E-commerce transforming Indian agriculture

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Editor-in-Chief
Dr N Hariharan
Founder and chief Editor
Heduna Publications of
International Research and Reviews
Associate Editors
Dr M KARUPPANASAMY
Dr P SENTHIL KUMAR
Dr J NIMALA
Journal Adviser
Dr P SENTHIL KUMAR
Professor
PGP College of Engineering and Technology
Namakkal India
IQAC and NAAC Coordinator &
Co-Ordinator for Research and Innovation Committee
MULTIDISCIPLINARY AREA OF RESEARCH
VOLUME - 3

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All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
System, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
Recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holder.
Text ©AUTHOR, 2023
Cover page © HEDUNA PUBLICATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL
RESEARCH AND REVIEWS
Author ©: Dr N HARIHARAN
Publisher: Heduna Publications of International Research and Reviews
T. Vadipatty, M.P Nagar, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
Phone: + 91 9345020835
E-mail:hedunapublications@gmail.com
Website: www.hedunapublications.com
Book: MULTIDISCIPLINARY AREA OF RESEARCH VOLUME-3
ISBN - 978-81-963578-9-4
Edition: Oct - 2023
Price: Rs 449/-
Printed By: HEDUNA PUBLISHING HOUSE

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I realize that this book will create a great deal of controversy. It has never been easy to challenge the
consensus because the System – of any kind, in any context – will try to preserve the status quo, by
all means possible. .Hopefully, this account will raise the level of awareness among the general public
and initiate the discussion that, in turn, may entail major cultural changes, as well as a revision of the
consumer basket. This book can be read on two different levels. First, it may be read by ordinary
people with a limited, if any, scientific background. Throughout, the book has been written with this
audience in mind. I hope that you won’t be easily discouraged. Even if the chemical content of a given
chapter is hard to understand, the scientific evidence presented, the citations from original
documents, conclusions drawn, and recommendations made can be easily comprehended.
Represented by professionals from academia, and government agencies, as well as consumer
protection and advocacy groups. I do not expect everybody in the scientific community to agree with
the content and ideas put forth in this book. But I do hope that the information and knowledge
presented will become a wake-up call for the general public, regulatory agencies, legislators, business
leaders, and scientists coming to the realization.
Dr N HARIHARAN
Founder and chief Editor Heduna Publications of
International Research and Reviews

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JOURNAL ADVISERS AND CHAPTER EDIOTRS
Dr P SENTHIL KUMAR
PROFESSOR
PGP COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL
IQAC AND NAAC COORDINATOR &
RESEARCH AND INNOVATION COMMITTEE
Dr M KARUPPANASAMY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SSM COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE, MADURAI
Dr J NIMALA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF B.COM BUSINESS ANALYTICS
SREE SARASWATHI THIYAGARAJA COLLEGE, POLLACHI

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SI
NO
CHAPTER TITLE AUTHOR PAGE
NO
1 “A RESEACH ON E-COMMERCE AGRI BUSINESS IN
SCOPE AND STATUS IN INDIA”
Mr. B. VIGNESH 7-17
2 “A STUDY ON AMERICAN AIRLINES FACTORS AFFECTING
THE SALES AND ITS SPECIAL REFERENCE”
Mrs. TAMIL SELVI
18-28
3 “A STUDY ON JBM AUTO LTD ARE THE FUTURE OF
TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA 2023”
Mrs. SUKANYA KUMARI 29-38
4 “A STUDY ON NOKIA MOBILE CUSTOMERS BRAND
PREFERANCE ON CURRENT SECNARIO”
Mr. N.HARIHARAN 39-52
5 “AN OVERVIEW ON ELECTRIC CARS ARE THE FUTURE OF
TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA”
Mr. J JANARTHANAN 53-65
6 “A STUDYON KOTAK MAHINDRA BANK PERFORMANCE
AND ANALYSIS OF CURRENT FINANCIAL YEAR”
7 “A STUDY ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS
TATA MOTORS CARS”
Mrs. K DIVYA 73-85
8 “A RESEARCH ON SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING STRATEGIES
AND IMPACT ON CURRENT SITUATION”
Dr. M KARUPPANASAMY 86-99
9 “A STUDY ON RENAULT CARS CUSTOMER BRAND
AWARENESS IN CURRENT SECNARIO”
Dr. M KARUPPANASAMY 100-114
10 “A STUDY ON WOMENS ONLINE SHOPPING APPLICATION
TATA CLIQ WITH REFERENCE TO DINDIGUL DISTRICT”
Mr. B. VIGNESH 115-127
11 "AN AWARENESS ON NET BANKING SPECIAL REFERANC
TO GENERAL BANKING CUSTOMERS IN MADURAICITY"
Mr. N.HARIHARAN 128-138
12 “AN EFFECT ON CUSTOMER BUYING BEHAVIOR IN
CURRENT SITUATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
DINDIGUL DISTRICT”

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CHAPTER – 1
“A RESEACH ON E-COMMERCE AGRI BUSINESS IN
SCOPE AND STATUS IN INDIA”
Mr. B. VIGNESH
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
PGP COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE, NAMAKKAL
ABSTRACT
In these days agriculture and the meals
deliver chain in widespread, there
appears a history of brief adoption and
integration of new technologies,
particularly value reduction technology.
Agriculture turned into recognized as one
of the exceptional guarantees of e-trade
because of the high level of
fragmentation found in the supply chain,
big volumes traded, and homogeneous
products best bolstered the
expectations. Net technology has provided the possibility for cost reduction and demand
enhancement along the food supply chain through the usage of e-commerce. This paper
encapsulates the popularity of information generation and agriculture in india, e-business
platform for indian agriculture marketplace and challenges in addition to strategies in adoption of
e-trade in agribusiness sector in india. The gift observe begins with a pitching to e-trade and
agriculture along with well-known framework for e-trade adoption followed with the aid of
exceptional commercial enterprise models helping e-commerce adoption. However e-trade is
nonetheless distinctly primitive, however today an increasing number of organizations want to
post on the net itself, as that is essential to stay competitive.
KEYWORDS

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E-Agribusiness, Agriculture, E-Business, E-Marketing and Supply- Chain
INTRODUCTION
The successful of internet facts and communication Technology (ICT) collectively with internet
is making it viable to share large quantity of understanding and facts and is using all spherical
socio-monetary adjustments and increase. There was an extraordinary upward push inside the
worldwide net usage and for a growing united states like India this boom has been exceptional. In
the global, India is the third largest base with internet users of round 120 million. Through 2015,
India is predicted to have an incremented growth with 320- 360 million net users making it the
second one biggest user base within the international. With the potential to double its financial
contribution from the internet within the subsequent 3 years, India’s GDP will develop from 1.6
percentage to two.8 to 3.3 percent through 2015. India can gain a large-based totally internet effect
with the aid of aiming for the virtual inclusion of nearly 40 percentage of its population, to reach
a consumer base of 500 million by way of 2015, in preference to the possibly target of 330 million
to 370 million.
Indian economic system has a primary contribution from the agricultural area. Studies, extension
and farmer’s efforts all contributed extensively to increase the food grain manufacturing from 50
million tons in 1950-51 to land mark fulfillment of an estimated manufacturing of 275 million
heaps of meals manufacturing in 2017-18. The entire requirement for food grains is proposed to
the touch three hundred million tons by the 12 months 2020-21. To meet this excessive demand a
proportional growth price of nearly 2 in keeping with cent according to annum is required in meals
grain manufacturing and a 4 consistent with cent in keeping with annum increase fee is required
in agriculture. So there is an urgent need of pulsating, active and imaginative method that need to
followed to reap a boom rate in agriculture and therefore the farmers are served higher.
Countrywide policy on ICT in agricultural extension installation by using the authorities has
seemed ahead to convert agriculture into a driving pressure for stepped forward economic boom
within a market-oriented policy framework via selling agriculture commercialization and
diversification. The government introduced a number of policies to resolve critical issues
restricting performance of agriculture.
STATMENT OF THE PROBLELM
The only principal defect of Indian agricultural advertising is the presence of too many middlemen
and the exploitation of farmers by way of them. On one hand, these middlemen make the most the
farmers through buying the produce at lower expenses, and then again, they exploit the clients by
using stressful higher prices from them. Nowadays the net for all in digital world it's miles
important for developing utilization internet provide improvement of Agri E- Commerce business
for all persons inside the world.

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. The research on the thought of Agribusiness in E- Commerce.
2. To research the control of current situation on Agribusiness.
3. The study on Agribusiness in E- Commerce and impacts.
4. The research the overview of E- Agribusiness scope and status.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1. The study is only for secondary data.
2. Time constraints when collecting secondary data.
3. Study is not desirable to generalize all the data from this study.
E-BUSINESS MODELS NOMINATED
The three e-commercial enterprise markets most typically discussed are – business-to-business
(b2b), commercial enterprise-to-client (b2c), and consumer-to-patron (c2c). Decisions on the
business version are driven by way of the marketplace the e-enterprise is getting into, plus product,
company, and enterprise attributes. Those are important because of implications at the
incorporated techniques of a firm. Media reports and literature from the beyond years show the
effects of no longer accurately evaluating commercial enterprise fashions – properly-profiled
downfalls of e-companies now blamed at the application of unsustainable commercial enterprise
models. The choice for first-mover benefit drove a lot of the early dot.com craze.
Enterprise fashions have been centered on using precise technical thoughts to capture big quantities
of challenge capital available in a robust financial system, regardless of the business viability of
the concept. Some companies were truly released with the idea of burning although assignment
capital and making earnings on the “flip” – sale of the intellectual belongings to every other
employer who may or might not observe them to an efficient enterprise undertaking. Organizations
are now beginning to remember that first mover advantage ought to no longer be priority (butler,
2001) there can be first mover negative aspects.
Hanson (2000) describes two important enterprise fashions for an e-commercial enterprise: the
improvement-primarily based version and the revenue-based totally business version.
Improvement-based ventures use the net to create inner efficiency savings, growth advertising
effectiveness, and trade consumers’ attitudes. Those are indirect blessings due to the fact they do
now not straight away cause a new sale and do not immediately generate revenue from clients.
Yet, fee financial savings and efficiency are often major reasons firms trying e-enterprise. Other
leading reasons for development-primarily based net ventures are category and emblem
constructing, increased customer service, and product enhancement thru online records or

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merchandise. Sales-primarily based enterprise fashions on the internet take either the provider-
based totally sales method or the user-based totally approach.
Provider-based fashions have charges paid to the web site by way of other groups trying to reach
the web page’s customers – content sponsorship and retail alliances are prime examples. Revenues
in user based totally fashions come without delay from transactions – product sales, paper-use
charges, consumer subscriptions, and bundled sales.
ONLINE ENTERPRISE WAYS
To get the most benefit from e-commerce enterprise, a massive variety of businesses are adopting
extraordinary revolutionary ideas and operating models together with partnering with on-line
marketplaces or putting in place their own online stores. A few key operating fashions include the
subsequent:
• Market And Pick-Up & Drop Is A Model Wherein Dealers Often Associate With Leading
Marketplaces To Set Up A Committed On-Line Store On The Latter’s Website. Here sellers play
a key position of coping with inventory and riding sales. They leverage on excessive visitors at the
marketplaces’ internet site and get admission to their distribution community. But, the dealers have
confined say on pricing and purchaser revel in.

