Draft Proposal- EV Industry way Ahead for Haryana (1).docx

GLOBAL EV INDUSTRY & THE
WAY AHEAD FOR HARYANA
(with Special Impetus of EV Hub and related Infrastructure
in Rohtak)

Abbreviations
2W Two- Wheeler
3W Three-Wheeler
4W Four-Wheeler
AC Alternating Current
BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency
BEV Battery Electric Vehicles
BDS Business Development Services
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing
CEA Central Electricity Authority
CFC Common Facility Centre
CMS Central Management System
CNA Central Nodal Agency
COI Certificate of Incorporation
CPO Central Point Operator
C-Rate Charge Rate
CSIR Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
DAHD Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying
DC Direct Current
DER Distributed Energy Resources
DERMS Distributed Energy Resources Management System
DHI Department of Heavy industry
DIC District Industries Centre
DISCOMS Distribution Companies
DMC District MSME Centre
DSR Diagnostic Study Report
DT Distribution Transformer
ECS Equivalent Car Space
EESL Energy Efficient Services Limited
e-MSPs e-Mobility Service Providers
EV Electric Vehicle
EVCI Electric Vehicle. Charging Infrastructure

EVSE Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
EU European Union
FAME II
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME)
Scheme, GOI
FC Fast Charger
FCEV Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GMP Good Manufacturing Practice
GOI Government of India
GSDP Gross State Domestic Product
GST Goods and Services Tax
HCCI Haryana Chamber of Commerce & Industry
HEEP Haryana Enterprise & Employment Policy, 2020
HEV Hybrid Electric Vehicles
HFC Haryana Financial Corporation
HPGCL Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited
HSIIDC Haryana State Infrastructure & Industrial Development Corporation
HT High Tension
HUM Haryana Udhyam Memorandum
HSVP
(Formerly HUDA)
Haryana Shehri Vikas Pradhikaran
(Formerly Haryana Urban Development Authority)
IC or ICE Internal Combustion Engine
IEA International Energy Agency
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
ITI Industrial Training Institute
ISO International Organization for Standardization
KV Kilo Volt
KW Kilo Watt
KWH Kilo Watt Hour
KWP Kilo Watt Peak
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
LCV Light Commercial Vehicle
LEV Light Electric Vehicle
LIIO Lithium-Ion Battery
MBBL Model Building ByeLaws

MCV Medium Commercial Vehicle
MDPI MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland
MOA Memorandum of Association
MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
MoP Ministry of Power
MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
MSME-DFO MSME – Development & Facilitation Office
NCR National Capital Region
NEMMP National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
NIMH Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
OCPI Open Charge Point Reference
OCPP Open Charge Point Protocol
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
Open ADR Open Automated Demand Response
PCS Public Charging Station
PPA Power Purchase Agreement
PPP Private Public Partnership
PRC People Republic of China
PSU Public Sector Undertaking
RTA Regional Transport Authority
SC Slow Charger
SERC State Electricity Regulatory Commission
SLD Service Line Cum Development
SNA State Nodal Agency
SOC Status of Charge of Battery
SOH Status of Health of Battery
STU State Transport Undertakings
ToD Time of Day
TOT Transfer of Technology
ToU Time of Use
TWh Terawatt Hours
ULB Urban Local Body
UMTA Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority
UT Union Territory

Other Terminologies with description:
Terminologies
IEA Member
Countries
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Republic of Türkiye, United
Kingdom, United States
IEA Association
Countries
Argentina, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Singapore, South
Africa, Thailand, Ukraine

Global EV Industry and the Way Ahead for Haryana – with the special impetus for EV Hub and related infrastructure in Rohtak
Table of Contents
Global Electric Vehicle (EV) Industry and the Way Ahead for Haryana .................................................................................................................... 8
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Overview of the Industry ............................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Electric Vehicle Industry - a Global Perspective ........................................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Electric Vehicle Industry In India................................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.4 Electric Vehicle Industry in Haryana ........................................................................................................................................................... 10
2. Key Components of Electric Vehicle........................................................................................................................................................... 12
3. Types of Electrical Vehicles with System Architecture & Working Principle ............................................................................................... 12
4. Key Technologies utilized in making Electric Vehicles................................................................................................................................ 15
5. Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles............................................................................................................................................ 15
6. Present Processes in Recycling of Batteries .............................................................................................................................................. 17
7. Key Infrastructure required for upkeep of Electric Vehicle.......................................................................................................................... 19
8. Best Practises in USA, Europe South Korea and Japan............................................................................................................................ 21
9. Proposed Technological Impetus for EV Hub in Rohtak............................................................................................................................. 23
10. Training Programs & Skill Set Required for Technology Upgradation ........................................................................................................ 25
11. Policy Amendment and Strategy................................................................................................................................................................. 26

