Student Industrial Work Experience at Children's Hospital

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REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
(SIWES)
UNDERTAKEN AT
CHILDREN SPECIALIST HOSPITAL CENTRE IGBORO
ILORIN, KWARA STATE.
BY
KAWATA HASSAN MUSA
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SUBMITTED TO
THE SIWES COORDINATOR
MICROBIOLOGY UNIT
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE
KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY MALETE.
COURSE CODE: MCB 310
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
DEGREE (B.SC) IN MICROBIOLOGY
AUGUST, 2017.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would want to genuinely appreciate my parents for their persistence on my behalf,
patience, love and financial support. A big thank you to the organizers of this SIWES program, it
was indeed an educating program. I would also like to thank the lab scientists and technicians at
children specialist hospital centre igboro for their patience in answering our questions and also
for giving necessary explanations when due and colleagues from other institution with whom I
underwent this SIWES program.
Finally, thanks to Almighty GOD for making all this possible, I am very grateful and
sincerely from my heart, gratitude’s all I give.

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 2
REPORT OVERVIEW................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 6
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
(SIWES)...................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES .............................................................................................. 7
1.3 BODIES INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SIWES....................................... 8
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 10
2.0 BACKGROUND OF ESTABLISHMENT ....................................................................... 10
CHILDREN SPECIALIST HOSPITALCENTRE IGBORO, ILORIN KWARA STATE,
NIGERIA. ................................................................................................................................. 10
2.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT........................... 11
2.2 DEPARTMENT/UNITS/FUNCTIONS AND SPECIFIC PLACE POSTED............... 11
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 16
3.0 NATURE OF WORK, ACTIVITIES, SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE GAINED DURING
SIWES DURATION..................................................................................................................... 16
3.1 FULL BLOOD COUNT (FBC) TESTS AND MALARIA PARASITE TEST (MP) ... 16
3.2 RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TEST (RDT) ............................................................................ 21
3.2.1 Rapid diagnostic test for malaria ............................................................................ 21
3.2.2 Hepatitis Rapid diagnostic test................................................................................ 23
3.2.3 Lentiviral screening................................................................................................. 26
3.3 PARKED CELL VOLUME (PCV) ............................................................................... 28
3.3.1 The micro Haematocrit reading technique:............................................................. 29
3.4 URINALYSIS TEST...................................................................................................... 30
3.4.1 The principle of the urinalysis test.......................................................................... 31
3.4.2 Significance of the chemical reagents on the urinalysis (URS) - box .................... 31
3.4 BLOOD GROUPING .................................................................................................... 33
3.4.1 The Blood Types..................................................................................................... 33
3.5 MICROSCOPY PREPARATION OF SPUTUM TEST ............................................... 35
3.5.1 Sample collection & preparation............................................................................. 35
3.6 EXPERIENCE GAINED DURING MY SIWES PROGRAM ..................................... 37
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................... 40
4.0 EQUIPMENT USED IN THE LABORATORY............................................................... 40
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 44

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5.0 SUMMARY....................................................................................................................... 44
5.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED .................................................................................... 44
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................... 44
5.4 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 45
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 46

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REPORT OVERVIEW
The Scheme of industrial training exposes students to industry based skills necessary for
a smooth transition from the classroom to the world of work. It affords students of tertiary
institutions the opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to the needed experience in
handling machinery and equipment which are usually not available in the educational
institutions. At the children specialist hospital centre igboro Ilorin where I underwent my
industrial training, The hospital was established mainly for children although adult are also
attended to but not admitted, most operations, tests and diagnosis are for little children around
the age of 0-18.I worked in the hospital medical laboratory for my six month SIWES training
program and the laboratory is where test diagnose by doctor or medical officer is carried out or
performed. I worked in the laboratory assisting and working with the lab scientist and
technicians in performing series of medical tests.
I acquired special knowledge and skills in carrying out most of the medical test which are
Parked cell volume (PCV), malaria parasite test (MP), syphilis test, hepatitis test, and Urinalysis
test, microscopy preparation of sputum test, microscopy preparation of Full blood count and
malaria parasite, blood grouping test and lentiviral tests. I was also trained in handling and using
some of the laboratory equipments and machineries like the incubator, refrigerator and
centrifuge.