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• Self-owned stock is a model in which the e-commerce participant owns the inventory. The model
offers higher put up purchase patron revel in and fulfilment. It affords smoother operations due to
ready information at the inventory, location, deliver chain and shipments, efficaciously main to
higher control over inventory. On the flipside, but, there are dangers of potential rate reductions
and operating capital getting tied up in inventory.
• Personal Label displays a business in which an e commerce organization sets up its own emblem
goods, which it sells thru its very own internet site. This model gives a wide-ranging products and
pricing to its clients and competes with branded labels. Here, margins are commonly higher than
0.33-birthday celebration branded items
• White label includes the putting in place of a branded on line keep controlled by the e commerce
participant or a 3rd party. The emblem takes the responsibility of generating internet site traffic
and presenting services through partnering with fee gateways. It enables build consider, consumer
affinity and loyalty and affords better control of emblem and product revel in.
E- AGRICULTURE OF E-AGRICULTURE
Application of e-agriculture encompasses all agriculture and infrastructure projects wherein it has
the ability of allowing the empowerment of the network. Inclusive of:
1. Presenting net demand primarily based agriculture information thru its assisting farmers to
access records on commodity prices.
2. Practices for cultivation crop care and in forging direct relationships with ability buyers in an
effort to offer better value for their produce.
3. Supporting farmers to access data on commodity fees.
4. Multipurpose network centers enhancing get right of entry to the farming community.
5. Facts associated with not handiest agriculture but additionally impacting different areas of life
consisting of schooling, fitness and merchandise required for daily needs except facilitating
between the village community and the rest of the world.
6. E-agriculture additionally presents records needs of diverse gamers within the Agri value chain.
SCOPE OF E-AGRI BUSINESS
1. There's a remarkable scope for e-agribusiness in agriculture, in particular in horticulture and
processed merchandise. mango, grapes, spices and many others. Has massive call for in national
and worldwide market.
2. Merchandise like sugar, tea, processed agri. Products, dairy products liquids etc. can also bought
on-line to gain extra income.

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3. Farmers arise-to-date statistics approximately the marketplace and can sell their produce via
the digital medium.
ADVANTAGES OF E- AGRIBUSINESS
1. International Market
E-agribusiness presents a virtual worldwide distribution market region. Internet is used by
hundreds of thousands of people throughout the arena and consequently, carrying out enterprise
thru this new machine is unlimited and endless.
2. Inventory Prices
E-agribusiness facilitates to reduce stock costs normally by adopting just in time systems. It also
enhances the company's capacity to forecast call for of an industry greater accurately.
3. Consumer Carrier
The price incurred toward patron and after sale services normally account for no longer less than
10 % of the running expenses under e-agribusiness. The various services can be placed on line in
conjunction with improvement in product / carrier in excellent.
4. Distribution Length
Under e-agribusiness, the client’s region orders right now at the internet and goods are brought
below everyday manner.
5. Smooth Reach
With the help of internet small and medium length agencies also get an opportunity to provide
records on its services and products to all the potential clients within the global over with a
minimum price.
6. Direct Link: Via Internet, Agencies Can Set Up An Instantaneous Link To Customers And
Vital Providers Or Vendors To Finish Transactions Or Talk Change Data More Effortlessly.
DIS - ADVANTAGE IN E-AGRIBUSINESS
1. Laptop illiteracy and unawareness approximately e-trade.
2. Problems in internet connectivity.
3. Language problems.
4. Load losing of power.
5. Staying power of middlemen in supply chain of agriculture.

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DEVELOPMENT OF E-AGRIBUSINESS
The evolution of e-trade inside the agribusiness zone is selecting up slowly because of positive
factors along with charge of adoption of net through producers in addition to purchasers as a
business device; their scale of operations and the scale of the marketplace. Evidence shows that
manufacturers with large-scale operations are migrating on line. Another aspect is the significance
of the benefits accruing to members in e-trade.
Although it is probably too early to inform which model will dominate, on line agencies have the
ability to become widespread hubs of financial activity linking the supply chain inside a vertical
industry segment and connecting with horizontal deliver chains working across industries. Inside
the manner, a number of the 0.33 birthday party e-agribusiness websites are probable to fail due
to strategic and operational constraints, inefficiencies in operation or shortage of capital. E-trade
isn't simply enterprise however more about method than technology.
The cutting-edge dotcoms could be replaced by using enterprise which have incorporated the net
into their approach and gain real economic returns. It does clearly appear that the muse “bricks”
(traditional agriculture) of agriculture are starting to view e-commerce as a commercial enterprise
imperative. The conventional agribusiness

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THE CRUCIAL PINNACLE MATTERS THE E-COMMERCE GROUPS WANT TO DO
TO BOOST UP INCREASE
1) Patron revel in
As the customers progress from research to buy to fulfilment degrees, their expectations exchange
speedy. E-trade companies want to recognize those alternate drivers and adapt their proposition
for that reason. Clean transitions between ordering on tablets, mobile phones or desktops will
thought to be facilitated. Besides, convenient multichannel returns and delivery alternatives want
to be evolved together with the provisions of touch and feel the product earlier than buying. They
should additionally ensure sufficient after sales carrier and support. Online product evaluations
and rankings, videos, extra advanced sizing and becoming equipment need to be furnished.
2) Technological advancements
E-trade corporations continuously need to upgrade their services with changing generation. As an
example, shopping through mobiles have truly arrived, they want to devise smooth to apply
cellular apps for his or her web sites.
They want to ensure that their web sites have the specified pace to do rapid enterprise, mainly for
the duration of sale, offers and reductions. Answers allowing seamless integration of again-quit
and the front-quit infrastructure, purchaser revel in enhancement initiatives, included stock
management and analytics might be vital for the e-trade firms.
3) Convergence of on-Line and Stale Line Channels

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Because the customers development from research to purchase to fulfilment degrees, their
expectations exchange fast. E-trade agencies want to understand these trade drivers and adapt their
proposition for that reason.
Clean transitions among ordering on tablets, mobile phones or pcs will have to be facilitated.
Besides, handy multichannel returns and shipping alternatives need to be evolved at the side of the
provisions of touch and feel the product earlier than shopping for. They must additionally make
certain sufficient after sales provider and aid. On-line product opinions and rankings, videos, extra
advanced sizing and becoming tools have to be supplied.
4) Transport revel in
With lack of included cease to quit logistics platform, the e-commerce enterprise is dealing with
troubles related to procurement operations and transportation. On line purchases from tier-2 and
tier-3 cities are predicted to significantly growth, thanks to the emergence of low price
smartphones. But, negative remaining mile connectivity should act as a deterrent. Preserving
control on logistics and on ground fleet control, particularly courier corporations, is critical for
growth.
5) Payments and Transactions
India is still a coins-based totally society because of restrained banking and credit card penetration.
This, mixed with a loss of consumer trust in on-line merchants, has forced organizations to offer
cod offerings, which imposes large financial price for firms within the form of labor, coins coping
with and better returns of bought gadgets.
Statistics protection and the integrity of the gadget that handles the data and transactions are
critical worries. Organizations should take important action for control despite the fact that this
imposes a fee on them.
6) Tax and Regulatory Environment
Laws regulating e-commerce in India are nevertheless evolving and absence readability. Favorable
regulatory surroundings would be key towards unleashing the ability of e-trade and assist in
performance in operations, introduction of jobs, boom of the industry, and investments in again-
quit infrastructure. Furthermore, the interpretation of tricky tax norms and complex inter-nation
taxation guidelines make e-trade operations difficult to control and to stay compliant to the laws.
With the huge form of target market, the e-commerce companies cater to, compliance becomes an
extreme challenge. Organizations will want to have robust anti-corruption applications for
sourcing and vendor management, in addition to robust compliance frameworks. It is important
for the e-commerce companies to keep a take a look at each stage and adhere to the relevant legal
guidelines, so as to keep away from fines.