List of Figures
Figure 1: BEV System Architecture .........................................................................................................................................13
Figure 2: HEV System Architecture .........................................................................................................................................13
Figure 3: PHEV System Architecture.......................................................................................................................................14
Figure 4: FCEV System Architecture.......................................................................................................................................14
List of Tables
Table 1 Global Electric Cars Sales from 2016-2023..................................................................................................................8
Table 2 Electric Cars Sales in India from 2018-2022.................................................................................................................9

Global Electric Vehicle (EV) Industry and the Way Ahead for Haryana
1. Introduction
1.1 Overview of the Industry
Electric Vehicles (EV) Technology is gaining momentum across the world. With the rise in pollution levels and
depleting environment over time, the world is gradually shifting towards alternate & cleaner modes of
transportation. (e.g., Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) widely using Lithium-
Ion Batteries). These cars produce zero emissions (which helps in reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas
emissions ) and are more efficient than petrol/ diesel/ other fuel -powered cars (saving money on fuel costs in the
long haul). These electric vehicles also have other advantages and considerations, such as range, charging
infrastructure, and availability. The adoption of electric vehicles is rapidly growing as they offer a cleaner and more
sustainable alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles.
1.2 Electric Vehicle Industry - a Global Perspective
As per recent data from the IEA1 the Sales of Electric Vehicles (specifically Electric Cars) have grown
exponentially over the years. In 2022, the market sales exceeded the 10 million mark. Out of the new cars sold in
the year 2022, approx. 14% of the new cars sold were electric. This was far greater than the figures for 2021 and
2020, the percentage of which were 9% and 5%, respectively.
Primarily three global markets dominated the global sales of EV Segment Cars. China was at the top of EV Sales,
accounting for approx—60% of global electric car sales (More than Half of world’s Electric Cars are in China).
The country has already surpassed its 2025 target for new energy vehicle sales. Europe was the second largest
market in 2022, in which electric car sales increased by over 15%, meaning that more than one in every five cars
sold was electric. United States– the third largest market in EV, reaching a sales share of 8% in 2022. Overall, the
Sales Share of Electric Cars has increased from 4% in 2020 to 14% in 2022. The trend is expected to continue
strongly through 2023 as well.
Table 1 Global Electric Cars Sales from 2016-2023
It is expected that by the end of 2023, the sales of EV Vehicles throughout the world may reach 14 million units
(with a 35% year-on-year increase with the new purchases accelerating in the second half of this year). With current
trend of rise in EV Vehicle Sales, it is expected that the need of approx. 5 million barrels of oil a day will be
substituted throughout the world. Sales of EV Cars was low in other Global Markets. However, in 2022, the sales
of Electric Vehicles in India, Thailand and Indonesia showed growth. Collectively, the sales of Electric Cars in these
markets more than tripled compared to 2021, reaching a figure of 80,000 units.
1 Global EV Outlook 2023 – a report by International Energy Agency.(IEA) - prepared by the Energy Technology Policy (ETP) Division of
the Directorate of Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks (STO) of the International Energy Agency (IEA)
0
5
10
15
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Million
Years
Global Electric Cars Sales, 2016-2023, IEA.org
China Europe United States Other

Major factors that contributed to the growth of the electric vehicle market are:
 Government incentives: Many governments around the world are offering incentives to encourage people
to buy electric cars. These incentives can include tax breaks, subsidies, and free parking.
 Improvements in battery technology: Battery technology has improved significantly in recent years,
making electric cars more safe, affordable and practical.
 Increased awareness of environmental issues: People are becoming more aware of the environmental
impact of diesel/ petrol/ gasoline/ other fuel-powered cars, and are looking for more sustainable
transportation options.
1.3 Electric Vehicle Industry In India
In India, Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) sales in India surged by four times to nearly 50,000 in 2022 compared to
just under 3,000 total cars sold in 2021. Over 85% of BEV sales were made by leading domestic manufacturer
Tata, particularly through sales of its tiny BEV Tigor/Tiago, which quadrupled. Indian PHEV sales remained close
to zero. Burgeoning electromobility companies are now betting on the government’s Production Linked Incentive
(PLI) scheme – with around USD 2 billion in subsidy programmes – to ramp up EV and component manufacturing.
This scheme has attracted investments totalling USD 8.3 billion. Electric Car Sales and available models by Car
Size are as shown below2:
Table 2 Electric Cars Sales in India from 2018-2022
2 2 Global EV Outlook 2023 – a report by International Energy Agency.(IEA) -
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2018 2020 2022 2018 2020 2022 2018 2020 2022
Sales ('000) Large Models Small Models
Electric car sales by powertrain (columns) and available models by car size (columns)
in selected regions, 2018-2022
India Thailand Indonesia