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
(SIWES)
SIWES was established in 1973 by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) as one of her
programs. It was designed to give Nigerian students studying occupationally-related courses in
higher institutions the experience that would supplement their theoretical learning in order to
solve the problem of lack of adequate practical skills preparatory for employment in industries
by Nigerian graduates of tertiary institutions.
The Scheme exposes students to industry based skills necessary for a smooth transition
from the classroom to the world of work. It affords students of tertiary institutions the
opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery
and equipment which are usually not available in the educational institutions.
Participation in SIWES has become a necessary pre-condition for the award of Diploma
and Degree certificates in specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning in the
country, in accordance with the education policy of government. Usually there are three
modules: The first module is for two months and this is taken by all 200- level Engineering and
Food Technology students in University. This module of industrial Training is designed to
expose the students to engineering and technology operations at the shop floor level. The second
module is for three months. This is for the 300-level students of Engineering, Food Technology,
Geography, Biochemistry, Nursing, Pharmacy, Geology, Physics, and Library Science. The third
module is however for six months and it is taken by 400-level students of Engineering, Food

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Technology, Botany, Microbiology, Industrial Chemistry, Computer Science, Zoology,
Agriculture and Physiotherapy. SIWES is operated by the ITF, the coordinating agencies (NUC,
NCCE, and NBTE), employers of labor and the institutions concerned (universities and
polytechnics).Funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria.
Beneficiaries-Undergraduates students of the following: Agriculture, Engineering, Technology,
Environmental, Science, Education, Medical Science and Pure and Applied Sciences.
Duration - Four months for polytechnics and Colleges of Education, and six months for
the Universities.
A SURVEY OF THE INSTITUTIONS PARTICIPATING IN SIWES
Universities 59
Polytechnics 85
Colleges of Education 62
Total 206
This survey was carried out year 2008.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
SIWES is a program organized for students of higher institutions to acquire practical knowledge
of their various discipline in a real standard establishment different from the kind of experience
or knowledge gained within the four walls of the classroom or school laboratory.
The Industrial Training Funds policy Document No. 1 of 1973 which established SIWES
outlined the objectives of the scheme. The objectives are to:
1. Provide an avenue for students in higher institutions of learning to acquire industrial
skills and experiences during their course of study.

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2. Prepare students for industrial work situations that they are likely to meet after
graduation.
3. Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery
that may not be available in their institutions.
4. Make the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance students’
contacts for later job placements.
5. Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in real work
situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.
6. Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process and
prepare students for employment in Industry and Commerce (Information and Guideline
for SIWES, 2002).
1.3 BODIES INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SIWES
The bodies involved are: The Federal Government, Industrial Training Fund (ITF). Other
supervising agents are: National University Commission (NUC), National Board for Technical
Education (NBTE) and National Council for Colleges of Education (NCE)
The functions of these agencies above include among others to:
 Ensure adequate funding of the scheme;
 Establish SIWES and accredit SIWWES unit in the approved institutions;
 Formulate policies and guideline for participating bodies and institutions as well as
appointing SIWES coordinators and supporting staff;
 Supervise students at their places of attachment and sign their lob-book and IT forms;
 Vet and process student’s log-book and forward same to ITF Area office;

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 Ensure payment of allowances for the students and supervisors.
Therefore the success or otherwise of the SIWES depends on the efficiency of the Ministries,
ITF, Institutions, Employers of labour and the general public involved in articulation and
management of the program. Thus the evaluation of SIWES in tertiary institutions in meeting up
with the needs for the establishment of the program is necessary.

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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 BACKGROUND OF ESTABLISHMENT
CHILDREN SPECIALIST HOSPITALCENTRE IGBORO, ILORIN KWARA STATE,
NIGERIA.
The children specialist hospital was established in 1935 as one of the 1st healthcare facilities in
the north central Nigeria. It was previously called district health centre has now grown over the
years to a fully fledge specialist centre .It is important to maintain that eminent Nigerians were
delivered in this hospital, Among them are Hnr, Alh Dr.Ibrahim Zulu Gambari, the Emir of
Ilorin, Justice Modibo Belgore, former chief Justice of the federation, Alh Akanbi Oniyangi,
Alhaja Ayo Edun, Alh Yahaya Madawaki just to mention few.
The hospital is accredited for training of medical interns, community health workers,
medical students on community health posting, and medical health technician students .children
specialist hospital have average monthly admission rate of 150 children while about 3500
children are seen and managed monthly on outpatient basis.
The hospital serves as a referral centre for primary and other secondary health institutions in the
state

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2.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT
2.2 DEPARTMENT/UNITS/FUNCTIONS AND SPECIFIC PLACE POSTED
a) Pharmacy Unit: This is where drugs prescribed for patient are given .The units deals
with administering prescribed drugs or medicines to patients as they receive or collect
bill. The units ensure there is uninterrupted drug supply to the patients and patient
counseling on drug utilization; they also sell some hospital materials e.g. gloves.
Client Referral
coordinator
TRIAGE
NURSE
GOPD
Pediatric COPD
Pediatric inpatient
Immunization Unit
ANC
Labor room/ward
TB DOTS clinic
Laboratory
All lying in wards
Referrals
M&E OFFICE
DOCTOR/ART
NURSE
TB DOTS
UNIT
LABORATORY
ADHERENCE
COUNSELOR
PHARMACY