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OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK
Enterprise models have been evolving unexpectedly in the e-trade sector largely because of
heightened opposition and the incapability of players to preserve high costs. Corporations in e-
trade will want to evolve and innovate continuously to sustain their organizations. Furthermore,
several of those corporations entered into the e-commerce enterprise as startups and have grown
to a big length aided by way of the non-stop increase within the marketplace but lack properly
defined abilities and organizational structure. Machine building, financial and talent control
become key.
CUSTOMER ATTAINMENT
The consumer acquisition costs in Indian E-Commerce had been climbing unexpectedly due to
severe opposition among more than one nicely-funded gamers. Handiest 2% of internet site visits
currently end result into transaction. Consequently, there may be a gap between capacity and actual
customers. Coupled with excessive transaction charges, this vicinity ought to pose serious issues.
In the us, 75% of customers have stated that they'll generally transfer between brands, and for the
rest of the arena, this rate is 60%, consistent with ecommerce foundation. This shows corporations
have to continuously paintings on their brand positioning.
CONCLUSION
Its miles concluded that how net primarily based e-trade will rework agribusiness continues to be
indeterminate. Supply chains can also become extra green. Stronger connection between producers
and consumers may additionally bring about extra differentiated products that meet patron needs.
E-commerce offers an opportunity venue of selling and advertising agricultural merchandise that
has a benefit of reaching great geographical populations and imparting exact product facts at a
pretty low value. Markets may grow to be more obvious. As the net transcends geography the
globalization of the world may additionally grow to be a truth. Transformation is about alternate
and alternate creates winners and losers. The winners may be the fast innovators nice serving
customer’s wishes. The losers are probably to be the ones unwilling to trap this powerful
technological tool and undertake the fashion. As Charles Darwin says, “it’s now not the most
powerful of the species that survives, nor the maximum shrewd; its miles the one maximum
adaptable to exchange”.
REFERENCES
1) Mueller, age. Rolf (2000), "emergent e-trade in agriculture", aid troubles quick,
agricultural trouble center, university of California, no. 14, pp-1-8.
2) The cii-delete file, (2016) on “e-commerce in india – a sport changer for the

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3) Economic system” is a concept management e-book that offers the e-commerce panorama
in India with key tendencies and brings forth the factor of view of foremost stakeholders
in the Indian e-commerce industry.
4) Priya jashnani. (2015) cell and e-trade grocery retail and food provider bloom, advantage,
report number: in5115, new Delhi, india
5) Jason Henderson. Frank Dooley and jay abridge, (2000) adoption of e-trade strategies for
agribusiness. American agriculture economics association annual meeting file.2000,
Tampa. FL
6) Prof. Rahul go swami, extra Juneau and, Swati Sharma (2008). Agribusiness quarter in
rural India and growing opportunities in e-commerce. Advertising and marketing to rural
purchasers-
7) Know-how and tapping rural market capacity, 3, 4, 5, April 2008, pp.145-148.
REVIEWER
Mr. J JANARTHANAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
KATHIR COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE, COIMBATORE.
APTER-2

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CHAPTER -2
“A STUDY ON AMERICAN AIRLINES FACTORS AFFECTING THE SALES AND ITS
SPECIAL REFERENCE”
Mrs. TAMIL SELVI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, NATHAM
N CURENT SITUATION”
ABSTRACAT
India's aviation industry is largely untapped with
enormous growth Motorola rtunities, provided that
air transport is still expensive to most of the country's
population, almost 40 per cent of whom are the
upwardly laptops middle class. The industry will engage and work with policy makers to adopt
effective and rational decisions to improve India's civil aviation industry. The primary aim is to
identify the factors responsible for low sales of AMERICAN. Secondly, the aim is to evaluate the
causal relationship between factors identified and the dependent variable airline choice. It was
found that AMERICAN should reduce the cost of ticket on both domestic and international flights.
Customer doesn’t find services delivered up to the mark. The quality of food, service of cabin-
crew, lateness of flight and safety should be improved by AMERICAN to remain competitive in
the market. It has become and more imperative for the AMERICAN to prove its mettle and not
just settle on the taxpayers money bailed out by the exchequer but also on price, service and safety
ground.
KEYWORDS
Sales, AMERICAN, Airlines, India, Customers, preference
INTRODUCTION
The transport sector of the country plays an integral part in the growth and development of the
economy. India is currently the ninth largest aviation market in the world, according to the Indian
Aerospace Industry Analysis report. As far as air busgo tonnage is concerned, India is leading the

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South Asian region, which includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal,
Pakistan and Sri Lanka. India currently has 128 airports, including 15 international airports. Over
the past three years, India's civil aviation industry has emerged as one of the country's fastest
growing industries. India is currently the world's third largest domestic market for civil aviation.
India has become the third largest domestic aviation market in the world and is expected to be the
third largest air passenger* market by 2024 to surpass the UK.
ABOUT THE AMERICAN AIRLINES
An airline alliance is an aviation industry
arrangement between two or more airlines
agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level.
Alliances may provide marketing branding
to facilitate travelers making inter-airline
codeshare connections within countries.
This branding may involve unified aircraft
liveries of member aircraft. In 2015, Star
Alliance was the largest with 23% of total
scheduled traffic in Revenue passenger kilometres (RPKs)/revenue passenger miles (RPMs),
followed by SkyTeam with 20.4% and Oneworld with 17.8%, leaving 38.8% for others. In 2019,
by number of passengers, Star Alliance was leading 762 million, followed by SkyTeam (630
million) and Oneworld (535 million).
The first airline alliance was formed in the 1930s, when Panair do Brasil and its parent company
Pan American World Airways agreed to exchange routes to Latin America. In 1990, the African
Joint Air Services (AJAS) Accord between Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia led to the launch of
Alliance Air in 1994, with South African Airways, Air Tanzania, Uganda Airlines and the
governments of Uganda and Tanzania as shareholders.
The first large alliance began in 1989, when Northwest Airlines and KLM agreed to large-scale
codesharing. In 1992, the Netherlands signed the first open skies agreement with the United States,
in spite of objections from the European Union, which gave both countries unrestricted landing
rights on the other's soil. Normally landing rights are granted for a fixed number of flights per
week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment requires negotiations, often between governments
rather than between the companies involved. In return, the United States granted antitrust
immunity to the alliance between Northwest Airlines and KLM.
Other alliances would struggle for years to overcome the transnational barriers and lack of
antitrust immunity, and still do so. On May 14, 1997, an agreement was announced forming the
Star Alliance with five airlines on three continents: United Airlines, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai
Airways International, Air Canada, and Lufthansa.The alliance chose Young & Rubicam for

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advertising, with a budget of $25 million (€18 million).which brought competing airlines to form
Oneworld in 1999 and SkyTeam in 2000.
In 2010 Richard Branson, chairman of the Virgin Group, announced his intention to form a fourth
alliance among Virgin branded airlines (Virgin Atlantic; Virgin America; and the Virgin Australia
Holdings group of airlines).Then in September 2011, Branson said that Virgin Atlantic would join
one of the existing alliances;this idea was repeated in October 2012. In December 2012, Delta Air
Lines purchased Singapore Airlines' 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic for £224 million.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Gilbert and Wong (2003) have compared and measured the differences in expectations of
passengers’ of airline service quality on the factors like Assurance, Facilities, Reliability and Flight
Patterns, Employees, Responsiveness dimensions and Customization. Other researchers have
analyzed the relationship between behavioral loyalty, passenger satisfaction, and airline service
quality, (Ostrowski & O’Brien, 1993; Chan, 2000).
Etherington and Var 1984 and Furrer, Liu, and Sudharshan 2000 have studied the relationships
between airline service and service quality. Crespo-Almendros & Del Barrio-García, 2016) found
that, while purchasing any airline ticket discounts are the major contributors for online buyers
while accommodation is vital for expert users.
Alireza Aghighi, 2015 found that sale promotion also adds to the sales of airline ticket but the
attitude and behaviour of the customer should be borne in mind. A study conducted on the online
buying behaviors clearly indicated.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
After many private players in the airline industry the present focus is that how can AMERICAN
improve passenger experience and satisfaction to improve sales. Over the past few years, market
share, passenger satisfaction and operating revenue of AMERICAN has declined drastically.
Objective of the study is to identify the underlying causes of passenger dissatisfaction and evaluate
the causal relationship between those factors and airline choice. The primary aim is to identify the
factors responsible for low sales of AMERICAN. Secondly, the aim is to evaluate the causal
relationship between factors identified and the dependent variable airline choice.
HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT
Based on the review of literature and the objective Following are the hypotheses formulated from
the causes identified
H01: Air fare has a direct and negative impact on airline choice

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H02: On time performance has a direct and negative impact on airline choice
H03: Age of aircraft has a direct and negative impact on airline choice
H04: In-flight service has a direct and negative impact on airline choice
H05: Airline staff has a direct and negative impact on airline choice
METHODOLOGY
The study's general approach is focused on survey.
In addition, it uses detailed cross-sectional research design. The target population is
AMERICAN’s passengers. Non- probability convenience sampling is the sampling method used.
There are registered and evaluated a total of 110 responses. In this study, Structured Questionnaire
is the tool used to collect data. Validity testing is conducted to ensure that the questionnaire
actually measures the intended purpose. Collected data will be marked, stored, cleaned and
tabulated. In this analysis, the data collected were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative
analytical techniques to address research questions. Analysis is performed using the SPSS software
package. The results are presented in tables and charts.
PRESENT STATUS OF AMERICAN LIMITED
Incorporated in 2006, Interglobe Aviation Ltd is India based aviation, hospitality and travel related
service provider. Company own and operate ' AMERICAN', India's largest airline with over 33%
of domestic passenger market share. AMERICAN Airline, the low-cost airline busries the brand
message of providing "low fares, on-time flights and a hassle-free experience" to air travelers in
India.
AMERICAN has scheduled services to 33 cities within India and 5 cities (Bangkok, Dubai,
Kathmandu, Muscat and Singapore) internationally with 623 daily flights. Company also has a
joint venture with Accor Asia Pacific since 2004 to develop a network of 'ibis' hotels throughout
India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. With 10 ibis hotels open and 9 under development, the
company shall have a portfolio of 19 operational hotels with room inventory of about 3500 rooms
by 2017.
MOTOROLA RTUNITIES
 Dedicated set of customers
 Can leverage on brand new fleet
 Expansion of routes and international destinations
 Solving international issues regarding workforce can highly boost image and operations
 The routes agreement is easier to achieve

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 The number of foreign visitors and investors to India is increasing rapidly

 Complementary industry like tourism will increase demand for airline servicesCustomers
are getting wealthier, tend to be less price conscious and prefer to choose quality service
over cost
THREATS
 Rising labour costs
 Rising fuel costs
 Faces imminent aggressive competition from world leading airlines and price wars
triggered by domestic players
 Losing market share due to other airlines
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
 Effective Motivation techniques lead to proper satisfaction of the needs of the employees.
 If the Motivation techniques are correlated with the Job Satisfaction, then it would help the
managers in implementing such techniques and thus getting work done from the
employees.
 The study also deals with the present job situation.
 Improving Motivation techniques leads to low employees’ turnover rate.
 Improving Motivation techniques will help the AMERICAN in improving the brand image.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
 Few of the respondents hesitated to give the correct information.
 Few of the employees hesitated to give their opinion against the management.
 The study does not cover, what is the motivation factor for each employee.
 The study pertains to the employees of western region Mumbai only. The findings of
the study cannot be generalized to employees of other region and out station.
 The period of the study was limited.
 The validity of the study depends on the reliability of Primary data
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
After the collection of data, the answer sheets are scored. Then, the data are tabulated and Pie
charts are formed using Microsoft Excel.
Table 1

