Hydrocarbons: what modern societies are made from
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A brief introduction to hydrocarbons, touching upon the chemistry, geographic distribution, political history, refinery process, economic significance and environmental impacts.
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Hydrocarbons: what modern societies are made from
- 1. Hydrocarbons What “modern” societies are made of.
- 2. Energy Source: NRC-NAS, 2012 Solar energy Gluco se Protei n Fossil fuels HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 3. Carbohydrate vs. Hydrocarbon HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 4. HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Press, Siever, Understanding Earth, 1999
- 5. Photosynthesis HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Magazowski, 2012
- 6. Fossil Fuel Combustion (simplified) HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Magazowski, 2012
- 7. Source: OECD-IEA, 2015 HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Global Primary Energy Supply
- 8. Keeling Curve HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: NOAA, 2015
- 9. HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Magazowski, 2012
- 10. HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Downey, 2009
- 11. Bond Energies HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: WOU, 2015
- 12. Chemistry of Combustion HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: WOU, 2015
- 13. Energy Content of Fuels HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: WOU, 2015
- 14. Stored Energy Units Energy density – amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space by unit volume. Specific energy – amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space by unit mass. HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Name Formul a Molecular weight (g/mole*) Density (kg/m3) E.D. (kJ/g) S.E. (MJ/m3) Hydroge n H2 2.016 0.0899 141.766 12.7 Methane CH4 16.043 0.717 55.526 39.8 Ethane C2H6 30.07 1.264 51.902 65.6 Ethylene C2H4 28.03 1.260 50.346 63.4 Ethyne** C2H2 26 1.170 8.726 10.2
- 15. Energy Return on Investment (EROI) E contained in fuel E expended on fuel* Conventional Oil (1970) 25 1 Conventional Oil (today) 15 1 Tar Sands <4 1 Hydrogen ≦1 1 Oil Shale <1 1 HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman * Energy expended on finding, site development, drilling, transporting, refining, storing and retailing
- 16. Embodied Energy “Approximate comparisons with the generation of coal indicate…roughly 1,000 times more ancient biomass was needed to transfer a unit of carbon from organic matter to crude oil than was required to preserve it in coal (p.65-66). INCLUDE sidebar: “Every liter of gasoline (about 740 g containing about 640 g of carbon) represents some 25 t of originally sequestered marine biomass.” HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 17. Global Overview HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Smil, 2008
- 18. When was oil formed? NOTE: Oldest civilizations ° 9,130 BC – Göbekli Tepe (Middle East) ° 7,500 BC – Pengtoushan (China) HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Smil, 2008
- 19. Formation of Hydrocarbons http://ageofrocks.org/2011/02/01/the-flood-geology-of-oil/ 3 requirements for recoverable oil: ° Source rock ° Reservoir rock ° Cap rockHCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Smil, 2008
- 20. Oilfield Sizes and Frequency HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Saudi al-Ghawār Kuwaiti al-Burqān Mexico’s Cantareu Venezuela’s Botivar Saudi Safānīya Khafji + 35 supergiants + 600-700 giants + 4,000 smaller 10% 50% 65% 25% 100% Source: Smil, 2008
- 21. al-Ghawār HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Downey, 2009
- 22. Crude oil historic price volatility HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Downey, 2009
- 23. Reserves HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman http://www.nasdaq.com/article/the-growing-threat-to-canadas-oil-sands-boom- cm340791 Oil volume conversions 1 barrel ≈ 159 liters ≈ 42 US Gallons Source: Downey, 2009
- 24. Daily Global Production HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman http://crudeoiltrader.blogspot.de/2013/03/eia-saudi-arabia-was-worlds-largest.html 2012
- 25. HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 26. Hubbert’s Oil Peak HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Smil, 2008
- 27. First Well : Han Dynasty : 200 BC HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Smil, 2008
- 28. Sucker-rod Pump HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 29. Oil Field https://www.reddit.com/r/WTF/comments/34oxby/the_kern_river_oil_field_in_california/ HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 30. Fracking HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman http://breakingenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/06/epa-graphic.jpg
- 31. Deep Sea HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 32. Tar Sands HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 33. Tar Sands HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 34. Tar Sands HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-2155344/Oil-firms-controversial- exploitation-Canadas-wilderness-locals-say-dying-pollution.html#ixzz3jFEHgEGr
- 35. Mountain Top Removal Source: J. Henery Fair, http://conseraviation.org/page.php?81 HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 36. Mountain Top Removal: After HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 37. HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 38. HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 39. Refineries HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 40. http://www.arabianindustry.com/oil-gas/features/2013/sep/9/why-shell-won-adnocs-bab-sour-gas-field-contract- 4440085/#.Vk2qwd-rS7o HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 41. HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Downey, 2009
- 42. Characteristics of Crude Oil HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Downey, 2009