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b) Theatre unit: The theatre is one of the facilities in the hospital also known as operating
room where surgical operations are carried out in a sterile environment.
c) Family and planning unit: This unit is where the practice of controlling the number of
children in a family and the intervals between their births .Patients who wants or are
willing to undergo this practice consults the unit.
d) Children ward: The children ward is the unit or ward containing rows of bed for
inpatient where the pediatric staffs and medical officer’s care for children newborn to 18
years old. The ward also includes the pediatric Day stay unit for children admitted for day
surgery and the pediatric observational unit for children needing observation (But not a
longer stay) before being able to go home.
e) Weighing unit: This is where weight and height is measured and recorded .Children
from newborn or infant to age 18 measures their weight and height at this unit.
f) Injection and dressing room: This unit deals with the practice of given injection to
patient and they also function in dressing wounds, bruise or deep cut.

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g) The healthcare department or unit: This unit is concerned with creating awareness on
reproductive, maternal Neonatal and child health, ensuring sound nutrition including
infant and young child feeding and care of elderly & adolescents.
h) Consulting room: This is where the doctor sees the patient .This room department is
where patient go in to see the medical officer or doctor.
i) Revenue unit: This unit is one of the department in the hospital and they function in
 Maximizing the collection of government revenue through medical fees and to
efficiently manage exemption and outstanding bills.
 Recording of patient registration (outpatient, inpatient and daycare patients)
 Manage hospitalization billing
 Manage the application for exemption or reduction of patient bills.
j) The GOPD(general outpatient department):This is where the outpatient stays or are
seated to see the doctor
k) TB DOT lab: The TB (Tuberculosis) dot lab is where the Sputum collection and test for
Tuberculosis is carried out or performed.
l) TB DOT unit: This unit is where patients who want to do sputum test for tuberculosis
consult. They function in recording patient data and the test result.

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m) Immunization unit: The function of this unit are to eliminate the spread of vaccine
preventable diseases by increasing vaccine covering ,raise awareness of the diseases that
vaccines prevent and educate the public about vaccine safety.
n) The medical laboratory unit: This is where medical tests are usually done on clinical
specimens in order to obtain information about the health of a patient as pertaining the
diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. series of medical test and operations
carried out at the children specialist hospital centre igboro medical laboratory are;
I. Full blood count (FBC)
II. Malaria parasite test(MP)
III. Urinalysis
IV. Blood grouping test
V. Genotype
VI. Parked cell volume(PCV)
VII. Sputum test for TB
VIII. Lentiviral test
IX. Hepatitis test
X. Syphilis test

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XI. Widal test
XII. Pregnancy test(PT)
XIII. Bleeding
XIV. Random blood sugar (RBS)
The hospital medical laboratory is where I was posted to and it where I did my SIWES
training for six month.
My duties in the laboratory are:
 Microscopy Preparation of full blood count and malaria parasite test
 Performing and carrying out some medical test as requested by the patient, the test which
are ;rapid hepatitis test, Rapid malaria parasite test, rapid Lentiviral test, urinalysis test
,parked cell volume test (PCV)and Microscopy Preparing of Sputum test.

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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 NATURE OF WORK, ACTIVITIES, SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE
GAINED DURING SIWES DURATION
The work done at the medical laboratory of children specialist hospital centre igboro for
my SIWES training is highlighted below;
3.1 FULL BLOOD COUNT (FBC) TESTS AND MALARIA PARASITE TEST (MP)
3.1.1 Microscopy Preparation of full blood count and malaria parasite
The full blood count or complete blood cell count is a blood panel requested by a doctor or
other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient’s blood and also
checking for presence of any form of malaria parasite .The requested test in performed in the
laboratory providing the requesting medical professional or doctor with the results of the full
blood count(FBC and malaria parasite) .My work is to make preparation of the blood film(thick
and thin) for the lab scientist to view under the microscope.
In the world today counting the cells in a patient blood is carried out automatically with
the use of a machine known as automated analyzer, but at some healthcare centers and facilities
the test is done microscopically i.e. using a microscope to view and count the cells and my
SIWES training centre is not excluded from this practice.