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Table showing response of employees as to whether they find Motorola rtunity for advancement
(buseer growth) in AMERICAN Limited
Response No. Of
Respondents
Percentage
Strongly
Agree
0 0
Agree 13 22
Neutral 8 13
Disagree 27 45
Highly
Disagree
12 20
Total 60 100
INFERENCE
The table clearly shows that majority of the employees (i.e. 45%+20%= 65%) do not find the
Motorola rtunity for their busier growth and only 22% employees experiences the Motorola site.
Table 2
Table showing response of employees as to whether timely training programs are provided to them
Response No. Of
Respondents
Percentage
Strongly
Agree
2 3
Agree 25 42
Neutral 9 15
Disagree 18 30
Highly
Disagree
6 10
Total 60 100
Inference:
The above table indicates that 45% of employees agree that timely training programs are provided,
but at the same time 40% employees shows contradiction to this. The difference between the two
is not too much and can be considered equal.From the table, it can be stated that more than 50%

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of employees agree that they are inspired from their superior’s guidance and instructions. But at
the same time we cannot deny that 35% employees are Neutral to this question.
TABLE 3
Table showing responses of employees as to superior always recognises their work
Response No. Of
Respondents
Percentage
Strongly
Agree
6 10
Agree 40 67
Neutral 6 10
Disagree 6 10
Highly
Disagree
2 3
Total 60 100
Inference
The above table clearly points out that majority of the employees (77%) agree that their supervisors
always recognise their work.
TABLE 4
Table showing response of the employees as to guidance and instructions from their superiors
always inspire them to work
Response No.of
Respondents
Percentage
Strongly
Agree
2 3
Agree 29 49
Neutral 21 35
Disagree 6 10
Highly
Disagree
2 3
Total 60 100
Inference
The above table clearly points out that majority of the employees (64%) agree that their
supervisors always recognise their work.

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TABLE 5
Table showing responses of the employees as to whether they are valued equally in the
organization
Response No. of
Respondents
Percentage
Strongly
Agree
10 17
Agree 29 48
Neutral 10 17
Disagree 11 18
Highly
Disagree
0 0
Total 60 100
Inference:
Here, majority of the employees (i.e. 65%) agree to this fact that they are valued equally in the
organization
TABLE 6
Table showing responses of the employees as to the organization provides them with Motorola
rtunity of independent thinking and decision making
Response No. Of
Respondents
Percentage
Strongly
Agree
3 5
Agree 35 58
Neutral 10 17
Disagree 12 20
Highly
Disagree
0 0
Total 60 100
Inference:

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From the table it is construed that 63% of the employees are provided with the Motorola rtunity
of independent thinking and decision making in the organization. But this fact can’t be neglected
that 20% employees disagree to this situation.
TABLE 7
Table showing responses of the employees as effective performance appraisal system is adopted
in the organization
Response No. of
Respondents
Percentage
Strongly
Agree
4 7
Agree 34 57
Neutral 12 20
Disagree 8 13
Highly
Disagree
2 3
Total 60 100
Inference:
From the table it is clear that 64% employees agree that Performance Appraisal system adopted
in the organization is very effective. On the other hand 15% of the employees are dissatisfied
with it.
TABLE 8
Table showing responses of the employees as to fringe benefits provided in the organization are
satisfactory and motivating
Response No. of
Respondents
Percentage
Strongly
Agree
10 17
Agree 40 67
Neutral 6 10
Disagree 2 3

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Highly
Disagree
2 3
Total 60 100
Inference:
From the table it is interpreted that 84% employees agree that Fringe benefits provided by the
organization is motivating.
INTERPRETATION AND FINDINGS
 From the project study it is found that majority of the employees agree that there are no
buseer growth and advancement Motorola rtunities in the organization.
 From the project study it is revealed that around 50% of the employees are satisfied with
the training programs provided in the organization whereas the other half displays
contradiction to this.
 The study has also revealed that employee’s work is recognized by their supervisors and
it is a big motivational factor for the employees.
 This project study has also revealed that majority of the employees get motivated from
the guidance and the instructions they get from their supervisors.
 It has been found that majority of the employees are valued equally in the organization.
.
SUGGESTIONS
1. The study has clearly revealed that there is a prudent need for systematic training plans at all
levels. This would definitely lower down the percentage of employees (40%) who said that
timely training programs are not provided.
2. Training programs may be conducted on various topics like motivation, team building skills,
case study analysis, stress management techniques and many others.
3. KRA and KPI’s can be formulated for each employeeto enable efficiency in productivity.
4. The superior/Reporting Officer must give proper feedback sessions and seek suggestions from
his subordinates for overall development of proceduresand processes.
5. The major portion of the employees is covered with in the segment of above 40 years of age,
hence training on stress management and Health management are suggested.
6. The study had also revealed that time gap for taking decisions is longer than expected hence it
is pertinent to implement time frame for clearance of note sheets raised seeking decisions of the
higher ups.

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CONCLUSION
With the arrival of many private low cost busriers and international busriers, AMERICAN should
reduce the cost of ticket on both domestic and international flights. Customer doesn’t find services
delivered up to the mark. The quality of food, service of cabin-crew, lateness of flight and safety
should be improved by AMERICAN to remain competitive in the market. It has become and more
imperative for the AMERICAN to prove its mettle and not just settle on the taxpayers money
bailed out by the exchequer but also on price, service and safety ground.
REFEREANCE
1) Egan Toby Marshall, Yang Baiyin, Barlett Kenneth R., The Effects of Organizational
Learning Culture and Job Satisfaction on Motivation to transfer learning and turnover
intension, human resource development quarterly, vol. 15, no. 3, fall 2004
2) Ilies R. And Judge T. A (2003). On the heritability of Job Satisfaction: the mediating role
of personality Journal of applied psychology, 88, 750-759
3) Moncrieff L (2010). 5 Powerful Tools to Improve Employee Motivation and Job
Satisfaction without Money
4) Oraman Yasemin, (2011), work motivation and job satisfaction dynamics of textile
employees, African journal of Business Management Vol. 5(8), pp. 3361-3368, 18 April,
2011Vroom, V. H. Work and Motivation, New York: John Wiley 1964.
5) Sharma B. A. V., et al., Research Methods in Social Sciences, New Delhi, Sterling
Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1983 Tyrrell Sidney, SPSS: Stats Practically Short and Simple, 1st
Edition ISBN 978-87-7681-474-8
6) Singpurwalla Darius, A Handbook of Statistics: An Overview of Statistical Methods, 2013,
ISBN 978-87-403-0542-5
REVIEWER
Dr M KARUPPANASAMY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

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CHAPTER – 3
“A STUDY ON JBM AUTO LTD ELECTRIC BUS ARE THE
FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA 2023”
SUKANYA KUMARI
RESEARCH SCHOLAR
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STTUDIES
MODY UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
LAKSHMAN GARH, RAJASTHAN
ABSTRACT
The motor vehicle industry has been the
leading consumer of fossil fuel worldwide
resulting in adverse effects on the
environment. This study used secondary
sources of information from previous
research in scholarly journals, Google
scholar as well as eBooks, case studies,
science direct, research gate, and achieved in the electric bus development include: the reduction
of charging time for effectiveness in use, the intro diction of super capacitors that ensures increased
charge storage, and with greater effective electromotive force. Additionally, some governments in
developed countries do offer subsidies to support electric bus manufacturing companies and
customers purchasing electric vehicles in order to meet their busboy dioxide pollution reduction
obligations, reduce production costs, and make EVs more affordable. Additional findings include:
the belief that Electric Vehicles have adverse effects on the environment compared to standard
vehicles that this is due to the fact that a lot of fossil fuels are consumed during the manufacturing
of Electric vehicles. The conclusion is that more research and study should be done to provide
insight into the manufacturing process of Electric Vehicles. There is not much data available to
conclude a strong foothold regarding fossil fuel consumption when making Electric Vehicles.
Areas for further study include: investigating the current state of more efficient energy storage
technologies, longevity of storage batteries beyond current 5-7 years of life.

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INTRODUCTION
Fossil fuel-dependent vehicles have faced criticism on the effects they have on the environment
concerning global warming as well as other pollution conditions (Brand & Anable, 2019). To start
with, oil and gas are nonrenewable sources of energy, and it is predicted that these two sources
will be depleted within the next 100 years. This means existing reserves should be exploited
conservatively to ensure meeting the current energy needs of the people as well as the future
generations (Burch & Gilchrist, 2018). Also, this has generated a need to look for other sources of
non-fossil energy.
With regards to the effects, they have on the environment, the petroleum industry has been the
chief contributor to climate change and environmental pollution especially from the vehicular
impact as well as for industrial purposes (Liu et al., 2020). Following environmental activists’
perspective, most of them claim that doing away with fossil fuel completely is a better direction
that humanity should take in the move to save our planet. The main question is, will it be done
away with at the expense of the needs of the current generation? So far there hasn't been a better
energy source that can rival fossil fuel due to inconvenience, concerns as well as the cost. However,
with the passing of time and the constraints that are associated with its continual consumption,
humans have been forced to find alternatives to slowly replace it. (Jack, 2019)
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Taking active measures to reduce environmental pollution which entails the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions has been considered as a solution towards the saving of our planet. The
sectors that consume the most fossil fuel including the transportation, industrial, and the
construction sectors have been forced to help combat environmental pollution conditions as well
as the effects of climate change.
The motor vehicle industry has mitigated the problem with the introduction of ELECTRIC BUS
with which the fossil fuel consumption is to be directed only to the heavy-duty machines rather
than the small passenger bus. Despite the laxity in coming up with more sophisticated systems that
are cost-effective for use, substantial efforts are visible and within the next three decades,
ELECTRIC BUS will be affordable and cost-effective
Taking an extensive look into ELECTRIC BUS through research and sharing of ideas can be
considered to be the cornerstone of this new revolution of going green and saving our planet. For
example, OLECTRA Motors has championed the use of ELECTRIC BUS through sophisticated
and modern techniques in ensuring that this becomes a living reality.
REVIEW LITERATURE
This literature review focuses on the findings for which the adoption of ELECTRIC BUS could
contribute to environmental conservation as well as the effectiveness to which they can operate