1.4 Electric Vehicle Industry in Haryana
The Electric Vehicle (EV) industry in Haryana is presently in a nascent stage and has been gradually gaining
momentum in recent years in Haryana. Post launch of FAME3 Scheme by the Government of India in 2015,
under NEMMP4, the government of Haryana rolled out EV Policy in the year 2020 for promoting and supporting
the adoption of electric vehicles in the state.
Key developments and initiatives related to the EV industry in Haryana:
a. EV Policy: In 2020 Haryana Government launched the "Haryana Electric Vehicle Policy 2020" to shift from
traditional fuel based technology to eco-friendly technologies, .promote the adoption of electric vehicles in the
state. The policy aims to attract investments in the EV sector, create employment opportunities, develop
necessary infrastructure for EV charging stations and provide necessary incentives and subsidies to promote
the purchase and use of electric vehicles.
b. Charging Infrastructure: The government is focused on developing a robust charging infrastructure across
the state. Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited (HPGCL) is working to set up EV charging stations
at various locations, including highways, commercial hubs, and residential areas.
c. Manufacturing and Investments: Haryana has attracted investments from electric vehicle manufacturers and
related industries. Several companies have set up manufacturing facilities for electric vehicles, batteries, and
components in the state, which shall contribute towards job creation and economic growth.
d. Partnership with Industry: The Haryana government has collaborated with various companies and industry
players to promote the EV ecosystem in the state. For example, the state government has partnered with
various cab aggregators to encourage the adoption of electric taxis.
e. Skill Development: To support the growing EV industry, the government is focusing on skill development
initiatives. Training programs and courses related to electric vehicle technology are being offered to ensure an
adequately skilled workforce in the sector.
f. Awareness Campaigns: The government is conducting awareness campaigns and workshops to educate the
public about the benefits of electric vehicles and to address any misconceptions or concerns related to their
adoption.
These initiatives and efforts are aimed at creating a conducive environment for the growth of the EV industry in
Haryana. The state government's focus on policy support, incentives, infrastructure development, and
partnerships is expected to drive the adoption of electric vehicles and attract investments in the sector.
1.5 About Rohtak Industries
Haryana is one of the prominent manufacturing states of the country with focus on various industries including light
engineering, textiles, automotive & auto components etc. 50% of India’s passengers car production, 39% of India’s
two wheelers production & 11% of India’s tractor production; automotive sector forms the core manufacturing in
Haryana. Over the last decade, the automobile sector has grown at a phenomenal rate.
Haryana offers a strategic edge to the engineering industry in terms of market access, presence of major OEMs &
industrial land to investors. Maruti Suzuki plants at Gurugram & Manesar, Honda’s2wheeler Plant at Manesar &
Hero MotoCorp motorcycle Plant at Gurgaon/Dharuhera, Escorts at Faridabad are the anchors which have
facilitated growth in the automobiles & auto components sector. Haryana is the preferred destination for auto &
auto components manufacturers. Gurugram & Faridabad are important automobile centres & host to many large
automotive players. The state provides ecosystem for auto industry that captures the entire value chain, from
production of components to presence of OEMs /assemblers and the logistics.
Rohtak is primarily the auto ancillary hub of Tier 2 and Tier 3 companies, which does mainly job work for OEM’s.
They mainly manufacture parts of Engine. With Government of India policy to phase out Petrol Engine by 2023
3 Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME) Scheme, GOI
4 National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP)

and focus on alternate fuels or Technology, the industry at large believe that their future is bleak, and they may
have to shut down unless they venture into this new technology.
The other major industry segments that the cluster caters to includes castings, chemicals & paints, electroplating,
forging, heat treatment, industrial fasteners, plastic products, railway equipment, rubber products, and textiles.
Rohtak is one of the major industrial hubs of the state, supplying auto components to the large auto industry in
North India. The proximity to the national capital also makes it a lucrative business destination industrially and
commercially with auto& auto-parts related units form a major chunk of the industries in the region. Amongst the
MSME manufacturing clusters in India, Rohtak Fastener Cluster is a lesser known but strategically important given
its proximity to the Auto Industry located in the NCR region (Faridabad, Gurugram). Rohtak is a regional hub for
micro and small scale fasteners manufacturing.
The industry Associations at Rohtak are joining hands to adopt the new Technology, that is Electric vehicle and
are ready to invest, with government support, into manufacturing of parts, Research and Development Centre,
common facility centre etc.
They are ready to partner with the OEM, who shall setup its EV facility in the region and work as Tier 1 supplier for
supplying all the necessary parts to the OEM. This will not only help Rohtak industry to survive but also fulfill the
made in India mission/policy of the government.
So, now the industrialist from the Rohtak now have the idea to set the EV components for their 3rd Generation.