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Complete blood analyzer
Procedure:
 The patient’s blood is collected at the reception by a lab technician or scientist through
venipuncture(through the vein) into a test tube containing an anticoagulant
(EDTA,sometimes citrate) to prevent or stop the blood from clotting then shake well.
 The blood is then transported into the laboratory; sometimes the blood sample is drawn
off a finger prick in a situation where the vein is not prominent or not visible.
 At the laboratory where my work starts, preparation of thick and thin blood is done on
microscope slide.
3.1.2 Making of thick blood and thin blood film on microscope slide:
o To prepare a thick blood film: a small drop of blood is dropped at top of a pre cleaned
slide( close to the end)

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o Using the corner of another clean slide ,the blood is spread in circular motion
EDTA bottles Lancets
o To prepare thin blood film: a small drop of blood is dropped at the other end of the
slide of the slide.
o Another slide is placed on the drop, allowing the blood to spread along the contact line of
the 2 slides.

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o The upper slide(Spreader) is quickly pushed toward the center of the lower slide making
sure the smears or films have a good feathered edge, and this is achieve by using the
correct amount of blood .
The thick blood film is used to check for presence of malaria parasite while the thin blood
film is used for the blood cell count

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Thick and thin blood smear or film
 The slide is labeled and hanged on a slide rack to allow to dry, thin films dry up faster
thick films or smears
 After both the thick blood film and thin film has dry, methanol is added on the thin film
only using a micro or small pipette to avoid the thin blood film from washing away this
process is termed or called fixing.
 The fixed thin blood film is allowed to dry as staining of the slide follows.
Preparation of geisha stain:
Staining of the slide is done using geimsa stain reagent, at times leishma stain is used.
Materials required:
Geimsa reagent, pipette, distilled or pure water and a clean empty bottle
Preparation:
3 ml of geimsa reagent is pipette into a clean empty bottle, then 27ml of water(pure water
is usually used)is added to geimsa in the bottle to make 30ml solution, the bottle is shake to
allow even mixture of the solution.
Procedure for staining the slide:
 The slide containing the smears or film is placed on the staining tray.
 The prepared geimsa stain is then used to stain the slide until the films are well covered
up in geimsa stain and allow to stay for 10 minute
 After 10 minute the slide is gently rinsed with distill water and the other side of the slide
(not containing smears or blood films) is cleaned with cotton wool.
 The slide is then hanged on a slide rack or slide holder to allow to dry after which is then
viewed using light microscope under immersion oil.

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3.2 RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TEST (RDT)
Rapid diagnostic test is a medical test that is quick test on request by medical officer or
doctor.RDTs are suitable for preliminary or emergency medical screening .they also allow point
of care testing in primary care for things that formerly only a laboratory test could measure.
They provide same-day results within two hours, typically in approximately 20 minutes.
Examples of Rapid diagnostic test are;
o Rapid diagnostic test for malaria
o Rapid diagnostic test for hepatitis
o Rapid diagnostic test lentiviral screening(LVS)
o Rapid diagnostic test for syphilis test
o Rapid diagnostic test for pregnancy test (PT)
3.2.1 Rapid diagnostic test for malaria
The malaria rapid diagnostic test(RDTs) assist in the diagnosis of malaria by providing evidence
of the presence of malaria parasites in the patient blood.RDTs are alternative to diagnosis based
on clinical grounds or microscopy.
Materials required:
Lancet, blood sample, cotton wool, alcohol pad, RDT cassette, the assay buffer
solution and micro pipette

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RDT cassette
Procedure:
 The patient finger (any of the five) is cleaned using an alcohol pad then pricked
using a lancet or pricking needle.
 The pricked finger is squeezed to allow out flow of blood.
 Then a micro pipette is used to picked little or small quantity of the blood and
dropped on the “A” portion of the RDT cassette, the patient pricked finger is
cleaned with cotton wool.
 The assay buffer solution of malaria rapid diagnostic test is then added (about 2-3
drops) at the “B” portion or buffer well of RDT cassette.
 The test is then timed for 20 minute after which the result is read.
Result Interpretation:
If a single line(control line"C”) appear on the result window that means the test is
negative, if the control line appear with another line( test line”T”)visible below the control line,
this indicate a positive malaria test.
C
T T

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Negative test Positive test Invalid test
A positive and negative malaria RDT test
NB: in a situation where only the test line is visible, this indicates an invalid test. It is advisable
to repeat the test using another RDT cassette.
3.2.2 Hepatitis Rapid diagnostic test
Hepatitis is a viral infection of the liver, the types of hepatitis disease are A,B,C,D,and E.
hepatitis B(HBAsg or HBV) and hepatitis C(HCV) are the only two usually tested for at the
laboratory, The test is carried out in the lab using the hepatitis kit containing the hepatitis strip
and the buffer solution.
Materials required: Hepatitis strip (B or C), blood sample, lancet, micro pipette, cotton wool,
alcohol pad, and the hepatitis buffer solution.