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without having a compromise on the state of the global economy as the efficiency in the
transportation. Ensuring that our future generations can meet their needs is a collective
responsibility that we are faced with as humans especially in the energy sector as well as for the
environment at large. To be specific, the motor vehicle industry has been the chief contributor to
environmental pollution and the effects of climate change (Bhandarkar, 2013).
In order to answer the research questions, this literature review and the paper is organized based
on the following topics: (a) The possibility of ELECTRIC BUS replacing gasoline dependent
buss, the obstacles they face and how they are answered; (b) Solving charging time for ELECTRIC
BUS and how the issue of long distance travel is being addressed and solved; (c) The limitations
and alternative sources of energy used in manufacturing ELECTRIC BUS ; and to show milestones
that humans have achieved since the adoption of ELECTRIC BUS .
ABOUT THE JBM AUTO LTD
Launched from the Astral depot by Gujarat Chief Minister Vijay Rumania, the buses have been
completely localized to meet FAME II guidelines JBM Auto Limited’s ECO-LIFE electric buses
were recently launched by Gujarat Chief Minister Vijay Rumania from the Vastral BRTS depot
virtually via web conferencing. Home Minister of Gujarat Pradipsinh Jadeja presided over the
launch ceremony in person at the depot.
This is the first batch of 50 buses out of a total of 180 buses that JBM Auto will be supplying to
Ahmedabad. The bus service has been rolled
Out under the BRTS scheme by Ahmedabad Janmarg Ltd., which is a 100 per cent subsidiary of
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. The ECO-LIFE electric bus, a zero-emission vehicle, will
save around 1,000 equivalent tons of carbon dioxide and 3, 50,000 liters of diesel over 10 years of
operation.

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This is a huge evolution from how public transportation operates in India. ECO-LIFE, powered by
fast-charging lithium-ion batteries, can run up to 250 km per day with opportunity charging,
depending on the city’s traffic conditions. These buses are equipped with modern features like
real-time passenger information system (PIS), panic buttons for emergency, automatic bus vehicle
location system, CCTV cameras, public address system and stop request buttons, to name a few.
JBM Auto has commissioned a state-of-the-art end-to-end e-mobility ecosystem at the Vastral
depot which includes the buses, charging infrastructure, power infrastructure and maintenance as
a complete solution.
The company has installed a fast-charging station that will facilitate seamless bus operation across
the city. JBM Auto has also provisioned high-tech power infrastructure and energy management
system for efficient monitoring and control. Speaking on the occasion, Nish ant Arya, Vice
Chairman, JBM Group, said, “JBM Auto is determined to create state-of-the-art e-mobility
ecosystem across the country. The launch of electric buses in Ahmedabad is in line with our vision
to provide green and sustainable transport solutions. Our buses are successfully serving the masses
in many other states as well, such as Delhi, Maharashtra, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Andaman and
Nicobar, Karnataka, etc.”
“JBM Auto has been a pioneer in providing the complete e-mobility ecosystem right from electric
vehicles, charging infrastructure, power infrastructure to maintenance and support, thereby
providing optimum value for the customers,” he added. The real-time passenger information
system shall keep the location of the bus updated for passengers travelling in the bus. Safety
features such as CCTV cameras have been installed inside the bus that will aid in uninterrupted
surveillance of activities inside the buses. Passengers can use the stop request button to alert the
driver to stop the bus at an upcoming bus stop.
The ECO-LIFE bus incorporates other
utility features such as vehicle health
monitoring system, fire detection and
suppression system, public address system,
etc. For drivers, the ergonomically designed
dashboard provides an intuitive and user-
friendly system that allows them to
concentrate on driving without distractions,
which makes it a truly global product. The
bus division of JBM Auto Ltd., the flagship
company of the multi-billion dollar JBM
Group, has been a pioneer in bringing
products that have been significantly ahead
of the prevailing practices and solutions. JBM Auto’s buses are committed to combining fuel
efficiency with utility and performance using green and effective technology, thereby reducing the

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carbon footprint in the overall environment. The company’s manufacturing facilities are in
Faridabad (Haryana) and Kisi (Uttar Pradesh) with an annual installed capacity of 2,000 buses.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
Following the continued environmental concerns related to the fossil fuel use and transport sector
being the leading contributor to environmental pollution, most of the state governments have
moved towards the support of the use of greener sources of energy that include solar, HEP power,
biogas, and wind (Martins et al., 2019).OLECTRA being in the frontier of ensuring that going
green is a reality through their advanced ELECTRIC BUS , they have managed to get government
support through subsidies and political influence that has enabled them to reach the market more
easily.
MERGER AND ACQUISITION
Eliminating middlemen and ensuring that all the production is done under one roof has been among
the leading contributors to the success ofOLECTRA Motors. For instance, the acquisition of Hiba
Systems, a private company specialized in the manufacture of batteries has greatly impacted the
great milestone of their charging system (Wiebe, 2019). Additionally, Deep Scale, one of the AI
start-ups was also acquired byOLECTRA Motors, this has ensured that their products can be of
world-class quality. A sensitized production where every part has a specialized team handling is
currently the futile business model that can be adopted in the competitive world.
INVESTMENT IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
To keep the track of the consumerist economy, OLECTRA has majorly focused on performing
intense research for continued improvement of their vehicles (Castellan, 2020). Their budget
allocated for research has been growing over the years putting them at a competitive advantage
with other bus manufacturing firms that depend on gasoline for propulsion. One of the major
advances that they have put in place to help them win the interest of the public, is the use of social
media in dissuading the masses from using gasoline BUS for the move towards the reduction of
busboy footprints. Events such as the global environmental days have provided a favorable podium
for showcasing their products.
GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION
Ensuring that they can penetrate all economies and be able to access the whole world as a market
to their product has been another contributing strategy towards the success ofOLECTRA Motors.
Currently, they are setting their stores everywhere across the globe to ensure that the vast
population can be able to get access to ELECTRIC BUS. China is one of their leading markets
where they have set a number of their stores, with the government of China getting involved in
electric bus sales and production,OLECTRA Motors has been enjoying the benefits of tax-free
trade with which the import duty and tax tariffs have been lifted for them. This has additionally

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enabled them to get access to the market. The intense competition that they were facing from the
gasoline dependent vehicles has greatly been reduced and there is a great chance of the company
growing greatly.
Due to a variety of variables, electric autoLAPTOPS have seen the most widespread acceptance
of alternatively powered vehicles (Wilberforce et al., 2017). For starters, the cost of electricity is
comparable to the cost of gasoline for cuss timers. Second, practically everyone who owns a bus
has access to a power source at home. It's simple to recharge. As documented in the 2006
documentary "Who Killed the Eel citric Bus," electric autoLAPTOPS failed when they first came
to market, owing to high costs, a lack of familiarity, and reluctance from major automakers to
produce them. However, a lot has changed since 2006. ELECTRIC BUS are becoming more
ubiquitous on American and European roadways, and their popularity is growing. But, can
ELECTRIC BUS truly replace our gas-powered vehicles, or will they constantly trail behind their
predecessors? The expense of replacing gas-powered BUS with electric vehicles, or EVs, is the
first major roadblock.
Electric vehicles have always had higher upfront costs than gas autoLAPTOPS. New technologies
are lowering costs to make them more competitive, but the purchase price remains an important
factor to consider. However, once you purchase the vehicle, the cost of ownership decreases. Tire
rotation and replacement are still required, but oil changes and trips to the gas station are no longer
required. In general, the expenses of maintenance and general operation are lower with an EV than
with a gas autoLAPTOPS. In addition, the government has provided some tax breaks and credits
to consumers who buy electric vehicles, which might help to reduce the cost even more.
SOLVING CHARGING TIME FOR ELECTRIC BUS
Due to the large number of new electric vehicles that will be entering the market in the coming
year, many people are wondering how we will be able to charge all of these autoLAPTOPS. After
all, there are around 15 electric vehicles for every one public charging station, so it is a reasonable
topic to pose. Even in California, which has the most developed electric vehicle market, the 10:1
ratio is not significantly better (Ait-Ouahmed, 2018). These figures do not take into account the
fact that about 95 percent of the currently available public chargers.
Are Level 2 chargers, which means it will take approximately 8-12 hours to fully charge
ofOLECTRA? When electric vehicles inevitably become commonplace, it will be a tremendous
challenge to develop a public transportation system that functions in the manner in which people

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are accustomed. As a result, electric vehicles such as theOLECTRA Model 3 are bound to failure,
as some have predicted.
POSSIBILITY OF USING ELECTRIC BUS IN LONG DISTANCE TRAVEL
Taking a road trip was not an option when electric vehicles first entered the market and were
available to the general public. Long-distance driving was hampered by a number of significant
obstacles, including the high cost of electric vehicles, a subsidy of charging stations across the
country, and slow charging batteries. All three of these limits have now been overcome, making
road trips with your electric vehicle virtually as simple as driving a gas-powered vehicle
(Ackerman et al., 2021).
The prospect for more charging stations, which is rising every year, addresses the worry of taking
long distance trips with your EV. There are 21,362 charging stations with 61,679 charging outlets
around the United States as of March 2019. Drivers should expect to see more charging stations
available each year as more ELECTRIC BUS hit the road. Every week, more stations are added to
the list, not just in major cities, but across the country, notably along state and interstate highways.
MILESTONES ACHIEVED IN ELECTRIC BUS DEVELOPMENT
The major milestones are depicted from the efficiency rooting from being super-fast. EVs are
lightning fast. It's ridiculously quick, and it's only getting faster with new developments. Every
electric vehicle, no matter how powerful its battery, will need to be charged at some time. The
good news is that charging stations are springing up all over the country: there are already over
16,000, up from a few thousand just a few years ago and charging times are also decreasing
(Kremer et al., 2014)
As EV batteries develop, owners will be able to drive their BUS for longer periods of time between
charges. This summer, someone established ofOLECTRA range record by driving 670 miles on a
single battery charge. This helps get rid of "range anxiety".
LIMITATIONS
In the electric vehicle market, there are various constraints that limit growth and demand. There
are causes that are currently causing concern, as well as elements that are expected to cause
concern in the future (Andersen, 2013). This article discusses these concerns as well as proposed
solutions. They include the following: battery capacity. Of course, no matter how long their range
is, plug-in electric vehicles must be charged on a regular basis. Around 80% of electric vehicle
charging takes place at home.
Electric vehicles consume a lot of energy. With electric vehicles accounting for less than 2% of all
vehicles on the road in the United States, their impact on the electrical grid is now insignificant.
However, as the number of electric vehicles on the road grows, we should expect them to put a
burden on infrastructure.

