Maxilla, mandible, quadrants, types of teeth, universal numbering system

2. Chapter 1
Nomenclature

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Objectives
• At the completion of this chapter,
you will be able to identify by name
– The two dental arches
– Permanent and deciduous teeth
– Anterior and posterior teeth
– Teeth in the order in which they are
positioned in the dental arch

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Objectives (cont’d.)
• You will also know
– The function of each type of tooth
– The eruption sequence of deciduous
and permanent teeth

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The Dentition
• Teeth arranged to form two arches, named
by the bone which composes it
– Maxilla forms the maxillary or upper arch
– Mandible forms mandibular or lower arch
• Two arches make up one dentition or set of
teeth
• Two dentitions over a lifespan
– Primary (deciduous) and permanent

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Primary or Deciduous Dentition
• Begin to emerge into mouth about
6-8 months age
– Teeth erupt following a
developmental schedule
• 20 teeth
– 10 maxillary and 10 mandibular
– Fully erupt by age 2½-3 years
– Eventually replaced by permanent
teeth

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Permanent Dentition
• 32 permanent teeth
– 16 maxillary and 16 mandibular
• Mandibular first molar is the first
permanent tooth
– Between ages 5 & 6
– Erupts next to last primary molar

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Permanent Dentition

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9

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Permanent Dentition
• Between ages 5-12, mixed dentition
is present
– Both deciduous and permanent teeth
in the mouth together
– Permanent teeth that replace the
deciduous are referred to as
succedaneous

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Names and Functions of
the Teeth
• People are heterodonts, many teeth types
– Incisors
– Canines
– Premolars
– Molars
• Types of teeth in maxillary arch are same
as mandibular
– Arches are divided into right & left quadrants

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Primary or Deciduous Teeth
• Similar in shape and function to
permanent teeth but smaller
– Incisors: two central, two lateral
– Canines: one in each arch corner
– Molars: two first, two second
– 10 total per arch
• No primary premolars

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Permanent Teeth
• Incisors are the four sharp-edged
front teeth
– Two central, two lateral
– Incises/cuts food
• Canines, aka cuspids, corner teeth
with one pointed cusp
– Holds/tears food

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Permanent Teeth
• Premolars aka bicuspids, posterior teeth
with two cusps
– Named by sequence from front to back in arch
– Crushes/tears food
• Molars are broad back teeth, several cusps
– Named by sequence from front to back in arch
– Chews/crushes/grinds food: mastication

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The Arrangement of the Teeth
• Anterior teeth
– Front of the mouth, include incisors
and canines
• Posterior teeth
– Back of the mouth, include premolars
and molars

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Tooth Description
• Tooth designated by dentition, arch
quadrant and name
• Example
– Dentition: Permanent
– Arch: Mandibular
– Quadrant: Right
– Tooth: Central Incisor

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• When identifying a specific tooth, list the
dentition, arch, quadrant, and tooth name
in that order.
– e.g., permanent [dentition], mandibular
[arch], right [quadrant], central incisor [tooth].
Naming and Coding Teeth
17

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• The Universal system uses the Arabic
numerals 1 through 32 for permanent
teeth and the letters A through T for the
primary teeth.
Universal System
18

19. Universal System
• The number 1 is
assigned to the most
posterior molar on the
upper right.
– The permanent maxillary
right third molar.
19

20. Universal System
• The letter A is
given to the
primary maxillary
right second molar,
and the letter T to
the primary
mandibular right
second molar.
20

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• You count teeth
starting with the most
posterior tooth on the
UR going to the UL
• Then you drop down
from the UL to the LL
and count to the LR.
Universal Numbering System
21
1
3
2
4

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• Which teeth numbers are located
in quadrant 1?
• What teeth numbers are located in
quadrant 2?
• What teeth numbers are located in
quadrant 3?
• What teeth numbers are located in
quadrant 4?
Practice Exercise
22

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• What are the teeth numbers for the
maxillary canines?
• What are the teeth numbers for the
mandibular central incisors?
• What are the teeth numbers for the
maxillary first molars?
• What are the teeth numbers for the
mandibular third molars?
Practice Exercise
23

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• What teeth numbers are
considered to be maxillary anterior
teeth?
• What teeth numbers are
considered to be mandibular
anterior teeth?
• What are the teeth numbers for the
posterior teeth in quadrant 1?
Practice Exercises
24

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• https://www.animated-teeth.com/questions-
answers/teeth-numbers/tooth-numbering-
quiz-1.html
• https://www.animated-teeth.com/questions-
answers/tooth-classification/teeth-
names.html
• https://www.animated-teeth.com/questions-
answers/tooth-anatomy/types-of-teeth.html
Practice Exercise
25

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Summary
• Two sets of teeth in life
– Primary/deciduous dentition consisting of 20 teeth
– Permanent dentition consisting of 32 teeth
• Each dentition has several types of teeth
shaped to perform specific functions
– Work in conjunction with one another to prepare
the food for digestion
• Universal Numbering System
– 1-32 (permanent) and A-T (deciduous)