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Hepatitis strips
Procedure:
 The patient’s finger is pricked cleaned with alcohol pad then pricked with a lancet.
 The out flowing is picked with a micro pipette and dropped on the white end tape portion
of strip.
 The buffer solution for the particular type of hepatitis test is then added(about 2-3
drops)on the same spot the blood was added(the white tape end of the strip)
 The test is timed for 20 minute after which the result is read.
White tape end result window

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Result interpretation:
If a single line (the control line”C”) is visible, the test is negative. If the control line is
visible with another line (test line”T”) below, this means the test is positive.
Control line
Test line Test line
Negative test Positive test Invalid test
to repeat the test using another strip.
The technique and process use in performing the hepatitis test is the same for syphilis test
.at times the patient plasma or serum used instead of blood for a more effective and accurate
result since the parasite of the disease will be concentrated in the plasma and when the plasma is
used the buffer for that rapid diagnostic test is not necessary, The plasma is gotten when the
blood is collected through the vein into an EDTA bottle, and spin in a centrifuge for 5minute or
allow to settle just by hanging it on rack undisturbed.
The plasma using can be applicable to hepatitis test, syphilis and Lentiviral screening
(LVS).

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Loading samples in a centrifuge
3.2.3 Lentiviral screening
The lentiviral screening is also a rapid diagnostic test to detect presence of HIV virus in human
blood, it is also known as HIV test .the test involve the use of the LVS strip and its buffer
solution.
Materials required:
Lancet, LVS strip, blood sample, LVS buffer solution, cotton wool, alcohol pad and
micro pipette.
White tape end for blood and buffer result window

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Procedure:
 An alcohol pad is use to clean the patient’s finger to be pricked to sterilize the finger.
 The lancet is then use to prick the pre-cleaned finger.
 The finger is squeezed to allow blood to flow –out.
 Then a micro pipette is used to pick little quantity of the out-flowing blood and dropped
on the white tape end region of the strip.
 The buffer solution for the LVS is then added at the same white tape end and the test is
timed for 20 after which the result is read.
A positive lentiviral test
If a single line (the control line) is visible, the test is negative. If the control line is visible
with another line (test line) below, this means the test is positive.

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Control line
Test line
Test line
Negative test positive test invalid test
to repeat the test using another strip.
3.3 PARKED CELL VOLUME (PCV)
The PCV is the volume percentage of red blood cells in blooded .It is normally 45% for men and
40% for women. it is considered as an integral part of full blood count test (FBC) along with
WBC (white blood cell count).the parked cell volume of a patient is determined in the medical
laboratory by centrifuging Heparinized blood in capillary tube (also known as micro Haematocrit
tube) at 10,000 RPM for 5minute.this process separate the blood into layers then the volume of
the parked cell is measured using a an Haematocrit reader.
Materials required for PCV test: Lancet or pricking needle, blood sample, alcohol pad,
cotton wool, Heparinized capillary tube and sealant, micro Haematocrit centrifuge.
Test procedure:
 Using a lancet ,after cleaning the chosen area with alcohol pad, blood is drawn picking
either: any of the fingers or the heel(for infants).the blood is allow to flow freely or with
very little pressure to the area, the first drop is wipe away with cotton wool.

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 The tip of the capillary tube is applied to the drop of blood, the blood flows to the tube by
capillary, filling about 3 quarters of the tube.
 The other end of the tube is carefully plug or sealed with a sealant.veinous blood
collected in EDTA bottle can be use by placing or dropping the capillary tube in the
blood inside the EDTA for the blood to rise up the tube, then cleaned and sealed properly.
 The capillary tube filled with blood sample is then spin in a Haematocrit centrifuge for 5
minute after which the separated parked blood is read using a micro Haematocrit reader.
3.3.1 The micro Haematocrit reading technique:
 Hold the tube against the scale so that the bottom of the column of the erythrocytes is
aligned with the horizontal zero line. Then move the tube until the line 100.0 passes
through the top of the plasma column.
 The line that passes through the top of the column of erythrocyte gives the erythrocyte
parked cell volume.

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3.4 URINALYSIS TEST
The urinalysis URS is a single use test specific for detection of urinary tract infection. It
involves the use of reagent strips to initially screen for suspected and /or existing health
conditions. The Urine diagnostic reagent strips can provide early indications of developing
health problems and identify potential abnormal functions requiring more extensive testing.