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FEATURES
The world is reeling under two major issues relating to mobility – environment pollution and
congestion. Of the 20 most polluted cities of the world, 14 cities are in India. Transport is one of
the biggest contributor of pollution and public transportation accounts for 90% of transport. Thus,
the transition to sustainable & clean mobility is a necessity and not an option. Furthermore, the
penetration of buses in India is less than 2 buses per 1,000 population – this is set to increase
exponentially. Cognizant of the need of the country, JBM has been at the forefront of change and
is spearheading new-age high tech transportation solutions which drive value for the customer
across multiple segments and operating patterns.
JBM has redefined public transportation through its best-in-class, modern and technologically
superior low emission & electric buses that have established benchmarks in the areas of passenger
comfort, safety, affordability and innovation. Ever since our low floor buses were introduced in
India, we have seamlessly been able to create customer experiences and delight. With nearly four
decades of a strong track record in manufacturing, we have developed end-to-end in-house
capabilities and expanded our portfolio from city buses to school buses, staff buses and tarmac
buses. Today, we are well positioned for encompassing the entire segment of public transportation.
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLES FUELLING THE FUTURE
Our growing fleet of electric buses, currently deployed across various states in India under FAME
I and FAME II, are world class examples in product innovation. Curated and highly localized in
India, coupled with our manufacturing acumen, we provide holistic solutions in the EV segment
that provide optimum total cost of ownership (TCO) to the customer. Having established a strong
foothold in the Indian market, JBM is now expanding its footprint and taking its EV solutions
across the world
 JBM ECO-LIFE (e9 & e12) – India’s first 100% electric, zero emission buses
 Designed and manufactured under our ‘Think Global, Act Local’ initiative for all markets
 Pollution free, noise free and an ideal solution addressing environmental concerns
 Fostering rapid adoption of electric buses in public transportation
 Low on maintenance, high uptime & maximum autonomy on a single charge
 JBM has created in-house e-mobility ecosystem that supports ‘Well to Wheel’ deployment
of EVs
 We provide end-to-end EV solutions including electric buses, charging infrastructure and
EV aggregates such as battery technologies
Low Emission Buses
 Neaten Urban Mobility Solution

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 Pioneers in first ever BS6/EURO 6 low floor city bus – CITYLIFE in India
 Low floor buses indigenously manufactured under the ‘Make in India’ initiative
 Incorporated global technologies providing highest levels of comfort & safety
 Optimally customized to suit Indian conditions and topography
 Offer fuel efficiency and performance using green technology, thereby reducing the carbon
footprint
 Designed for various applications such as city, school, staff and tarmac
CONCLUSION
Electric vehicles offer great potential to recuperate efficiency within the transport system. This is
majorly on roads, reducing traffic accidents, increasing productivity, and minimizing our
environmental impact in the process. However, they have also seen resistance from different
groups claiming that they are unsafe, pose a risk of being hacked, will threaten jobs, and increase
environmental pollution from increased driving as a result of their convenience. In order to gain
massively from the advancing technology of the electric bus’s system and at the same time
avoiding some of the many pitfalls, it is vital to effectively find out what negative impacts we
stand to face in the future and what steps need to be taken now to avoid them as discussed in the
paper. There exists a gap that still needs much intervention and is entirely based on the additional
insights of how the policymaker’s actions now will affect the future development and use of
emerging technologies.
REFERANCE
1) Ayes, H., 2017. Analysis of busboy emission accounting practices of leading busboy
emitting European Union companies.
2) Begs, S., Bushel, S. and Housman, J., 2001. Assessing the potential demand for
ELECTRIC BUS. Journal of econometrics, 17(1), pp.1-19.
3) Telekom, S., Benders, R., Pilgrim, S. and Moll, H., 2012. ELECTRIC BUS and wind
energy: Two problems, one solution? A study to combine wind energy and ELECTRIC
BUS in 2020 in The Netherlands. Energy, 45(1), pp.859-866.
4) Bhandarkar, S., 2013. Vehicular pollution, their effect on human health and mitigation
measures. Vet. Eng., 1(2), pp.33-40.
5) Biella D., (2016, May 11). ELECTRIC BUS Are Not Necessarily Clean.
6) https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/electric-buss-are-not-necessarily-clean/

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7) Brand, C. and Anable, J., 2019, June. ‘Disruption’ and ‘continuity’ in transport energy
systems: the case of the ban on new conventional fossil fuel vehicles. In European Council
for an Energy Efficient
8) Economy (ECEEE) Summer Study 2019 Proceedings (pp. 1117- 1127). Leeds.
REVIEWER
Dr M KARUPPANASAMY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

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CHAPTER – 4
“A STUDY ON NOKIA MOBILE CUSTOMERS BRAND PREFERANCE ON
CURRENT SECNARIO”
N. HARIHARAN
MBA FINANCE AND HR
AR SCHOOL OF BUSIENSS, DINDIGUL
TAMILNADU, INDIA
ABSTRACT
The Mobile s, being compact in size, delivers an all-
in-one resolution for Mobile s calls, internet access
and E-mails. Just the Mobile s sales have plunged for
several brands at a reasonable price as Nokia,
Realme, One plus, vivo and Nokia. India Stan ds set
to become the 3rd Market for Mobile in 4 years, according to researcher International l figures
Corporation, through Mobile s manufacturers launching more reasonable 4G handsets and looking
to tap buyers in small cities and towns. This research is designed to provide information about
customer perception and factors affecting their buying behavior with respect to NOKIA Mobile
ss. The research design used is investigative in nature which motivation provide
E an importance on numerical data. The data for analysis stayed collected by using survey method;
with the sample for the typical customer through simple casual sample approach. There are several
explanations that every Mobile s has their own benefit and luxury offered through the companies.
The invention characteristics offered by NOKIA are not as good-looking as its competitors (such
as NOKIA) according to customer perception. The company wants toward improve both of their
goods in order to improvement customer expectations. It remains suggested that the company
should launch more Mobile s with standard quality for lower classes as this will help them to
influence more consumer as lower classes populace in country are high.
Key Words
NOKIA, Brand, Mobile s, Realme, Customers, Market, and Product.
INTRODUCTION

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About the Mobile
The term phone, refers to a multimedia Mobile s handset, that's a multifunctional digital device
that has features starting from digital, audio-video playback, net browsing to a high-density screen
show together with numerous other multimedia options. Cell phone presents a one forestall
solution for cell calls, email sending and net get right of entry to. Clever phones are based totally
on an working machine, basically owning all the essential capabilities like that of a Mobile ,
inclusive of web surfing, emailing, video and voice chatting, audio-video playback, and others.
Till a few years ago, a cell phone became a personal virtual assistant having the calling capabilities
like a cellular Mobile s, but these days’ cellular telephones own the functionality of brought media
players, compact virtual digital camera, GPS etc.
REVIEW LITERATURE
1) The maximum popular fashion in term of it use
can been seen via the growth of dependency on
Mobile s-connected devices because it is not
restrained for each day obligations however also
been applied in educational environments (koszalka
& ntloedibe-kuswani, 2010). Educational activities
that comprise Mobile s use are have
Nag access to of direction content, inspiring
sharing and dialogue consultation among instructors
and college students and retrieving information
concerning college students’ performances.
Consequently y, telephone use may additionally
lead to crucial have an effect on in enhancing
college students’ performance as this tool might
increase teaching and learning revel in. Woodcock
et al. (2012) said that diverse place of students’ lives might trade through increasing telephone use
as college students start to utilize this tool to increase their studying know-how.
2) Faroese et al. (2012) busries out a self-record survey to investigate students’ cell phone activity
in instructions and the potential impact of the sports on college students getting to know overall
performance. The end result indicates that the usage of cellular phone distracts students gaining
knowledge of system and college students agree with that their school room studying is disrupted
in the course of texting.
3) Every other take a look at performed with the aid of tindell and bohlander (2012) to recognize
the use and misuse of phone in university lecture placing. The locating shows that scholars are not
taking note of their magnificence lecturer as they may be spending an excessive amount of time
on texting. Observe conducted with the aid of elder (2013) suggests that scholars who used cellular
telephone in elegance rating lower than students who did now not use cellular Mobile s

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4) Alfawareh and jusoh (2014) look at discovered that scholars do now not completely utilize
Mobile so for gaining knowledge of cause however utilize it to make calls, taking pix and
browsing net. Moreover, Hanson et al. (2011) stated that students prefer to use instantaneous
messaging, e-mail and net-surfing in library as NOKIA sed to searching into library on line
resources.
5) Phone has impacted college students lifestyles in various regions especially schooling,
Mobile s use for training purposes introduce college students to global of know-how as students
are able to achieve numerous information by using a click on. Mobile s ready with net enabled
function provide students the ability to be connected constantly and is easier for them to attain
educational related substances on-line every time.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 To understand the profile of Mobile s company NOKIA
 To measure the consumers’ perception to NOKIA Mobile s
 To analyze the factors influencing the customers to choose NOKIA
 The studies at the idea of customers brand preference in NOKIA
 Covid-19 to analyze the destiny role of sale NOKIA MOBILE S.
 The research assessment of customer’s satisfaction on NOKIA MOBILE S.
HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY
1. Hypotheses method used in the research have been summarized and agreed below.
2. Ho1: The best branded Mobile s phone NOKIA sites awareness on Face book, Whatsapp,
Twitter, Integra, and linked in, Youtube has not been influenced by the Gender of the respondents,
Age, and Educational qualification.
3. Ho2: Consumer motivational factors in quality NOKIA Mobile son Product Price, New
fashion, Public image, secured delivery, Color, Premium quality, designs and quantity, Advanced
technology, Easy availability has not similar with the Educational qualification and gender of
educational qualification.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design: Exploratory Data
Primary Data has been collected by “Questionnaire method” aimed at a particular investigation.
He is guileless for a moiled set of problems offered to defendants for their answers. Unpaid to this
flexibility, it is maximum common instrument used to collect the primary data.
Sampling Area: The survey was conducted in Madurai.