2. Key Components of Electric Vehicle
The Key Components of Electric Vehicle are as follows:
 Electric Motor: The electric motor is the primary source of power in an electric vehicle. It utilizes electrical
energy from the battery and converts it into mechanical energy to drive the vehicle. There are various types
of electric motors used in EVs, including AC induction motors and permanent magnet motors.
 Battery Pack: The battery pack is the energy storage system of an electric vehicle which consists of multiple
individual battery cells connected together. The battery pack provides the electrical energy required to power
the vehicle's electric motor and other auxiliary systems. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used due to their
high energy density and performance.
 Onboard Charger: The onboard charger takes AC (alternating current) from an external power source (such
as a charging station or a home outlet) and converts it into DC (direct current) for charging the vehicle's
battery pack. The charger manages the charging process, monitors battery health, and ensures safe and
efficient charging.
 Power Electronics Components: Power electronics components include inverters, converters, and DC-DC
converters. They manage and regulate the flow of electrical energy between the battery, motor, and other
vehicle systems. Power electronics control the speed and torque of the electric motor, convert DC to AC for
motor operation, and regulate the voltage levels in the system.
 Thermal Management System: Electric vehicles require a thermal management system to maintain optimal
temperature conditions for the battery pack, electric motor, and other components. This system includes
cooling mechanisms, such as liquid or air cooling, to dissipate heat generated during operation and charging.
 Regenerative Braking System: EVs utilize regenerative braking, which converts kinetic energy during
braking or deceleration into electrical energy. The regenerative braking system captures and stores this
energy in the battery, enhancing the vehicle's overall efficiency and extending its range.
 Vehicle Control Unit (VCU): The VCU is the central electronic control unit manages various vehicle functions
and subsystems. It controls the power distribution, monitors battery status, manages charging, interfaces with
the motor controller, and communicates with other vehicle systems.
 Electric Vehicle Charging Port: EVs have a charging port for connecting to external charging stations or
power sources. The charging port allows the transfer of electricity from an external power supply to the
vehicle's battery pack.
These are some of the key components found in electric vehicles. The design and configuration of these
components can vary depending on the specific type, make and model of the EV, as well as its intended use and
performance requirements.
3. Types of Electrical Vehicles with System Architecture & Working Principle
Electric vehicles (EVs) are vehicles that are powered by one or more electric motors, using electrical energy stored
in batteries or obtained from an external source. There are several types of electric vehicles available today. Here
are the main types5:
5 E-Amrit Portal (Accelerated e-Mobility Revolution for India’s Transportation) by Niti Ayog, GOI

 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs): These vehicles
are purely electric (i.e., they run solely on electricity
stored in onboard batteries). BEVs do not have an
internal combustion engine (ICE) and produce
zero emissions. They are charged by plugging
them into an electrical power source, such as a
charging station or a home outlet. These vehicles
are more efficient than hybrid and plug-in
hybrids.
Working Principle: In the BEV, the DC Current
from the Battery Pack is transformed into AC
Current to power the electric motor. On pressing the accelerator, a signal is sent to the controller/ Control
Module which modifies the speed of the vehicle by changing the frequency of AC power from the inverter to
the motor. The motor then connected to the wheel, leads and turns the wheels through a cog. If the brakes
are pressed in the vehicle or on it deceleration, the motor functions as a alternator and generates power
which is sent back to the battery for storage.
 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV): HEVs are also
known as Series/ Parallel Hybrids. They combines
an internal combustion (usually petrol) engine
with an electric motor and a small battery pack.
HEV cannot be plugged in for external charging.
The petrol engine in HEVs drives the vehicle and
also charges the battery when empty (The battery
in HEVs are charged solely through the internal
combustion engine and through regenerative
braking- i.e. recovering energy during braking.)
These vehicles are less efficient than fully electric or
plug-in hybrid vehicles but have reduced emissions.
Working Principle: The HEV is powered both by an
IC engine and an electric motor. The fuel tank of the
HEV supplies energy to the engine like a regular car and
the motor of the vehicle also gets electricity from
batteries. Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time. This then drives
the vehicle as per requirement. The battery pack of the vehicle gets charged via regenerative braking or
through internal combustion engine (ICE) power. The stored power enables the electric motor to assist the
IC engine in various forms, such as increasing the driving range.
Figure 2: HEV System Architecture
Figure 1: BEV System Architecture

