The document provides an overview of wind and solar energy systems, including: 1. A syllabus for a course on wind and solar energy systems that covers topics like wind physics, solar resources, and grid integration issues across 15 lectures. 2. Details about different types of wind turbines and their components like foundations, towers, gearboxes, generators, and control systems. 3. The history of wind power development from ancient windmills to modern multi-megawatt turbines, including important milestones and technology advances.

1. 6EE5-11 Wind and Solar
Energy Systems
Vineet Gehlot
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Jodhpur Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jodhpur

2. Syllabus
Max. Marks: 150(IA:30, ETE:120)
End Term Exam: 3 Hours (Credit: 3)
3L+2T+0P
SN. CONTENTS Hours
1 Introduction: Objective, scope and outcome of the course. 1
2 Physics of Wind Power History of wind power, Indian and
Global statistics, Wind physics, Betz limit, Tip speed ratio,
stall and pitch control, Wind speed statistics- probability
distributions, Wind speed and power-cumulative distribution
functions.
4
3 Wind Generator Topologies 7
Review of modern wind turbine technologies, Fixed and
Variable speed wind turbines, Induction Generators,
Doubly-Fed Induction Generators and their characteristics,
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators, Power
electronics converters. Generator-Converter configurations,
Converter Control.

3. 4 The Solar Resource Introduction, solar radiation spectra, solar 9
geometry, Earth Sun angles , observer Sun angles, solar day
length, Estimation of solar energy availability.Solar Thermal Power
Generation Technologies, Parabolic trough, central receivers,
parabolic dish, Fresnel, solar pond, elementary analysis.
5 Solar Photovoltaic Technologies-Amorphous, mono
crystalline, polycrystalline; V-I characteristics of a PV cell, PV
module, array, Power Electronic Converters for Solar Systems,
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms. Converter
Control
6
6 Network Integration Issues Overview of grid code technical
requirements. Fault ride-through for wind farms - real and
reactive power regulation, voltage and frequency operating
limits, solar PV and wind farm behavior during grid
disturbances. Power quality issues. Power system
interconnection experiences in the world. Hybrid and isolated
operations of solar PV and wind systems.
8

4. Text/Reference Books
SN. Books Name
1 T. Ackermann, “Wind Power in Power Systems”, John Wiley and
Sons Ltd.,2005.
2 G. M. Masters, “Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems”,
John Wiley and Sons, 2004.
3 S. P. Sukhatme, “Solar Energy: Principles of Thermal Collection and
Storage”, McGraw Hill, 1984.
4 H. Siegfried and R. Waddington, “Grid integration of wind energy
conversion systems” John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2006.
5 G. N. Tiwari and M. K. Ghosal, “Renewable Energy Applications”,
Narosa Publications, 2004.
6 J. A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman, “Solar Engineering of Thermal
Processes”, John Wiley & Sons, 1991

5. Electricity Generation in India:
⚫ Electricity infrastructure and production are important
for a developing economy like that of India, which with
a population of 1.2 billion and an area of 3.29 million
km2 , is the 7th largest country in the world. With a
GDP of US$ 3.3 trillion in 2019 and an average GDP
growth of 7%per year
⚫ The growth of the electricity sector will be important
to sustain the economic output of the country.

6. Electricity Generation in India
TotalInst
alledCapacity (Ason3
0
.
0
4
.
2
0
2
0
)-Source :
Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
Sector MW % of Total
Central Sector 93,477 25.2%
State Sector 103,322 27.9%
Private Sector 173,549 46.9%
Total 3,70,348

7. Fuel MW % of Total
Total Thermal 2,30,600 62.8%
Coal
1,98,525 54.2%
Lignite
6,610 1.7%
Gas
24,955 6.7%
Diesel
510 0.1%
Hydro (Renewable) 45,699 12.4%
Nuclear 6,780 1.9%
RES* (MNRE) 87,269 23.6%
Total 370,348
•Installed capacity in respect of RES(MNRE) ason 30.04.2020.
•RES(Renewable EnergySources) include SmallHydro Project, Biomass
Gasified, Biomass Power, Urban & Industrial Waste Power, Solar and Wind
Energy.