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Sample size:- For the purpose of proper survey, around is need of faultless research instruments to
treasure out taster size for added correct result about procurement behavior of shopper products.
The sample size is 209 respondents: Sampling Technique Random sampling.
RESEARCH METHOLODOGY
The research methodology directs the general
pattern of forming procedure for gathering
valid and reliable data in investigation. The
research methodology is includes the
description of sample size, research design,
development, sampling techniques and
description of the tools. The data collection
of Primary and secondary data for analyzing
customers branded NOKIA Mobile s
phones.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This research title is “A research on NOKIA
Mobile so Consumer Brand Preference in
India Current Scenario” and the methodology
discussed the data collection, reliability
analysis, sampling design, period of the study
pilot study and statistical tools and
techniques in customers brand preference
NOKIA branded Mobile s phones. In the current study and general analysis of Primary survey data
and Secondary data were used systematically.
SOURCES OF THE DATA
Primary Data
This research is primary source of data is attained by interview schedule to various respondents in
Madurai district.
Secondary Data
Secondary sources are the details are presented already. In this research the secondary data were
collected from the published articles, Newspapers, submitted thesis, previous records and internet
etc.

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PRESENTAGE ANALYSIS
Table – 1 Gender
The 1 table is called the respondents in gender wise classification of male, female and other gender
selected for the Percentage analysis.
Source- Primary data
SI.NO Particulars Respondents Percentage
1 Male 106 50.72%
2 Female 96 45.93%
3 Other 7 3.35%
4 Total 209 100%
The table-1 explain that out of 209 respondents male is (50.72%) and female is (45.93%) Then
respondents other generations (3.35%). It data calculated used to percentage analysis in 100 that
the majority (50.72%) of the respondents selected for the branded NOKIA Mobile s phones.
2. Age (15-59)
SI. No Age Respondents Percentage
1 Less Than 15 11 5%
2 16 to 25 Years 82 39%
3 26 to 36 Years 55 26%
50.72%
45.93%
3.35%
Male
Female
Other
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00%
1. Gender

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4 37 to 47 Years 33 16%
5 48 to 58 Years 19 9%
6 Above 59 Years 9 4%
7 Total 209 100%
The table -2 out of 209 respondents in different age groups less than 15 to above 59 it is 16-25 age
group highest level of (39%) this youth age respondents liked NOKIA MOBILE S very low
level is above 59 years (4%) and medium level is 26 to 36 it is (26%) of age respondents. Then
majority of 16 to 25 age respondents.
3. Educational qualification
SI.NO Qualification Respondents Percentage
1 High school 33 16%
2 Higher secondary 28 13%
3 Graduate 87 42%
4 Post-graduate 43 21%
5 Others 18 9%
6 Total 209 100%
5%
39%
26%
16%
9%
4%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Less Than
15
16 to 25
Years
26 to 36
Years
37 to 47
Years
48 to 58
Years
Above 59
Years
2. Age

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The table -3 is educational qualification more than graduate persons high percentage of (42 %)
then very lower level percentage of other (9%) total respondents 209 used percentage method in
100. And the majority of graduate and post graduate students. It is useful for customers brand
preference NOKIA branded Mobile ss.
Table 4 Occupation
SI NO Occupation Respondents Percentage
1 Govt. employee 55 26%
2 Private Employee 71 34%
3 Self-Employee 41 20%
4 Business Man 24 11%
5 Agriculture 18 9%
6 Total 209 100%
16%
13%
42%
21%
9%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
High school
Higher secondary
Graduate
Post-graduate
Others
3. Qualifications

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Then table 4 is occupation in Govt employee 26%, private employee 34%, business persons and
agriculture responses total in 209, very low level is business man and agriculture. Finally the
brand of NOKIA Mobile s used private and government employees.
Table 5 Marital status Respondents
SI NO Marital status Respondents Percentage
1 Married 114 55%
2 Single 95 45%
3 Total 209 100%
Then table 5 is marital status total 209 respondents single 45% is decreased and married
respondents is 55% it is highly useful to development of Mobile s brands.
26%
34%
20%
11%
9%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Govt. employee Private
Employee
Self-Employee Business Man Agriculture
4. Occupation
55%
45%
Married
Single
40% 42% 44% 46% 48% 50% 52% 54% 56%
5. Maritial status

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DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS QUESTIONARY
Q. No: 1 - Are you using any Mobile s?
SI. NO Particulars Respondents Percentage
1 Yes 200 96%
2 No 9 4%
3 Total 209 100%
The question is using Mobile so yes is 96% not use Mobile s 4% peoples in the 100 percentage
data calculation analysis. Mobile s users increase useful to technological development.
Q. No. 2 Which Mobile s phone are you using currently?
SI. No Brands Respondents Percentage
1 Nokia 39 19%
2 One plus 44 21%
3 Realme 31 15%
4 Pico 33 16%
5 Motorola 19 9%
6 Redman 30 14%
7 Apple 13 6%
8 Total 209 100%
96%
4%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
Yes
No
1 . Laptops users

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Question 2 is using Mobile s phone currently peoples liked and satisfied NOKIA branded Mobile
s phone. NOKIA is 21%, NOKIA is 19%, Realme 15%, and NOKIA 16%, Apple phone is 6%
total respondent is 209.
Q. No.3.What do you look for in a Mobile s?
SI.
NO
Attributes Most
Important
Somewhat
Important
Least
Important
Total
1 Price 105 40 64 209
2 Features 47 80 82 209
3 Looks 146 33 30 209
4 Brand Name 79 74 56 209
5 OS (Android, and Others) 91 69 49 209
19%
21%
15%
16%
9%
14%
6%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Oppo
One plus
Realme
Samsung
Motorola
Redmi
Apple
2. Current Laptopsphone
105
47
146
79
91
40
80
33
74 69
64
82
30
56
49
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Price Features Looks Brand Name OS (Android, and
Others)
3. Attributes

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The respondents highly liked Mobile s phone design, Features, Performance, Price, Brand, it’s all
noted in customers and its main thing of customer’s satisfaction of branded NOKIA Mobile s
phones.
Q.No.4 Price range to purchase a NOKIA Realme Mobile s?
SI. No Price Range Respondents Percentage
1 8000-12000 70 33%
2 13000-17000 65 31%
3 18000- 22000 39 19%
4 23000-27000 21 10%
5 Above 30000 14 7%
6 Total 209 100%
The price range of Mobile s phones more than customers like price range Rs 8000-12000, its
common price of Mobile s for all brand. This price range all brands available one Mobile so, then
NOKIA is most popular brand list of one. Liked customers in this brand.
Q. No. 5 Source of purchase Realme Phone
SI.NO Source Respondents Percentage
1 Newspaper 51 24%
2 Television 37 18%
3 Family and Friends 70 33%
4 Dealers 33 16%
33%
31%
19%
10%
7%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
8000-12000
13000-17000
18000- 22000
23000-27000
Above 30000
4. Price Range

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5 Others 18 9%
6 Total 209 100%
Most of the customer’s Mobile s phone purchase source of family and friends it’s one of the
effective way of purchasing beaded Mobile ss. Another sources newspaper, television, and dealers.
The best source of 33% family and friends.
Q.NO. 6. You’re Preference for Branded NOKIA Mobile so?
SI.NO Awareness Level Respondents Percentage
1 Fully Aware 40 19%
2 Sufficiently aware 92 44%
3 Slightly aware 77 37%
4 Total 209 100%
24
18
33
16
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Newspaper
Television
Family and Friends
Dealers
Others
5. Source
19%
44%
37%
Fully Aware
Sufficiently aware
Slightly aware
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
6. Awareness level

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The awareness level of NOKIA Mobile so fully aware is 19%, sufficiently aware 44% and slightly
aware.
SUGGESTIONS
 This observe advised approximately the client’s satisfaction level of NOKIA Mobile s
phones.
 Most of the respondents got here to recognize about the NOKIA Mobile s Phones via
Friends, so the Advertising Can Be Progressed.
 They have a look at advised that the NOKIA Mobile s phones may be offered In Retail
Shops.
 Handiest rich people can have the funds for NOKIA, if the charge reduces, the sales of the
NOKIA cell can be accelerated.
 The take a look at recommended that the models of the Mobile s phone may be similarly
stepped forward.
CONCLUSIONS
The take a look at concluded that in this contemporary business economic system. It's far very vital
in analyze approximately the NOKIA MOBILES. The observe end result about most people of the
customers are happy with the NOKIA cellular but additionally there may be a disadvantage which
includes hike in fee and other factor like models of the product. Vital steps should be taken to
resolve issues of retaining customers of NOKIA Mobile s scan be high, if the agency can
understand the desire and normal Reception of the patron. Therefore it will develop the advertising
strategy and market proportion of cell Mobile s agency.
Brand attention plays a chief role in supporting the audiences understand, take into account, and
come to be secure with branding and products. Branding strategies will help the brand to become
pinnacle of thoughts whilst customers are equipped to investigate and make a buy. The attention
helps the clients in collecting the records and making purchasing picks. An excellent marketing
approach will simply attract a more number of clients in buying of the product. The majority of
the customers are thoroughly aware about the logo but nonetheless the sale of the product is
decrease, the corporation can similarly boom the sale by means of making availability of the
product within the shops convenient to customers, show rooms, and provider centers for after sale
service.
REFFRENCES
1) C.R. Kothari (2002), “study’s methodology”, sultan Chand guide, New Delhi.