 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs): PHEVs
are also known as Series Hybrids. They combine an
electric motor with an internal combustion engine.
The driver can choose the vehicle to run on either
of the two modes:
a. On All- Electric Mode – Running the
vehicle on battery power through the
motor.
b. On Hybrid Mode – Running the vehicle on
petrol/ diesel and on electricity through the
rechargeable battery pack).
Working Principle: PHEVs have a larger battery pack
compared to hybrid vehicles, allowing them to start and
operate in an all-electric mode for a certain distance until their battery is nearly depleted. Once the battery
charge is nearly depleted, the vehicle switches to the internal combustion engine and operates as a
conventional, non-plug-in hybrid. PHEVs can be recharged by plugging them into an external power
source (like a wall outlet / charging equipment) or through regenerative braking.
The engine’s power is supplemented by the electric motor; as a result, smaller engines can be used for
increasing the car’s fuel efficiency without compromising performance.
 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs): In
FCEVs the Fuel Cell Stack is the heart of an
FCEV.
Working Principle:
They use hydrogen as a fuel source and convert
it into electricity through a chemical reaction in
a fuel cell. The electricity is then used to power
the vehicle's electric motor. FCEVs produce
zero emissions since the only by-product of
the fuel cell reaction is water vapor.
FCEVs have several advantages over other
types of electric vehicles. They have a
longer range than battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), and they can be refuelled quickly, just like a
conventional (petrol/ diesel/ other fuel)-powered vehicle. FCEVs are also more efficient than BEVs,
and they produce no emissions. However, FCEVs are also more expensive than BEVs, These vehicles
also require a dedicated hydrogen infrastructure for refuelling.
Figure 3: PHEV System Architecture
Figure 4: FCEV System Architecture

4. Key Technologies utilized in making Electric Vehicles
Key Technologies utilized in making Electric Vehicles:
 Battery technology: High performance batteries are crucial for smooth functioning and optimum
performance of EVs. Recent advances in battery technology have led to longer ranges, faster charging times,
and lower costs. Batteries like Lithium-ion batteries also have high energy density, are lightweight by nature,
and have faster rechargeable capabilities. They are therefore commonly used in EVs)
 Electric Motor technology: The electric motor technology is the other key technology of an electric vehicle
which is responsible for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy to propel the wheels. Advances
in electric motor technology have led to more efficient, compact and powerful motors that can provide quick
acceleration and also deliver a better driving experience.
 Power electronics Technology: Power electronics technology is used to control the flow of electricity in an
electric vehicle. It is responsible for converting the direct current (DC) from the battery into the alternating
current (AC) which is used to power the motor. It is also utilized to manage the power distribution between
the battery, motor and other components. Advances in power electronics have led to more efficient and
reliable power systems.
 Battery management system (BMS): The BMS is responsible for managing the battery in an electric vehicle.
It monitors the battery's state of charge, health, and temperature, and it ensures that the battery is properly
charged and discharged. Advances in BMS technology have led to safer and more reliable batteries.
 Regenerative braking technology: Regenerative braking is a technology that captures energy that would
otherwise be lost during braking and stores it in the battery. This helps to extend the range of an electric
vehicle.
 Charging infrastructure: The establishment and availability of robust charging infrastructure is a major factor
in the successful adoption of electric vehicles. Recent investments in charging infrastructure have enabled
convenient and efficient charging of EVs, reducing charging time and improving accessibility. of electric
vehicle owners to charge their vehicles.
 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology: V2G technology is present in advanced EVs. It allows electric vehicles
to connect to the power grid, act as energy storage device and enable bidirectional power flow, allowing EVs
to not only draw power from the power grid but also send excess electricity back into the grid. V2G technology
has the potential to support grid stability, enable smart grid applications, and facilitate the integration of
renewable energy sources.
 Lightweight Material Technology: Light Weight Material technology is presently also being used in
advanced EVs. It enhances the range and efficiency of electric vehicles, Lightweight metals like aluminium
and advanced composites help in reducing the overall weight of the vehicle, leading to improved energy
efficiency and extended driving range.
Some other key technologies that are being developed for electric vehicles:
 Solid-state batteries: Solid-state batteries are new type of battery systems that could offer longer ranges,
faster charging times, and better safety than traditional lithium-ion batteries.
 Intelligent charging: Intelligent charging systems could help to optimize the charging of EVs reducing load
on the grid and making drivers to easily find Charging Stations.
These are just some of the key technologies that are driving the development of electric vehicles. As these
technologies continue to advance, electric vehicles will become more affordable, efficient, and convenient, making
them a more attractive option for consumers.
5. Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles
Energy Storage Systems6 usually batteries are essential for all Electric Vehicles (EVs), Plug in Hybrid Vehicles
(PHEVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). Following are the classification of these Storage Systems:
6 Alternative Fuels Data Centre (AFDC), US Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Office

 Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium-Ion Batteries are rechargeable batteries which use the principle of reversible reduction of lithium (Li)
ions to store energy. Compared to other rechargeable battery technologies, Li-ion batteries have high energy
densities (high energy per unit mass), high power-to-weight ratio, high energy efficiency, good high-
temperature performance low self-discharge and offers safer modes of operation (as it includes phosphates,
which is a lesser volatile material)
Usage: In Portable Consumer Electronics viz. Mobiles, Laptops and Electric Vehicles.
Area of Concern:
a. Cost of Material Recovery in Recycling remains challenging.
b. Lithium-Ion Batteries can be a safety Hazard if not properly engineered and manufactured.
c. Comparatively more environment friendly than lead acid batteries as they have fewer toxic chemicals
and metals. However, proper recycling procedures are still required as improperly recycled batteries
can create toxic waste for the environment and may result in fire.
 Nickel -Metal Hydride Batteries
Nickel Hydride Batteries are safe and abuse tolerant rechargeable batteries which offer reasonable specific
energies and specific power capabilities. These batteries are used as a substitute to non-rechargeable
alkaline batteries as they have much longer lifecycle than lead acid batteries. These batteries have a slightly
lower and compatible cell voltage and are less prone to leaking.
Usage: Used routinely in Computers, Medical Equipment, HEV’s7.
Area of Concern:
a. These batteries have High Cost and High Self Discharge.
b. Heat is discharged at High Temperatures.
c. Need to control Hydrogen loss.
 Lead Acid Batteries
Lead Acid Batteries can be designed to operate at high power, are inexpensive, safe and reliable. However,
these batteries have comparatively lower specific energies, poor cold temperature performance, shorter
lifespan and shorter lifecycle (lifecycle impedes their use). Advanced Lead Batteries are being developed
which will take some time.
Usage: Small Scale Power Storage, Consumer Electronics, commercially available electric drive vehicles for
ancillary units.
Area of Concern:
a. Limited Life Span and Cycle life
b. Requires slow charging to efficiently and safely store energy.
c. Release gases (hydrogen and oxygen) when batteries are charged which might result in explosion on
overcharging.
d. Can cause serious injury if not properly handled.
e. Disposal of Lead battery often creates environmental pollution. Lead is a heavy metal with potentially
dangerous health impacts. As long as lead acid batteries are used, pollution rates shall always
remain several times as high as their diesel/ petrol/ gasoline counterparts. It is estimated that
approx. 44%–70% of the lead from lead acid batteries in the PRC8 are released as waste into the
environment9.
f. Big and Bulky by Nature.
 Ultra-Capacitors
7 Hybrid Electric Vehicles
8 People Republic of China
9 Research Paper on Lead Acid: A growing environmental problem