8. Generation and growth in conventional generation in the
country during 2009-10 to 2020-21
Year
Energy Generation from
Conventional Sources
(BU)
% of growth
2009-10 771.551 6.6
2010-11 811.143 5.56
2011-12 876.887 8.11
2012-13 912.056 4.01
2013-14 967.150 6.04
2014-15 1048.673 8.43
2015-16 1107.822 5.64
2016-17 1160.141 4.72
2017-18 1206.306 3.98
2018-19 1249.337 3.57
2019-20 1252.611 0.26
2020-21 91.913 -22.85
The electricity generation target of conventional sources for the year
2020-21 was fixed at 1330 BU comprising of 1138.533 BU thermal; 140.357
BU hydro; 43.880 nuclear; and 7.230 BU import from Bhutan

12. Renewable resource

14. WIND POWER SYSTEMS
SN. CONTENTS Hours
1 Physics of Wind Power History of wind power, Indian 5
and Global statistics, Wind physics, Betz limit, Tip
speed ratio, stall and pitch control, Wind speed
statistics- probability distributions, Wind speed and
power-cumulative distribution functions.
2 Wind Generator Topologies
Review of modern wind turbine technologies, Fixed
and Variable speed wind turbines, Induction
Generators, Doubly-Fed Induction Generators and their
Magnet
characteristics, Permanent
Generators, Power electronics
configurations,
Synchronous
converters.
Converter
Generator-Converter
Control.
11

15. Solar-1,00,000 MW
(Utility, distributed, Off grid,/Mini
Grid)
Wind-60,000 MW
(Utility Scale)
Bioenergy
10,000 MW
Small Hydro
5,000 MW

16. All India Total Installed Capacity- 62.8
GW
Source: MNRE 31.12.2017

19. Introduction to wind energy
Wind is simply defined as moving air. When the earth heats
up from sunrays it releases wind, this is a balanced reaction
meant to cool the earth. The sun heat is felt more on dry land
than on the sea. The air expands and easily reaches maximum
high altitudes, then cool air drops down and moves as wind.

22. SITE
SELECTION
1. High annual wind speedarea
2. No tall obstructions for radius of 3 km.
3. Open plain or open shore.
4. Nearest to the load centre
5. Nearest to road transportation.
6. Topography-Such as mountain gaps help to increase
wind speed.

25. Main components

26. Function of each components
The anemometer is use for measuring the wind speed. It
then transmits this information to the controller.
Wind vane use for Wind direction and speed measured
also it communicated to the controller.
In an emergency the turbine can be stopped by applying the
brake. This can be done either mechanically, electrically or
hydraulically. When the wind speed reaches 6 - 16 miles per
hour (10 - 26km per hour) the controller starts the machine
up. When the wind speed reaches 55 miles per hour (88 km
per hour) the controller then shuts the machine off as winds
speeds in excess of this speed may damage the blades

27. The gearbox works the same as the one found in a car
- it is meant to control the rate at which the turbines
accelerate.
There is an off-the-shelf generator that is meant to
provide the initial start-up electricity.
The high speed shaft drives the generator, while the low
speed shaft turns at 50 - 60 rotations per minute. On the
top of the tower the nacelle houses the gearbox, the two
shafts, the generator and controller as well as the brake.
The yaw drive ensures that the turbine continues
run on wind direction While the yaw drive controls the
turbine, the yaw motor controls the yaw drive

29. BLOCK DIAGRAM

30. Explain various components of wind energy conversion system
with diagram.

33. 1. Foundation
2. Connection to electric grid
3. Tower
4. Cable
5. Wind orientation control
6. Nacelle
7. Generator
8. Anemometer
9. Brake
10.Gearbox
11.Rotor blade
12.Blade pitch

34. TYPES OF WIND TURBINES
Most early wind turbines were used to grind grain into flour, hence the
name “windmill.” Strictly speaking, therefore, calling a machine that
pumps water or generates electricity a windmill is somewhat of a
misnomer. Instead, people are using more accurate, but generally
clumsier, terminology: “Wind-driven generator,” “wind generator,”
“wind turbine,” “wind-turbine generator” (WTG), and “wind energy
conversion system” (WECS) all are in use.
TYPES OF WIND TURBINES:-
1. HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES (HAWT)
(A) upwind machines (B)
II. VERTICAL AXIS (VAWT)

36. Typesof Wind turbines

37. History of wind power
⚫ The first known historical reference to a windmill is from Hero of
Alexandria, in his work Pneumatics (Woodcroft, 1851). Hero was
believed to have lived either in the 1st century B.C. or the 1st
century A.D. His Pneumatics describes a device which provides air
to an organ by means of a windmill. An illustration which
accompanies Hero‟s description is shown in Figure 1.8.

