Faults and Stresses: Earthquakes

1. Quarter 2

2. Intro
 Awarding
 New reminders
 Group Monitoring

3. DAY 1

4. Bible Verse of the Day
1 Peter 5:5
5 In the same way, you who are younger, submit
yourselves to your elders. All of you, clothe yourselves
with humility toward one another, because, “God opposes
the proud but shows favor to the humble.”
At kayo namang mga kabataan, magpasakop kayo sa
matatanda. At kayong lahat na mga mananampalataya,
magpakumbaba kayo at maglingkod sa isaʼt isa, dahil
sinasabi sa Kasulatan, “Kinamumuhian ng Dios ang mga
mapagmataas, ngunit kinakaawaan niya ang mga
mapagpakumbaba.”

6. Decode the words related to earthquake
SGHKINA SHAKING
BTRGEMLIN TREMBLING
LTIFAUNG FAULTING
RBEIGNAK BREAKING
EMMONVET MOVEMENT

7. Pacific Ring of Fire

8. Article Reading
Earthquake wreaks havoc in the Philippines

9. Questions
1.When was the 7.7 Earthquake took place in the
Philippines?
2.Where is the epicenter of the earthquake?
3.How many individuals are affected by the
earthquakes?
4.Discuss how devastating a 7.7 intensity earthquake
is.

10. Watch Video
 Lindol sa Pilipinas

11. Day 2

13. What is an Earthquake?
The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of
energy
Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks
Continuing adjustment of position results in aftershocks

14. What is a fault?
A fault is a break in the Earth’s crust, and
along the break, significant movement has
taken place.
A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures
between two blocks of rock.
Faults allow the blocks to move relative to
each other. This movement may occur
rapidly, in the form of an earthquake or may
occur slowly, in the form of creep.
Faults may range in length from a few
millimeters to thousands of kilometers.

15. Active and Inactive Faults
Do not produce earthquakes, Rock displacement can occur, Observed
movements during the last 100,000 year, Does not exhibit activity for
millions of years
Active Fault Inactive Fault
• Rock displacement can
occur
• Observed movements
during the last 100,000
year
• Do not produce
earthquakes
• Does not exhibit activity
for millions of years

16. Complete the paragraph by filling up the blanks with the correct words.
 A 1.________ is a fracture or zone of fractures between
two blocks of 2.________. Faults allow the blocks to
move relative to each other. This 3._________may occur
rapidly, in the form of an 4. _________- or may occur
slowly, in the form of creep. Faults may range in length
from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers. Most
faults produce repeated 5.___________over geologic
time.
 earthquake fault rock displacement movement
fault
rock
movement
earthquake
displacement

18. Activity 1 A fault-y setup
 Objectives: to: 1. describe the appearance of a fault; and 2.
explain how a fault forms.
 Materials: two sheets of cardboard (or folder) fine sand ruler
newspaper (or plastic sheet ) as wide as a newspaper page
 Procedure: 1. Spread the newspaper on a table. Do the
activity on the newspaper. 2. Arrange the two sheets of
cardboard edge to edge (Figure 1).
 Pour sand along the boundary of the two sheets (Figure 2).
 With the ruler, flatten the top of the sand and make two
parallel lines.
 Now, move the sheets slowly in the direction shown in Figure
3

20. Activity 1 A fault-y setup
Before After

21. Questions
Q1. As you move the sheets, what is formed in the
sand?
Q2. What happens to the lines?
Q3. what is a fault?

22. Day 3

23. Bible Verse of the Day
Romans 12:9-10
9 Love must be sincere. Hate what is evil; cling to what
is good. 10 Be devoted to one another in love. Honor
one another above yourselves.
Maging tunay ang inyong pagmamahalan.
Kasuklaman ninyo ang masama at pakaibigin ang
mabuti. Magmahalan kayo bilang tunay na
magkakapatid at pahalagahan ninyo ang iba nang
higit sa pagpapahalaga nila sa inyo.