Ultracapacitors store energy in a polarized liquid between an electrode and an electrolyte. Energy storage
capacity increases with the increase in liquid's surface area. They provide vehicles additional power during
accelerating and hill climbing and also help recover braking energy. They may also be useful as secondary
energy-storage devices in electric-drive vehicles because they help electrochemical batteries level load
power.
Future upcoming technologies in Batteries:
 Solid-state batteries: Solid-state batteries use a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte. This makes
them safer and more stable than lithium-ion batteries. They also have a higher energy density, which means
they can store more energy in the same amount of space, improved safety, faster charging rates, and longer
cycle life. Solid-state batteries have the potential to revolutionize the EV industry by providing higher energy
storage capacity and safer operation.
 Lithium-Metal Batteries: Lithium-metal batteries aims to replace the traditional lithium-ion batteries by
utilizing lithium metal anodes instead of graphite anodes. These batteries have the potential to significantly
increase energy density, thereby extending the driving range of electric vehicles. Lithium-metal batteries are
still under development, with researchers focusing on overcoming challenges related to dendrite formation
and ensuring long-term stability.
 Lithium-sulphur batteries: Lithium-sulphur batteries have a higher energy density than lithium-ion batteries.
They are also cheaper to produce, use more sustainable materials, have the potential to provide a higher
energy storage capacity and lower cost per kilowatt-hour. However, they have a shorter lifespan than lithium-
ion batteries.
 Graphene batteries: Graphene batteries are made from graphene, which is a one-atom-thick sheet of
carbon. Graphene is a very good conductor of electricity, which makes it ideal for use in batteries. Graphene
batteries have a high energy density and a long lifespan.
 Metal-air batteries: Metal-air batteries use a metal anode and an oxygen cathode. They have a very high
energy density, but they are also very expensive.
 Flow batteries: Flow batteries use two liquid electrolytes that are separated by a membrane. The electrolytes
are pumped through the cell, and the ions move between the electrolytes, creating an electric current. Flow
batteries have a very long lifespan and can be used for large-scale energy storage.
6. Present Processes in Recycling of Batteries
Large Scale and extensive recycling of battery would facilitate in preventing hazardous materials from entering the
waste stream10, both at the end of a battery's useful life and during its production. The recovery of materials from
recycling would also re-establish critical materials back into the supply chain and would also increase the domestic
sources for such materials. Work is now underway in advanced countries like the United States etc. to develop
battery-recycling processes that reduce and minimize the life cycle impacts of using lithium-ion and other kinds of
batteries in vehicles. Also, all Battery recycling processes are different and require different methods of separation
for material recovery
Few Processes are:
1. Smelting Process: Smelting process recovers basic salts and elements from battery. These processes are
operational now and can accept multiple kinds of batteries, including lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride.
Smelting process takes place at high temperatures where organic materials, including the electrolyte and
carbon anodes, are burned as fuel or reductant. The valuable metals are recovered and sent to refining so
that the product is suitable for any use. The other materials, including lithium, are contained in the slag, which
is now used as an additive in concrete.
2. Direct Recovery Process: On the other extreme, some recycling processes directly recover battery-grade
materials. In Direct Recovery process, the components are separated through variety of physical and
10 The complete flow of waste from its domestic or industrial source to recovery, recycling or final disposal.

chemical processes, due to which all metals and active materials can be recovered. Direct recovery is a low-
temperature process with minimal energy requirement.
3. Intermediate processes: The third type of process is between the two extreme processes. Such processes
may accept multiple kinds of batteries, unlike direct recovery, but recover materials further along the
production chain than smelting does.
Separating the different kinds of battery materials is often a stumbling block in recovering high-value materials.
Therefore, battery design that considers disassembly and recycling is important in order for electric-drive vehicles
to succeed from a sustainability standpoint. Standardizing batteries, materials, and cell design would also make
recycling easier and more cost-effective.

7. Key Infrastructure required for upkeep of Electric Vehicle
To support the upkeep and maintenance of electric vehicles (EVs), following key infrastructure components are
required:
 EV Charging Infrastructure: This is the most important infrastructure to cater to the charging needs of
EVs/ PHEVs. Types of Charging are as follows:
Level 1 Charging: Level 1 charging refers to using a standard household electrical outlet (120 volts AC)
to charge an EV. It is the slowest charging option but is typically used for overnight charging at home or
in workplaces where longer charging times are acceptable.
Level 2 Charging: Level 2 charging operates at higher power (240 volts AC) and provides faster charging
of EV typically in 4-8 hrs on an average. Level 2 charging stations are commonly installed in homes,
residential settings, workplaces, and public areas such as parking lots, shopping centres, and restaurants.
DC Fast Charging: DC fast charging stations, also known as Level 3 charging, offer rapid charging by
directly converting AC power to DC power. These stations provide high-power charging, significantly
reducing charging time and enabling long-distance travel. DC fast charging stations are typically located
along highways, major travel routes, and commercial areas.
Wireless Charging Stations: Emerging technologies, such as wireless charging and ultra-fast charging,
are being developed to further enhance the charging infrastructure for EVs. Wireless charging eliminates
the need for physical connectors, allowing EVs to charge simply by parking over a charging pad. Ultra-
fast charging technologies aim to reduce charging times to a few minutes, similar to refuelling
conventional vehicles.
Backup Power Infrastructure: Battery Power Setups when combined with Solar and other modes of
power can be used for Sensitive Applications and Establishments
 Standards: It is important to have common standards for EV charging infrastructure. This will make it
easier for drivers to find and use charging stations, regardless of the type of EV they own.
 Charging Networks and Apps: Charging networks and smartphone apps provide EV owners with
information about nearby charging stations, real-time availability, and the ability to start and pay for
charging sessions. These networks and apps help EV owners locate charging stations, plan routes, and
manage their charging activities efficiently.
 Grid upgrades: As more and more EVs are on the road, the electricity grid will need to be upgraded to
handle the increased demand. This includes upgrading transmission lines and substations, as well as
installing smart grid technology.
 Smart Charging and Grid Integration: Smart charging technologies enable efficient utilization of
electricity and grid resources. These systems can optimize charging based on electricity demand, grid
conditions, and renewable energy availability. Smart charging also facilitates vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
integration, allowing EVs to discharge energy back to the grid during peak demand periods.
 Service and Repair Centers: Adequate service centres equipped to handle EV repair and maintenance
are essential. These centres should have trained technicians, specialized tools, software Infrastructure
and diagnostic equipment capable of interfacing with the vehicle's onboard systems, retrieving its
diagnostic codes, performing system checks, analysing data identifying and troubleshooting issues in
EVs, servicing electric drivetrains, battery systems, electrical systems, and other EV-specific components.
Service and Repair Centres shall also be equipped with adequate charging infrastructure.
 Battery Testing and Maintenance Facilities: Battery testing and maintenance facilities are important
for assessing the health and performance of EV batteries. These facilities should have the necessary
equipment to conduct battery diagnostics, capacity testing, balancing, and if required, battery pack
reconditioning, refurbishing or replacement services.
 EV Authorized Treatment Facility & Battery recycling infrastructure: As EVs complete their lifecycle,
there will be a need for multiple Authorized Treatment Facilities and robust battery recycling and disposal
infrastructure and plants. The same will be crucial for safe, environmentally responsible treatment /