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3.4.1 The principle of the urinalysis test
The urinalysis test involve the use of the urinalysis tests strips(URS) which is prepared inside the
URS box, on the strip are series of square/box bar of different colors .they are plastic strips to
which chemically specific reagent pads are affixed. The reagent pads react with the pre collected
sample urine to provide a standardized visible color reaction within 30 seconds to one minutes
depending on the specific panel screen. The color is then compared to the included color chart to
determine the level of each chemical factor. Test results may provide useful information
regarding carbohydrate (sugar) metabolism (diabetes), kidney function, acid –base balance,
bacterium, high leukocytes and other conditions of overall health. The urinalysis strip is ready
for use upon removal from the vial and the entire strip is disposable.
3.4.2 Significance of the chemical reagents on the urinalysis (URS) - box
Normal urine specimens generally yield negative results for leukocytes and nitrites,
protein and glucose positive results of small (+) or greater are clinically significant. Individually
observed ‘Trace’ results may be of questionable clinical significance.
Positive results for Blood may occasionally be found with random specimens from
females due to contamination of the urine specimen by Vaginal discharge e.g. menstruation
The pH: normal and abnormal urinary pH may range from 5 to 9.readings are generally
situations specific and should be discussed with the medical professional. First morning urine
from healthy individuals will usually range 5 to 6.
Expected results for ketone, Bilirubin, urobilonogen and specific gravity are included normal
ranges.
Test Procedure:

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 A fresh urine sample is collected in a clean dry container preferably universal bottle. First
morning sample contain the highest concentration of target markers.
 One reagent strip is removed from the URS –box and immediately replace the container cap
minimizing the exposure of the remaining test strips to light and air.
 The reagent pads of the strip are completely immersed in the sample and then remove
immediately to avoid dissolving out the reagent pads.
 While removing the reagent strip, the edge of the strip is run against the rim of the specimen
container to remove excess urine. The strip is hold in a horizontal position to prevent possible
cross contamination of chemicals located in adjacent reagent pads
 The color change on the reagent pads is then compared with the corresponding color chart on the
urinalysis box or bottle, reading the results according to the chart’s time frame for each panel
tested.
Comparing color change on the URS-box
Reading the results:
Each vial of the urinalysis reagent strips includes a color coded chart .the reactive color
of each panel on the test strip is compared to the closest corresponding color on the result chart.
The concentration level range for each chemical marker is indicated below each color block on
the result chart.

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Expected results:
 Glucose: glucose should not be detected in normal urine; small amounts of glucose may
be excreted by the kidney. These amounts are usually below the sensitivity of this test.
Color change are considered to be significant abnormal and professional healthcare is
obtained immediately.
 Protein: protein is usually not detectable in normal urine. A color matching any block
greater than ‘trace’ indicates significant proteinuria.
 PH: normal and abnormal urinary pH may range from 5 to 9.readings is generally
situation specific and should be discussed with the medical professional.
 Additional panels: Expected results for ketone, Bilirubin, urobilonogen and specific
gravity are included normal ranges.
3.4 BLOOD GROUPING
The blood grouping or blood typing test is a medical test diagnosed for a patient or requested for
to determine a person’s blood type or group. The test is essential if there is need to donate blood
or blood transfusion or just on a normal request from a patient.
3.4.1 The Blood Types
Blood type is determined by what kind of antigens red blood cells have on the surface .Antigens
are substances that help the body to differentiate between its own cells and foreign, potentially
dangerous ones. If the body thinks a cell is foreign it will set out to destroy it.
The four categories of blood types according to the ABO grouping system:
o Type A has the A antigen.
o Type B has the B antigen.

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o Type AB has both A and B antigens.
o Type O has neither A nor B antigens.
Material required for test:
A white small rectangular or square tile, blood sample, EDTA bottle, micro pipette and cotton
wool.
Reagents: Anti sera A, B and D
Procedure:
 Blood is collected through venipuncture of a pre-cleaned skin into.
 After the blood is drawn cotton wool is placed on the punctured site
 The blood is shaken and then three distant (at different spot) drops are added on a clean
white tile.
 On the first drop, anti sera “A” is added to the drop of blood, on the second anti sera “B”
is added and on the third drop of blood, anti sera D is added.
 The mixture (blood and anti-sera) is then mixed together and rocked(rolling the whole
tile carefully to allow the mixture to mix evenly)
If there is clumping together of the blood at the first drop (now mixed blood with
anti sera), the blood type is A, if the clumping occurs at the second drop, the blood type is B,
and if the clumping occurs at the third drop the blood type is O+, the rhesus (either negative or
positive) is determine by a visible clump formed at the third drop.
So if there is clump formation at the first and last drop, the blood type is A+
Clump formation Results
First drop only A-

