XVIII century continuously
developing new areas for Russian
medicine.
• Hospitals have been opened for the
treatment of syphilis , psychiatric
hospitals and orphanages ;
• Issued a number of fundamental works
on medicine .

70. Education reforms
• 1753—1760 - аcheaters‘
• . Z. Kondoidi and М. I. Shein P
improve the teaching of anatomy and
clinical disciplines , staged clinical
wards, were introduced mandatory
autopsy , the teaching of obstetrics and
gynecological diseases , changed the
procedure for examinations.

71. Pavel Kondoidi
(1709 – 1760)
Arhiatr
and Chief
Director
medical
The Office of the
(1753-1760)
Creator
Russia's first
medical
libraries
(1756 )

72. P.Z Kondoidi
• From the middle of the XVIII century when
arhiatre
• P. 3 Kondoidi in hospital schools began
to teach mainly in Russian .
• With this was a big step forward in the
preparation of Russian medical personnel.

73. П.З. Кондоиди
• Arhiatr PZ Kondoidi decided to train their own
staff of doctors , worthy substitute teaching
positions , direct gifted graduates of hospital
schools in foreign universities for doctoral title .
• Young doctors trip abroad began in 1761 .
• Gradually hospital schools no longer need the
foreign teachers.

74. Медицинская литература
The medical literature
• For the medical literature of Russia in XVIII
century is characterized by a large number of
translated works.
• By order of Peter I have been translated into
Russian and published at public expense ,
foreign works on medicine, for example, "
Aphorisms of Hippocrates ", " Anatomy of the
Human Body " Bidloo , " Marching and the home
pharmacy " and others .

75. Медицинская литература
• In 1757 MI Shein published the first translation
of the widespread Geystera textbook on
anatomy, in 1761 g.- transfer textbook on
surgery Platner .
• Work on the translation of medical textbooks and
books continued to NM - Ambodik Maksimovic ,
M. Terekhovsky , FI Barsuk - Moiseev et al .

76. Мartyn Shein
The first drawing teacher in Kronstadt hospital
school (from 1738 ) .
Intrigued medicine, graduated from the hospital
school and in 1745 received the title of Doctor .
Was appointed senior physician Petersburg
Naval Hospital .
Being a master of freehand it on materials
Kronstadt hospital carried out a large
number of original drawings that are included in its
anatomical atlas , first published in Russian
in 1744
When founded the Academy of Fine Arts ( 1757 )
MI Shein became its first professor of anatomy .

77. • Great merit MI Shein was to create a
medical terminology
• in Russian , which previously did not
exist.
• Many medical terms proposed by M.
Shane , remained unchanged up to the
present time, for example :
• blood vessels , ileum , phrenic barrier
, vas deferens , and others .

78. Constantin Stchepin (1728—1770)
• Russian physician and botanist ,
anatomist and military surgeon of the XVIII
century .
• Developed a scientifically based system of
training doctors made training programs​​
for hospital schools. Lectures conducted
in Russian , introduced compulsory
teaching of anatomy on the corpses of
PEOPLE.

79. К.I. Schepin
• KI Schepin prepared in Russian two manuscripts
- " Anatomical Lectures" ( 1763 ) and "On the
anatomy in general" ( 1764 ) . In them, he
expounded in an accessible form for students
general and particular anatomical teaching.
• KI Schepin introduced repetition of material tests
of knowledge for a week and monthly exams for
each medical science rather than existed before
his exams for every third year.

80. Nestor Maximovich-Ambodik
(1744—1812)
Creator
" Anatomiko-
physiological
Dictionary " (1783)
founder
scientific
Obstetrics
and gynecologists
in Russia ,
teachings about caring
for infants

81. Danila Samoilovich
(1744-1805)
Major works
associated with
epidemiology
plague and poverty
plague

82. Медицинское образование
Medical Education
• Medical College in 1785 sent two experienced doctors
Terekhovsky M. and A. Shymlanskaya in Europe to
familiarize with the medical education. A year later, on
his return they received a report on the transformation of
hospital schools and their staffs .
• Since 1786 under the new law, hospital schools
Petersburg and Kronstadt turned into medical and
surgical schools , and teachers have received the title of
professor .
• Each school was created 4 chairs . School has been
granted the right to confer doctoral degrees . They were
separated from the hospital and began to exist
independently.

83. Медико-хирургические училища
Medical and surgical school
•With the transformation in 1786 of hospital schools in the
medical and surgical schools were introduced chemistry,
mathematics to physics . When hospitals were organized
anatomical museums.
•Since 1795 , in the medico-surgical schools established a
5-year period of study. Students of the first three courses
studied general subjects , anatomy, recipes , physiology ,
surgery, etc. ophthamology . Specialized disciplines .
•On the 4th and 5th courses were mainly practical training
and duty in the clinical wards of hospitals . After passing the
exam school graduates receive the title of healers .

84. Медико-хирургические училища
Medical and surgical school
Major changes in the
activities of medical
and surgical schools
conducted by the
director of the
Medical College of
( 1793 )
Privy Councillor
AI Vasiliev

85. Medico-Surgical Academy
• Nominal decree of December 18, 1798 Emperor
Paul I ordered AI Vasilyev create the necessary
material base to open in St. Petersburg
institution of higher education for the training of
doctors .
• This date is considered the foundation of the St.
Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy , which
eventually became the leading educational -
scientific center of the Russian Empire in the
training of physicians and the development of
medical science.

86. Medical- Surgical Academy (now - the
Naval Academy . Kirov )

87. Высшее медицинское образование
Graduate Medical Education
• Phase of development of the national higher
medical school was a difficult and lengthy ; it
covers the reign of Peter I to Paul I. It is possible
to allocate the following periods and significant
events :
• background of higher education in Russia
( Emperor Peter I),
• Opening of the Moscow University ( Empress
Elizabeth )
• the formation of the Medical-Surgical Academy
( Emperor Paul I).

88. XVIII Century
• XVIII century was an important stage in
the development of medicine in
Russia . This was the period of
formation and growth of Russian
medical science , when Russia
appeared and quickly developed
scientific medicine . Among physicians
to promote the development of medical
science , a major role in the XVIII
century, played a Russian hospital
school students .