- 43. Characteristics of Crude Oil Crude oil is valued based on four characteristics, which indicate the types and volumes of refined products that can be economically produced. • density • sulfur content • acidity • viscosity * Density is most important! Source: Downey, 2009
- 44. HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Downey, 2009
- 45. Atmospheric Distillation Unit HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman http://glossary.periodni.com/glossary.php?en=fractional+distill ation
- 46. Cracking HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: https://oilandgaslogistics.wordpress.com/2013/07/25/the-refining-process-cracking/
- 47. HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman ∼33 %∼33 %∼10 %∼10 %∼05 %∼05 % ∼04 % Source: Downey, 2009
- 48. HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Downey, 2009
- 49. Individual Refinery Capacity HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: Downey, 2009
- 50. Global Refinery Output HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: OECD-IEA, 2015
- 51. Thermoplastics Thermoplastics account for 80% of all man-made polymers Polyethylene (most important) thin films (bread, garbage and grocery bags); insulation of electrical wires; artificial hip joints; containers for milk, detergent, motor oils; toys; gas tanks; pipes; spun into fibers PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipes, credit cards, floor tiles, surgical gloves Polypropylene: fabrics, upholstrey, and carpets Propylene (starting block material for such plastics as polycarbonates) optical lenses, windows, rigid transparent covers, and CDs (when metallized) Polystyrene: packaging Polyurethanes: polyester, solvents and films HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 52. Petrochemical feedstocks and plastics Two major kinds: olefins (mainly ethylene and propylene) and aromatics (mainly benzene, toluene and xylene) Ethylene (produced from steam cracking of ethane) is the most important: EU produces 20 million t/a, US >30 million t/a Propylene is 2nd most important Benzene is used in the synthesis of styrene and as a feedstock for a large number of other chemical reactions Toluene and xylene are feedstocks for polyurethanes (Smil, p.18) HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
- 53. Other Alternatives HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman Source: USDOE, 2015
- 54. Resources Downey, Morgan (2009) Oil 101. Wooden Table Press LLC. www.morgandowney.con NOAA – National Oceanic & Atmospheric Association (2015) “Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration” Earth Systems Research Laboratory. <http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/history.html> NRC-NAS – National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences (2012) Climate Change: Evidence, Impacts and Choices. <http://nas- sites.org/americasclimatechoices/files/2012/06/19014_cvtx_R1.pdf> OECD-IEA – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-International Energy Association (2015) Key World Energy Statistics. <http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld_Statistics_2015.pdf > Smil, Vaclav (2008) Oil: A Beginner’s Guide. Oneworld Publications WOU – Western Oregon University (2015) Energy From Fossil Fuels. <https://www.wou.edu/las/physci/GS361/Energy_From_Fossil_Fuels.htm> USDOE – United States Department of Energy (2015) “Nuclear Reactor Technologies” Office of Nuclear Energy. <http://www.energy.gov/ne/nuclear-reactor-technologies> HCU - REAP - Facets of Sustainability - WiSe 15/16 - Hydrocarbons - Heather Troutman
Editor's Notes
- Saccharide – single molecule polysaccharide – chain of saccharide Gasoline – 5-9 C Diesel – 12 C Motor oil – 20 C Plastics – hundreds to thousands C (the one featured is polyethylene)
- ° First prokaryotic photosynthesizers date 3.8 billion years ago (origin of life). ° Largest coal resources are of Paleozoic origin (mostly from the Carboniferous period). ° The rest from middle and upper Mesozoic era (Jurassic and Cretaceous period) ° Only poor-quality lignites and peat are products of the Quaternary period, whose oldest sediments were laid down less than 1.8 million years ago.
- An oilfield is an area containing a single reservoir or group of reservoirs related to the same geological structural feature. Crude oil from a single well tends to have relatively stable properties, although these may change slowly over time. Roughly 4,000 oilfields are currently in production, of these, 317 Super Giant and Giant oil fields are producing 60% of global daily production (Downey, pp.31). The majority of global oilfields produce less than 100,000 bpd, most of these are as low as 10 bpd and predominately located in the US.
- ° World’s largest supergiant oil field ° NE Saudia Arabia, 80 km inland from Persian Gulf Source and reservoir rock come from upper Jurassic and Shaqra time period (164-55 million years ago)
- Oil price regulating bodies Texas Railroad Commission First global example (1931) of controlling production for optimal pricing following the discovery of the world’s first super giant oil field, East Texas field. At this time, Texas was producing more than half of the world’s crude oil. OPEC 1960 and beyond
- EUR – estimated ultimate recovery
- Postulation over oil exhaustion dates back to 1865, William Stanley Jevons 1956 M. King Hubbert of Shell Oil Company, later US Geologic Survey Hubbert correctly predicted that US oil production would peak in 1970, but his estimate was 20% lower than the actual 11.3 Mbpd Predicted global peak in 1995
- First know drilling technology comes from the Han dynasty in China, 200 BCE
- Kern River Oil Field California Initial EUR 800 mb, as of 2015 2.5 bb and still producing
- A tar sand excavation site in the Alberta forest, Canada. Deep below the forest floor, is the third-largest oil field in the world: 173 billion barrels of recoverable oil. Around 1.6 million barrels of oil are produced a day here. The oil companies, with British support, hope to increase that seven-fold in coming years.