38. ⚫ Apart from Hero.s windmill, the next reference on the subject
dates from the 9th century A.D. (Al Masudi as reported by Vowles,
1932)Windmills were definitely in use in the Persianregion of
Seistan (now eastern Iran) at that time. Al Masudi also related a
story indicating that windmills were in use by 644 A.D. The Seistan
windmills have continued to be used up to the present time. These
windmills had vertical axis rotors, asillustrated in Figure 1.9.

39. ⚫ The early northern European windmills all had horizontal axes.
They were used for nearly any mechanical task, including water
pumping, grinding grain, sawing wood, and powering tools. The early
mills were built on posts, so that the entire mill could be turned to
face the wind (or yaw) when its direction changed. These mills
normally had four blades. The number and size of blades
presumably was based on ease of construction as well as an
empirically determined efficient solidity (ratio of blade area to
swept area).An example of apost mill can be seen in Figure 1.10.

40. ⚫ The wind continued to be a major source of energy in Europe
through the period just prior to the Industrial Revolution, but began
to recede in importance after that time. The reason that wind energy
began to disappear is primarily attributable to its non-dispatchability
and its non-transportability.
⚫ Coal had many advantages which the wind did not possess. Coal
could be transported to wherever it was needed and used whenever
it was desired.
⚫ When coal was used to fuel a steam engine, the output of the engine
could be adjusted to suit the load. Water power, which has some
similarities to wind energy, was not eclipsed so dramatically.
because water power is, to some extent,
canals) and dispatchable (by using ponds as
⚫ This is no doubt
transportable (via
storage).

41. ⚫ One significant development in the 18th century was the
introduction of scientific testing and evaluation of windmills. The
Englishman John Smeaton, using such apparatus as illustrated in
Figure 1.12,discovered three basic rules that are still applicable:
⚫ The speed of the blade tips is ideally proportional to the speed of
wind.
⚫ The maximum torque is proportional to the speed of wind
squared.
⚫ The maximum power is proportional to the speed of wind cubed.

42. ⚫ The first half of the 20th century also saw the construction or
conceptualization of a number of larger wind turbines which
substantially influenced the development of today‟s technology.
⚫ Probably the most important sequence of turbines was in
Denmark. Between1891 and 1918 Poul La Cow: built more than
100 electricity generating turbines in the 20-35 kW size range. His
design was based on the latest generation of Danish smock mills.
⚫ One of its more remarkable features was that the electricity was
used to produce hydrogen, and the hydrogen gas was then used for
lighting.
Just after the II world war, Johannes Juul
erected the 200 kW Gedser turbine.
illustrated in Figure 1.12, in southeastern
Denmark.
This three-bladed machine was
particularly innovative in that it employed
aerodynamic stall for power control and
used an induction generator, rather than
the more conventional (at the time)
synchronous generator.

43. ⚫ An induction generator is much simpler to connect to the grid than
is a synchronous generator. Stall is also a simple way to control
power. These two concepts formed the core of the strong Danish
presence in wind energy in the 1980s
⚫ Over the last 25 years, the size of the largest commercial wind
turbines, as illustrated in Figure 1.15, has increased from
approximately 50 kW to 2 MW, with machines up to 5 MW under
design.
⚫ The total installed capacity in the world as of the year 2001 was
approximately 20,000 MW, with the majority of installations in
Europe. Offshore wind energy systems are also under active
development in Europe. Design standards and machine certification
procedures have been established, so that the reliability and
performance are far superior to those of the 1970s and 1980s.
⚫ The cost of energy from wind has dropped to the point that in
some sites it is nearly competitive with conventional sources, even
without incentives. In those countries where incentives are in place,
the rate of development is quite strong.

44. Development of wind turbine capacity