2. Auditing
A systematic process of objectively obtaining
and evaluating evidence regarding assertions
about economic actions and events to
ascertain the degree of correspondence
between these assertions and established
criteria and communicating the results to
interested users.
3. Audit
1. systematic process
2. objective
3. obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding
assertions about economic actions and events
4. ascertain the degree of correspondence
between these assertions and established
criteria
5. communicating the results to interested users.
4. Financial Statement Assertions
Assertions made by management
Existence
Completeness
Rights and obligations
Valuation
Presentation and disclosure
Related evidence is obtained for accounts and
disclosure in financial statements
5. MANAGEMENT’S FINANCIAL
STATEMENT ASSERTIONS
Existence or Occurrence
• Refers to existence of assets and liabilities
• Refers to occurrence of recorded transactions
Completeness
• Refers to inclusion of all transactions and accounts in financial statements
Valuation or Allocation
• Refers to inclusion of accounts in financial statements at appropriate amounts
Rights and Obligations
• Refers to assets being the rights of an organization
• Refers to liabilities being the obligations of an organization
Presentation and Disclosure
• Refers to components of financial statement being properly classified, described,
and disclosed
7. Types of Audits
Financial statement audit – to determine if FS
are presented fairly in accordance with
accounting standards.
Compliance Audit –to determine if an
organization has adhered to specific
procedures, rules or regulations.
8. Types of Audits
Operational/Internal audit – to assess entity’s
performance, identify areas for improvement
and make recommendations to improve
performance.
Although these may differ, they have some
similarities: systematic examination and
required written report
9. Types of Auditors
External auditors – independent CPAs who offer
professional services specifically FS audit
Internal auditors – entity’s own employees who
investigate and appraise the effectiveness and
efficiency of operations and internal controls,
specifically through operations audit
Government auditors – gov’t employees whose
function is to determine if persons or entities
comply with gov’t laws and regulations
10. Independent FS Audit
To enable the auditor to express an opinion
whether the FS are prepared, in all material
respects, in accordance with an identified
financial reporting framework or acceptable
financial reporting standards
11. Responsibility for the FS
Embodied in the Statement of Management
Responsibility
Management is responsible for preparing and
presenting the FS. They are responsible for
its reliability.
It is management’s responsibility to adopt
internal control procedures and prepare
reliable financial statements.
12. Assurance provided by Auditor
Audit opinion is not a guarantee that the FS
are dependable.
PSAs states that an audit is designed to
provide only reasonable assurance (not
absolute assurance) that the financial
statements taken as a whole are free from
material misstatements.
13. Audit limitations
Use of testing / sampling risk
Error in application of judgment / non-
sampling risk
Reliance on management’s representation
Inherent limitations of the client’s accounting
and internal control systems
Nature of evidence
14. General principles governing the
audit of financial statements
The auditor should comply with the Code of
Professional Ethics for CPAs
The auditor should conduct an audit in
accordance with PSAs
The auditor should plan and perform the audit
with an attitude of professional skepticism
recognizing that circumstances may exist
which may cause the financial statements to
be materially misstated.
15. Need for an independent FS
audit
Conflict of interest
Expertise
Remoteness
Financial consequences
16. Theoretical framework of auditing
Audit function operates on the assumption
that all financial data are verifiable
The auditor should always maintain
independence with respect to the FS under
audit.
There should be no long-term conflict
between the auditor and client management
17. Theoretical framework of auditing
Effective internal control system reduces the
possibility of errors and fraud affecting the FS
Consistent application of GAAP or PFRS
results in fair presentation of FS
What was held true in the past will continue to
hold true in the future in the absence of
known conditions to the contrary
An audit benefits the public