- It takes two tons of tar sand to produce just one barrel of oil, which is then refined into petroleum. Up to five barrels of water are needed to extract every barrel of oil. Worse still, a gallon of petrol produced from tar sands releases 20 per cent more carbon dioxide than conventional oil.
- The Canadian forest in Alberta is second only to the Amazon in size. It’s critical in absorbing the Earth’s mounting deposits of carbon dioxide and carbon. Over 500 Indian tribes have lived and hunted here for thousands of years. two million square miles at the top of the northern hemisphere that’s home to 140, 000 species of plants, wildlife, insects and micro-organisms.
- West Virginia Mud Creek: 3 years of excavation ^
- Shell refinery at the Bab natural gas field in Abu Dhabi ° 50 msqmd
- Refineries are configured for a narrow window of feedstocks that will result in a desired portfolio of products. All of this, of course, depends upon the current economic situation. Refinery economics: (1) cost of crude oil, (2) cost of individual and combined refinery processes, and (3) prices for each of the finished products, which is driven by demand.
- (1) Sulfur content lowers the value of crude for several reasons. It lowers the energy content of crude by displacing hydrocarbon molecules, corrodes metal piping and tanks at refineries as well as catalytic converters, and, most important, is a pollutant when burned (smog).
- “There are several hundred grades of crude oil produced today. Crude oil is not always black and can be straw colored or brown. The viscosity of crude oil can vary from water-like to near solid. Crude oil from different reservoirs can contain varying ratios of undesirable elements, such as sulfur, nitrogen, water, metals and sediments, and when refined, different crudes may yield vastly different quantities of finished products” (Downey, pp.30). Density is the most important physical characteristic of crude oil because it gives indication of the hydrocarbon molecules that crude oil contains and thus the products that the crude oil will yield. Heavy crude oils are denser because they contain larger hydrocarbon molecules containing more atoms than light crudes. Hydrocarbons more dense than water, which has an API of 10°, are considered extra heavy. The higher the API value the more valuable the crude. For example, gasoline has an API of about 50°, and bitumen (used for paving roads) has an API ranging from 5-9°. Acids accumulate as a waste product of the biodegration of crude oil by bacteria in a reservoir. Higher acidity signals greater degradation of the lighter, more valuable, hydrocarbon molecules. Additionally, acid content is undesirable because it corrodes steel pipes used in transportation and refining. Generally speaking, heavy hydrocarbons are highly viscous, meaning they easily resist flowing, as their longer and more complex molecular structures tangle as they try to pass one another.
- Gasoline and middle distillates (jet fuel, kerosene, diesel, and heating oil) highest demand and highest value. Conversion – is any process which cracks (breaks apart), combines, or modifies non-gasoline or non-middle distillate molecules using heat, pressure and catalyst. Conversion can also be used to produce petrochemicals and to reduce the viscosity of residual heating fuel. Modifying – rearranging of atoms in hydrocarbon molecules. catalytic reforming – benzene, toluene, and mixed xylenes (BTX) Treatment – used to remove unwanted elements like sulfur, nitrogen, nickel, vanadium, toxic gases (hydrogen sulfide)
- ADU – 400°C steam VDU – residuals
- Thermal cracking – (1913) process by which large hydrocarbons are broken into smaller ones as a result of heat. Main products: ethylene, propylene, pygas (used to make benzene) petrochemicals Catalyst regenerator – carbon, which has attached to the catalyst over time, is removed via oxidation with super-heated air. Cracking, especially catalytic cracking, is very flexible and easily modifiable to meet market demands and available crude oil specs.
- Blendstocks used to make gasoline globally The quest for low cost, high octane rating, low volatility blendstocks has driven most innovation in refinery technology. Each gasoline blendstock has a different octane rating, vapor pressure, and sulfur content, among other characteristics. Blending gasoline is challenging. Octane rating and vapor pressure of a blend are not simple linear weighted averages of the octane rating and vapor pressure of the blendstock components. The octane rating and volatility of each blendstock is affected by interaction with the other blendstocks used.
- As a simple academic exercise, if oil was to be completely displaced by nuclear (so that all transportation, including flight and shipping, were electrified) it would require the addition of 4,000 1.5 gigawatt (GW) nuclear power stations globally to meet the global demand in 2008. In comparison, in that year there were 440 reactors in the world with a combined capacity of 363 GW (avg. 1.2 GW/reactor). 4,000 new nuclear reactors using current technologies would deplete the world’s know uranium resources in just over 10 years (Downey, pp.26)