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3.5 MICROSCOPY PREPARATION OF SPUTUM TEST
A sputum test for is a laboratory test performed on a sample of patient’s sputum, or phlegm .it’s
also known as acid –fast bacillus(AFB) stain or a tuberculosis (TB) smear. A medical officer or
doctor typically orders the test to determine if a person has Tuberculosis (TB) or another type of
mycobacterial infection.
If the patient has already been taking medication for TB or another mycobacterial infection, the
doctor might order the test to find out if the medication is working. Detection of acid –fast bacilli
(AFB) in stained and acid –washed smears examined microscopyally may provide the initial
bacteriologic evidence of the presence of mycobacterial in clinical specimen. Smear microscopy
is the quickest and easiest procedure that can be performed.
3.5.1 Sample collection & preparation
Due to overnight accumulation of secretions ,First morning specimens are more likely to yield
recovery of AFB.for a diagnosed patient, two samples are usually collected ,one on the first day;
the patient takes a deep long breathe and coughs hard until sputum comes up, the sputum is pit
out into the sample cup(not much). and the second one will be brought by the patient early
morning of the next day of which the patient is not expected to have eaten or brush the mouth (it
First &second only AB-
First and third drop only A+
Third drop only O+
Second drop only B-
Second and third drop only B+
None O-

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should be done so early) but for a follow up patient just a sample collection is needed.,
preferably when the patient wakes up for the day).the sample collection is done at a far end
corner of the hospital for safety purpose .the sample of each patient is labeled appropriately with
name and serial number. Patients that are unable to cough up sputum will undergo a
bronchoscopy to collect sputum directly from the lung.
Sputum sample cup
Material required: Sputum sample, microscope glass slides, cotton wool, Bunsen burner,
disposable stick or a piece of broom.
Reagent:
Carbol fuchsin stain (filtered), acid alcohol, methylene blue and water
Procedure:
 Making of smear: on a two clean microscope slide, the sputum is spread evenly over the
central area of the slides using a continuous rotational movement with a clean piece of
stick or broom.

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 The slides are then placed on a dryer with smeared surface upwards, and air dried for
about 30 minutes.
 The dried smears are then heat fixed.
 The smears are cover with Carbol fuchsin stain.
 The smears now covered with Carbol fuchsin is heated until vapor just begin to rise, not
to overheat(boil or dry)the heated stain is allow to stay for 5 minutes.
 The stain is washed off with clean water.
 The smears are then cover with 3% acid alcohol for 2-5 minute or until the smears are
sufficiently decolorized, i.e. pale pink.
 The smears are washed well with water.
 Then covered with methylene blue stain for 2 minutes.
 The stain is washed off with clean water
 The back of the slides is wiped and placed on a draining rack for smear to air dry(not to
blot dry)
 The smear is then ready to be viewed under the light microscope.
3.6 EXPERIENCE GAINED DURING MY SIWES PROGRAM
During my SIWES training at centre igboro children specialist hospital medical
laboratory I was able to acquire the knowledge and skills on process and technique on how series
of medical tests are conducted, test like the rapid diagnostic test for malaria, rapid diagnostic for
syphilis, urinalysis test, preparation of sputum on microscope slide for Tuberculosis(TB) test,
preparation of Full blood count and malaria parasite test microscopyally, rapid diagnostic test for
hepatitis, rapid diagnostic test for lentiviral screening(LVS) and blood grouping test, I learnt to
relate properly with other co-workers and supervisors and to work as a team as most work in the

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lab is done in a division-of-labor practice. I also learned the use of important laboratory
equipment and machines and most importantly I was able to know important laboratory rules,
safety and precautions in identifying known and potential hazards.

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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 EQUIPMENT USED IN THE LABORATORY
The Light Microscope
The microscope employs a hollow, extremely intense cone of light concentrated on the
specimen. The field of view of the objective lens lies in the hollow, dark portion of the cone and
picks up only scattered light from the object. The clear portions of the specimen appear as a dark
background, and the minute objects under study glow brightly against the dark field. This form
of illumination is useful for transparent, unstained biological material and for minute objects that
cannot be seen in normal illumination under the microscope. The light microscope is use in full
blood count (FBC) and malaria parasite test (MP) and also viewing sputum smear prepared on
slide for Tuberculosis test.
The centrifuge
A centrifuge is a pieces of equipment that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis (spins it
in a circle), applying a potential strong force perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward).
The Haematocrit centrifuge is use for spinning capillary tube or micro Haematocrit tube
containing filled with blood sample for parked cell volume test(PCV).the spinning is done at
10,000 rpm for 5 minute .the table top or bucket centrifuge is also used in the laboratory for
spinning blood sample in EDTA bottle to separate erythrocyte and plasma. This is applied at
rapid diagnostic test in situation when plasma is to be used.
Refrigerator
This is used to preserve samples, reagents etc, which are used for daily analysis and cannot be
exhausted at once. The refrigerator helps provide optimum environment for materials to be

