Information about topologies

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3. Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.)
of a computer network.
The Factor while selecting a Topology
 Cost
 Flexibility
 Reliability
There are two type of Topologies:
 Physical
 Logical
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Network Daigram

5. Physical: Logical:
Physical topology is the placement Logical topology focuses the pattern of
of the various components of a network, Data transfre between the network
including device location and cable nodes.
installation,
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6. The most common types of topologies are:
 BusTopology
 StraTopology
 RingTopology
 TreeTopology
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7. In BUS Topology each node is connected to a single cable. This central cable is the backbone of the
Network and is known as the bus. A signal from the source travels in both directions to
all machines connected on the bus cable until it finds the intended recipient. If the machine address
does not match the address for the data, the Machine ignores the data. Alternatively, if the data
matches the machine address, the data is accepted.
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8. 1) It is easy to set-up and extend bus network. 1) It is not suitable for networks with heavy
traffic.
2) Bus topology costs very less. 2) Efficiency of Bus network reduces, as the
number of devices connected to it increases.
3) Linear Bus network is mostly used 3) Security is very low because all the computers receive the
in small networks. Good for LAN. sent signal from the source.
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9. Star Topology: In a star network devices are connected to a central computer,
called a hub. Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the
Hub.
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10. Adventages
1)In a star network, one malfunctioning node doesn't affect the rest of the network.
2) Easy to connect new nodes or devices. In star topology new nodes can be added easily without
affecting rest of the network. Similarly components can also be removed easily
Disadventages
 If the central computer fails, the entire network becomes unusable.
 2) The use of hub, a router or a switch as central device increases the overall cost of the network
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11. A ring topology is a computer network configuration where the devices are
connected to each other in a circular shape. Each packet is sent around the ring
until it reaches its final destination. Sending and receiving of data takes place by
the help of TOKEN.
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12. Adventages Disadventages
1) Even when the load on the network increases 1) Network is highly dependent on the wire which
its performance is better than that of Bus topology. connects different components.
2) Each computer has equal access to resources. 2) Each packet of data must pass through all the
computers between source and destination.
This makes it slower than Star topology.
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13. Tree topology is one of the most common network setups that is similar to a bus
topology and a star topology. A tree topology connects one star network to other
star networks. Below is a visual example of a tree topology, with a simple
computer set up on a network using the star topology, connected to another
network using the star topology.
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14.  Error detection and correction is easy.
 If one segment is damaged, other segments are not affected
 If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
 More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.
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15. Centralization is said to be a process where the concentration
of decision making is in a few hands. All the important
decision and actions at the lower level, all subjects and
actions at the lower level are subject to the approval of top
management.“Centralization” is the systematic and
consistent reservation of authority at central points in the
organization.
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Decentralization is a systematic delegation of authority at
all levels of management and in all of the organization. In a
decentralization concern, authority in retained by the top
management for taking major decisions and framing
policies concerning the whole concern. Rest of the
authority may be delegated to the middle level and lower
level of management.

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