24. Activity 2. Stick ‘n’ slip
Objectives: After performing this activity, you should be able to:
1. explain how faults generate earthquakes; and 2. explain why
not all movement along faults produces earthquakes.
Materials Needed:
two small boxes (fruit juice boxes are ideal) masking tape rubber
band paper clip

25. Activity 2. Stick ‘n’ slip
 Procedure:
 1. Attach the rubber band to the paper clip. Then attach
the paper clip to one end of one box. (See Figure 5. The
ruler is included for scale.)
 2. Place the boxes side by side. Put a toy house on the
box with the rubber band. Then tape (lightly?) the two
boxes together as shown in Figure 6. Important: Do not
stick the tape on the boxes too much. The tape is meant
to come off.
 3. With your left hand, hold the box without the rubber
band in place. With your other hand, slowly pull on the
rubber band in the direction shown in Figure 7.

26. Drawing
Before After

27. Questions:
1.What happens to the rubber band?
2.Keep on pulling on the rubber band. What happens to
the box attached to the rubber band?
3.What happens to the “house”?
4.What is represented by the boxes?
5.What is represented by the tape?
6.What is represented by the rubberband?
7.Which is the “fault” in this setup?

28. Stick and Slip
Energy from inside the Earth makes the ground
move. There is no movement right away because of
friction. Once friction is overcome, the ground
suddenly moves and an earthquake occurs.
At first, the rocks are stuck together due to friction.
Later, the rocks suddenly slip, generating an
earthquake. Every time a fault slips, the Earth
quakes.

29. Activity 3. Stick ‘n’ shake
Objectives: After performing this activity, you should
be able to: 1. explain the effect of bending of rocks
along faults, and 2. relate faults movement and
earthquakes
Materials Needed:
two plastic rulers, a bit of clay

30. Activity 3. Stick ‘n’ shake
Procedure:
1. Using the clay, attach the rulers’
ends together (how long is the overlap
between rulers?) (Figure 8 shows
closeup photos of side and top views
of the setup.)
2. Hold the rulers as shown in the
picture below. Then slowly move your
hands in the direction of the arrows.

31. Drawing
Before After
1. What happens when bending becomes too much?
2. What is represented by the rulers?
3. What is represented by the clay?
Activity 3. Stick ‘n’ shake

32. Stick and Shake
The ground is bending, storing energy
The bending limit is reached, and the
ground has snap
Shows the ground before bending

33. Stick and Shake
Drawing A shows how the rocks look at
first. Then energy from inside the Earth
makes the rocks bend (Drawing B). But as
mentioned earlier, the rocks along the
fault do not move immediately. Friction
keeps them in place.
When too much bending occurs and the
limit is reached, the rocks suddenly snap
(Drawing C). The bent rocks straighten
out and vibrate. The vibrations travel in all
directions and people in different places
will feel them as a quake.
An earthquake is a vibration of the Earth
due to the rapid release of energy.

34. Day 4

35.  https://www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/media/638-different-types-of-faults

37. Activity: Types of Faults
Objective: Draw and describe the different types
of faults.

39. Bible Verse of the Day
22 Pag-ibig mo, Yahweh, ay hindi nagmamaliw;
kahabagan mo'y walang kapantay.
23 Ito ay laging sariwa bawat umaga;
katapatan mo'y napakadakila.

40. Types of faults
1. Normal Fault
A dip-slip fault in which the
block above the fault has
moved downward relative to
the block below. This type of
faulting occurs in response
to extension. “Occurs when
the “hanging wall” moves
down relative to the “foot
wall”.

41. 2. Reverse fault
A dip-slip fault in which the
upper block, above the fault
plane, moves up and over the
lower block. This type of faulting
is common in areas of
compression. When the dip
angle is shallow, a reverse fault is
often described as a thrust fault.
“Occurs where the “hanging
wall” moves up or is thrust
over the “foot wall”.