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preserved. Examples of reagent kept in the refrigerator are reagents like the blood grouping anti
sera, Widal test kit containing reagents and the likes.
Incubator
The incubator is mainly used to incubate culture media as microbes have different optimum
temperatures for growth and reproduction. The temperature of an incubator can be set to the
preferred temperatures.
Glass slides
Used for preparation of slides for microscopy test e.g. Full blood count and Malaria parasite test.
Cover slips
This is use for covering wet smears of preparations. It is sterilized by flooding with alcohol and
flaming off excess alcohol.
Bunsen burner
Bunsen burner is burner is used in the laboratory, it consist of a bottle usually glass bottle filled
with spirit and thick wool dip into the bottle ,half part of the wool is dip into the spirit and other
part pass out through a hole at the top of the bottle cap where it burn. The spirit serves as oil that
allows the wool to burn. The Bunsen burner is use in heat fixing sputum smears made on side in
the TB dot lab.
Counting chamber
The counting chamber or haemocytometer is a device originally designed and usually used for
counting blood cells. It consists of a thick glass microscope slide with rectangular identification
that creates chamber. This chamber is engraved with a laser –etched grid of perpendicular lines.
The device is carefully crafted so that the area bounded by the lines is known and the depth of
the chamber is also know, by observing a defined area of the grid, it is therefore a defined area of
the grid it is therefore possible to count the number of cells or particles in specific volume of

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fluid, and thereby calculate the concentration of cells in the fluid overall. The counting chamber
is employed in WBC (white blood cell count) an integral part of full blood count.
The cell counting machine
The cell counter or cell counting machine is the device or instrument use manually for counting
cell in human blood prepared microscopically. The cell counter has labeled inscriptions of cells
on it, the polymorph, basophile, eusinophile, lymphocyte, monophile and the total count for all.
This device is use for white blood cell count and differential count in full blood count.
CD4 FACS count machine
The BD Account machine system is a complete dedicated system for automatically counting
CD4+, CD8+ and CD3+ T lymphocytes. These cells counts are used to monitor the immune status
of persons infected with HIV.the compact self, self contained system, incorporating instrument,
reagent and controls eliminates the needs for hematology results to obtain absolute count values
And reduces variability or simplifies the sample preparation procedure.
Electrophoresis machine
Electrophoresis machine is use for genotype test. The principle behind the machine operations is
the electrophoresis on cellulose acetate paper strips which separates protein on the basis of their
net charge difference and migrates towards the anode under an electric field with mobility
proportional to their net charge in an alkaline medium.
Vortex machine
A vortex mixer or vortexer is a simple device used commonly in laboratories to mix small vials
of liquid. It consists of an electric motor with the drive shaft oriented vertically and attached to a
cupped rubber piece mounted slightly off-center.as the motor runs the rubber piece oscillates
rapidly in a circular motion. When a test tube or other appropriate container is pressed into the

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rubber cup (or touched to its edge) the motion is transmitted to the liquid inside and a vortex is
created.
Other equipments:
Other Laboratory equipment and instrument include sterilized slide, needle, syringe, alcohol
pad, pipette ,lancet, hand gloves,URS kit box, micro Haematocrit reader, measuring cylinder, test
tubes, conical flask,beakers,spirit,EDTA bottle, slide drying rack, universal bottle,vacutainer
bottle, malaria RDT kit, hepatitis RDT kit, syphilis RDT kit, lentiviral RDT kit, square white tile,
test tube rack, microscope slide rack

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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY
This technical report covers in its entirety all what I leant during the compulsory six (6) months
students’ industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) as institutionally sponsored and
implemented by the industrial training. The scheme had made it possible for me to have first
hand practical knowledge and skills in carrying out and performing medical test as experienced
at children specialist hospital centre igboro Ilorin.
5.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
 In most cases, safety rules are not taken into consideration and the necessary safety
gadgets and equipment are not usually in place.
 It is suggested that some form of allowance should be given to the students by the
employers as a form of encouragement and to assist in their cost of living, basically
feeding, transportation and accommodation especially in areas far from the students’
neighborhood.
 The SIWES training duration/period is not enough for the training scheme I would
suggest that more time should be given to students for their SIWES program.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
1. I propose that more time should be given to the students of microbiology for SIWES
activities
2. I recommend that government should provide placements for students undergoing
SIWES in the several fields of Nigerian Economy.

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3. I recommend that more preference should be given to the power sector so as to provide
adequate light to various healthcare centre/facilities and hospital in the country.
4. Students’ Departmental Supervisor(s) should endeavour to regularly visit students on site
to solve some relevant problems and for adequate evaluation.
5.4 CONCLUSION
In conclusion this program has enabled students to gain a lot and many can now practice the
applied aspects of their various disciplines and other related areas on their own. The program has
really being educating and productive.

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REFERENCES
Industrial Training Fund, Federal Republic of Nigeria (2008) Students Industrial Work
Experience Scheme [online] available from <http://odich.com/itfnig/siwes.php> [29th July,
2016]
o www.google.com

Student Industrial Work Experience at Children's Hospital

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