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2) Cooper, d. And chandler, p. (2013) commercial enterprise studies methods. New Delhi: Tata
McGraw. Cox, t. & phone-in, ok. (2006) the agile deliver chain; competing in unstable markets”,
journal of educational industrial marketing control, 29(1) 37-38.
3) Brown, w.f.,”the determination of things influencing logo choice‖, journal of advertising and
marketing”, vol. 14, April 1950, pp. Forty two-forty four.
4) Hoyer, wed. And brown, Sap. “Results of logo focus on choice for a not unusual, repeat purchase
product”, magazine of purchaser studies, vol. 17, Sept. 1990, pp. 141-148.
5) Jacobi, j. Olson, jack and haddock, r.a.,”fee, brand name and product competition
6) Characteristic as determinants of perceived first-class”, journal of implemented psychology, vol.55,
March 1971, pp. 570-580.
7) Jpg sjamsoedin. D.p.e. searing. Reading purchaser notion on product attributes of Mobile s ( NOKIA
, xiaomi, zenfone) in Manado, journal ember vol.2 no.four December 2014,
8) Hall. 798-799, to be had from: URL:
https://ejournal.usa.ac.identity/index.php/emba/article/viewfile/6470/5997
REVIEWER
Dr M KARUPPANASAMY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

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CHAPTER – 5
“AN OVERVIEW ON ELECTRIC CARS ARE THE FUTURE OF
TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA”
Mr. J JANARTHANAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
KATHIR COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE, COIMBATORE
ABSTRACT
The motor vehicle industry has been the
leading consumer of fossil fuel worldwide
resulting in adverse effects on the
environment. This study used secondary
sources of information from previous
research in scholarly journals, Google
scholar as well as eBooks, case studies,
science direct, research gate, and achieved
in the electric car development include: the
reduction of charging time for effectiveness
in use, the intro diction of super capacitors
that ensures increased charge storage, and
with greater effective electromotive force. Additionally, some governments in developed countries
do offer subsidies to support electric car manufacturing companies and customers purchasing
electric vehicles in order to meet their carbon dioxide pollution reduction obligations, reduce
production costs, and make EVs more affordable. Additional findings include: the belief that
Electric Vehicles have adverse effects on the environment compared to standard vehicles that this
is due to the fact that a lot of fossil fuels are consumed during the manufacturing of Electric
vehicles. The conclusion is that more research and study should be done to provide insight into the
manufacturing process of Electric Vehicles. There is not much data available to conclude a strong
foothold regarding fossil fuel consumption when making Electric Vehicles. Areas for further study
include: investigating the current state of more efficient energy storage technologies, longevity of
storage batteries beyond current 5-7 years of life.

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INTRODUCTION
Fossil fuel-dependent vehicles have faced criticism on the effects they have on the environment
concerning global warming as well as other pollution conditions (Brand & Anable, 2019). To start
with, oil and gas are nonrenewable sources of energy, and it is predicted that these two sources
will be depleted within the next 100 years. This means existing reserves should be exploited
conservatively to ensure meeting the current energy needs of the people as well as the future
generations (Burch & Gilchrist, 2018). Also, this has generated a need to look for other sources of
non-fossil energy.
With regards to the effects, they have on the environment, the petroleum industry has been the
chief contributor to climate change and environmental pollution especially from the vehicular
impact as well as for industrial purposes (Liu et al., 2020). Following environmental activists’
perspective, most of them claim that doing away with fossil fuel completely is a better direction
that humanity should take in the move to save our planet. The main question is, will it be done
away with at the expense of the needs of the current generation? So far there hasn't been a better
energy source that can rival fossil fuel due to inconvenience, concerns as well as the cost. However,
with the passing of time and the constraints that are associated with its continual consumption,
humans have been forced to find alternatives to slowly replace it. (Jack, 2019)
Taking active measures to reduce
environmental pollution which entails the
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions has
been considered as a solution towards the
saving of our planet. The sectors that
consume the most fossil fuel including the
transportation, industrial, and the
construction sectors have been forced to help
combat environmental pollution conditions
as well as the effects of climate change.
The motor vehicle industry has mitigated the problem with the introduction of electric cars with
which the fossil fuel consumption is to be directed only to the heavy-duty machines rather than the
small passenger cars. Despite the laxity in coming up with more sophisticated systems that are
cost-effective for use, substantial efforts are visit le and within the next three decades, electric cars
will be affordable and cost-effective (Hensher, 2020).
Taking an extensive look into electric cars through research and sharing of ideas can be considered
to be the cornerstone of this new revolution of going green and saving our planet. For example,

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Tesla Motors has championed the use of electric cars through sophisticated and modern techniques
in ensuring that this becomes a living reality.
REVIEW LITERATURE
This literature review focuses on the findings for which the adoption of electric cars could
contribute to environmental conservation as well as the effectiveness to which they can operate
without having a compromise on the state of the global economy as the efficiency in the
transportation. Ensuring that our future generations can meet their needs is a collective
responsibility that we are faced with as humans especially in the energy sector as well as for the
environment at large. To be specific, the motor vehicle industry has been the chief contributor to
environmental pollution and the effects of climate change (Bhandarkar, 2013).
In order to answer the research questions, this literature review and the paper is organized based
on the following topics: (a) The possibility of Electric cars replacing gasoline dependent cars, the
obstacles they face and how they are answered; (b) Solving charging time for Electric cars and
how the issue of long distance travel is being addressed and solved; (c) The limitations and
alternative sources of energy used in manufacturing Electric cars; and to show milestones that
humans have achieved since the adoption of electric cars.
ABOUT THE TESA ELECTRIC VEHICLES
According to Hoffman (2015), Tesla Motors is one of the pioneers in the innovation of electric
motors. This case study illustrates the various strategies that they put in place to ensure that this
becomes a reality in addition to the competitive advantages that they have in terms of the resources
and availability of skilled personnel.
Tesla motors deals in the fabrication, manufacturing, assembling, and sale of electric cars majorly
in the US, China, and internationally. Making it to the top despite the newness of their technology
as well as the unfavorable market conditions has been underpinned by their immutable strategies
and leadership skills which have, in turn, enabled them to win a massive demand.
TECHNOLOGY
Leon Musk who is the CEO at Space is as well the CEO at Tesla Motors, with this, he has joined
up the technical advances that are utilized in the rockets on electric cars. With this, they have
managed to be in the development frontier which has, in turn, enhanced their electric cars
immensely (Liu et al., 2014). Most of their target market views them as a copy cut of the Space
rockets and this has been a contributing factor towards their global dominance.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

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Following the continued environmental concerns related to the fossil fuel use and transport sector
being the leading contributor to environmental pollution, most of the state governments have
moved towards the support of the use of greener sources of energy that include solar, HEP power,
biogas, and wind (Martins et al., 2019). Tesla being in the frontier of ensuring that going green is
a reality through their advanced electric cars, they have managed to get government support
through subsidies and political influence that has enabled them to reach the market more easily.
MERGER AND ACQUISITION
Eliminating middlemen and
ensuring that all the pro diction is
done under one roof has been
among the leading contributors to
the success of Tesla Motors. For
instance, the acquisition of Hiba
Systems, a private company
specialized in the manufacture of
batteries has greatly impacted the
great milestone of their charging
system (Wiebe, 2019).
Additionally, Deep Scale, one of the
AI start-ups was also acquired by Tesla Motors, this has ensured that their products can be of
world-class quality. A sensitized production where every part has a specialized team handling is
currently the futile business model that can be adopted in the competitive world.
INVESTMENT IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
To keep the track of the consumerist economy, Tesla has majorly focused on performing intense
research for continued improvement of their vehicles (Castellan, 2020). Their budget allocated for
research has been growing over the years putting them at a competitive advantage with other car
manufacturing firms that depend on gasoline for propulsion. One of the major advances that they
have put in place to help them win the interest of the public, is the use of social media in dissuading
the masses from using gasoline cars for the move towards the reduction of carbon footprints.
Events such as the global environmental days have provided a favorable podium for showcasing
their products.
GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION
Ensuring that they can penetrate all economies and be able to access the whole world as a market
to their product has been another contributing strategy towards the success of Tesla Motors.
Currently, they are setting their stores everywhere across the globe to ensure that the vast
population can be able to get access to electric cars. China is one of their leading markets where
they have set a number of their stores, with the government of China getting involved in electric
car sales and production, Tesla Motors has been enjoying the benefits of tax-free trade with which

ISBN - 978-81-963578-9-4
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the import duty and tax tariffs have been lifted for them. This has additionally enabled them to get
access to the market. The intense competition that they were facing from the gasoline dependent
vehicles has greatly been reduced and there is a great chance of the company growing greatly.
Due to a variety of variables, electric automobiles have seen the most widespread acceptance of
alternatively powered vehicles (Wilberforce et al., 2017). For starters, the cost of electricity is
comparable to the cost of gasoline for cuss timers. Second, practically everyone who owns a car
has access to a power source at home. It's simple to recharge. As documented in the 2006
documentary "Who Killed the Electric Car," electric automobiles failed when they first came to
market, owing to high costs, a lack of familiarity, and reluctance from major automakers to produce
them. However, a lot has changed since 2006. Electric cars are becoming more ubiquitous on
American and European roadways, and their popularity is growing. But, can electric cars truly
replace our gas-powered vehicles, or will they constantly trail behind their predecessors? The
expense of replacing gas-powered cars with electric vehicles, or EVs, is the first major roadblock.
Electric vehicles have always had higher upfront costs than gas automobiles. New technologies
are lowering costs to make them more competitive, but the purchase price remains an important
factor to consider. However, once you purchase the vehicle, the cost of ownership decreases. Tire
rotation and replacement are still required, but oil changes and trips to the gas station are no longer
required. In general, the expenses of maintenance and general operation are lower with an EV than
with a gas automobile. In addition, the government has provided some tax breaks and credits to
consumers who buy electric vehicles, which might help to reduce the cost even more.
The battery is another barrier that many individuals face when it comes to owning an electric
vehicle. Despite Tesla Motors' (TSLA) efforts to enhance battery technology, most electric
vehicles still have a limited range. The RENAULT Leaf, for example (disclaimer: my father owns
a RENAULT Leaf), can only travel around 100 to 200 miles on a full charge, and even less with
the air conditioning or heat on. 2 These vehicles are useful for commuting, but they are not suitable
for extended drives or road excursions.
Even if you can find a charger at your midway point, if you want to make it back, you'll need to
take the time to plug in (Rapier and Albrecht, 2020). Chargers are becoming more widely available,
but the battery is still preventing electric vehicles from reaching their full potential. On a regular
outlet, charging my father's RENAULT Leaf from 0% to 100% takes all night. You can charge in
seven hours with a home charging station, which can cost thousands of dollars to buy and install.
New charger technology allows you to charge to 80% in 30 minutes, however these chargers are
pricey and difficult to find.
SOLVING CHARGING TIME FOR ELECTRIC CARS

E-commerce transforming Indian agriculture

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