42. 3. Strike-Slip faults
A fault on which the two
blocks slide past one
another. The San Andreas
Fault is an example of a right
lateral fault
(The San Andreas Fault is the sliding
boundary between the Pacific Plate and the
North American Plate. It slices California)

43. 2 Types of Strike-slip fault

45. Normal, Reverse or Strike-
slip Fault?

46. REVERSE FAULT

47. NORMAL FAULT

48. STRIKE-SLIP FAULT

49. NORMAL FAULT

50. REVERSE FAULT

51. STRIKE-SLIP FAULT

53. Types of Stresses in the Earth's Crust?

54. Compression Stress
 Compression is a type of stress that causes the
rocks to push or squeeze against one another.
 It targets the center of the rock and can cause
either horizontal or vertical orientation.
 In horizontal compression stress, the crust can
thicken or shorten.
 In vertical compression stress, the crust can thin out
or break off. The force of compression can push
rocks together or cause the edges of each plate
colliding to rise.
 Mountains are a result of high-impact compression
stress caused when two plates collided.

55. Tension Stress
 Tension forces the rocks to pull apart.
 Tension can happen in two ways. Two
separate plates can move farther away
from each other, or the ends of one plate
can move in different directions.
 Some scientists think tension stress caused
the ancient, massive continent Pangaea to
break off into the seven continents we have
today.

56. Shear Stress
When shear stress occurs, the force of the
stress pushes some of the crust in different
directions.
When this happens, a large part of the crust
can break off, which makes the plate size
smaller.
Shear stress usually happens when two plates
rub against each other as they move in
opposite directions. The friction of a shear
stress at the edges of the plate can cause
earthquakes.

57. Confining Stress
When stress is applied to all sides of the crust, confining
stress occurs.
When this happens, the crust compacts, which makes it
look smaller. If the stress is too much for the crust to
handle, the crust can fracture from the inside.
This causes the crust weight to decrease but the crust
shape remains the same.
Because this type of stress can hollow out the insides of
the crust, confining stress can cause sinkholes in the Earth.

58. Questions

59. 1. What agency of the government in the Philippines
is monitoring the movement of the earth crust?
PHIVOLCS
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology

60. 2. What will be produced if there is a sudden
movement of the earth's crust due to the release of
stress accumulated along geologic faults or by
volcanic activity?
Earthquake

61. 3. What do you call a fracture or crack between
two rocks?
Fault

62. 4. Which faults occurs when the “hanging wall”
moves up over the “footwall”?
Reverse fault

63. 5. Which fault is characterized on which the
two blocks slide past one another?5.
Strike-slip fault

64. 6. What type of stress causes the formation of
mountains?
Compression stress

65. 7. Pangaea break off into seven continents, what
could be the probable cause of this event?
Tension Stress

66. Activity 3. Trace It
1. Which cities have valleys?
2. Which cities have
mountains?
3. Which among the cities has
the least probability of
having an earthquake?

67. Activity 5. Where Will I Live?
1. Which cities are along
the normal fault?
2. In which city is the
safest place to build a
house?
3. Why did you choose
that city?

68. Across
2. Other term for reverse fault
5. A vibration of the Earth due to the rapid
release of energy
6. A type of fault that slides one block of crust
on top of another
7. A force that holds the rocks together, so they
do not slip promptly when pushed sideways
Down
1. Two blocks of crust layer pull apart
3. A crack or break in the lithosphere that can
shift and create an earthquake.
4. Show rocks on either side of the fault plane
moves horizontally in the nearly opposite
directions.
T H R U S T
E A R T H Q U A K E
R E V E R S E
F R I C T I O N
N
O
M
L
F
U
L
T
S
R
I
K
S
L
P

69. SHEAR, COMPRESSION, NORMAL,
STRIKE-SLIP, EARTHQUAKE
1. sudden slip on a fault
EARTHQUAKE
2. happens when two plates
rub against each other as they
move in opposite directions
SHEAR
3. block above the fault has
moved downward relative to
the block below
NORMAL
4. causes the rocks to push
or squeeze against one
another
COMPRESSION
5. fault on which the two
blocks slide past one
another
STRIKE SLIP

70. TENSION, CONFINING, REVERSE,
FRICTION, FAULT
6. force between the two sides of
a fault that keeps it from moving
FRICTION
7. fault in which the upper block,
above the fault plane, moves up
and over the lower block
REVERSE
8. forces the rocks to pull apart
TENSION
9. zone of fractures between
two blocks of rock
FAULT
10. When stress is applied to
all sides of the crust
CONFINING

91.  Quizizz.com