recycling /and disposal of EV components. This will help to ensure that EV batteries and its hazardous
materials and components are treated, recycled and disposed of properly and that the valuable materials
they contain are extracted and reused.
When an EV battery is disposed of improperly, it can release harmful chemicals into the
environment. ATFs help to prevent this by dismantling the batteries in a controlled environment
and recycling the materials. The recycling of EV batteries is an important part of the circular
economy. By recycling the materials from EV batteries, we can reduce the amount of waste that
is sent to landfills. We can also conserve resources and reduce the need to mine for new materials.
These infrastructure components support the effective upkeep and maintenance of electric vehicles, ensuring their
longevity, performance, and reliability. Collaboration between automakers, service centres, training institutions,
and regulatory bodies is necessary to establish and maintain the required infrastructure for EV upkeep.

8. Best Practises in USA, Europe South Korea and Japan
USA:
 Incentives and Subsidies: USA provides financial incentives, tax credits, and rebates to promote the
purchase and use of EVs and hybrid vehicles. These incentives help offset the higher upfront costs and
encourage adoption.
 Charging Infrastructure: The country has Invested in the development of a comprehensive charging
infrastructure network, including both public and private charging stations. Encourage collaboration
between utilities, businesses, and government entities to expand charging infrastructure coverage.
 Research and Development: The EV Ecosystem in USA encourages collaboration between academic
institutions, government agencies, and the private sector to drive EV research and development. Support
initiatives focused on battery technology advancements, charging technology and infrastructure, energy
management systems and vehicle efficiency are always ongoing to enhance the performance, safety,
range, and efficiency of EVs and hybrid vehicles.
 Manufacturing Standards: High manufacturing standards are established to ensure the production of safe
and reliable EVs. This includes quality control measures, adherence to safety regulations, and consistent
performance testings.
 Maintenance: Regular maintenance practices for EVs are promoted through educational campaigns and
information dissemination. Battery health management, software updates, and service centre training are
emphasised to ensure optimal vehicle performance and longevity.
 Vehicle-to-Grid Integration: Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology has been developed and is promoted,
which allows EVs and hybrid vehicles to supply electricity back to the grid during peak demand periods.
This helps in stabilizing the grid and maximizing the value of vehicle batteries.
 Recycling and Disposal: Comprehensive recycling and disposal programs are Implemented for EVs and
their components. Partnerships are developed with recycling companies to recover valuable materials
from batteries and establish proper disposal procedures for end-of-life vehicles.
Europe:
 Emission Standards: Europe has Implemented stringent emissions standards to encourage the transition
to low-emission vehicles. Targets have been set for reducing average fleet emissions and incentivize
automakers to produce and sell more electric and hybrid vehicles.
 Sustainable Materials: The use of sustainable materials in EV manufacturing, such as recycled or
recyclable materials and low-carbon footprint components are promoted. The adoption of eco-friendly
practices throughout the supply chain is also Encouraged.
 Circular Economy Approach: In Europe emphasis is laid on a circular economy approach, where materials
and components from end-of-life EVs are recycled or repurposed. The development of closed-loop
recycling systems is also encouraged to minimise waste and maximise resource utilisation.
 Extended Producer Responsibility: Regulations that hold manufacturers responsible for the end-of-life
management of their EVs are Implemented. This includes requirements for take-back programs, recycling
targets, and financial contributions towards recycling and disposal costs.
 Mobility Solutions: Electric and hybrid vehicles are promoted as part of integrated urban mobility solutions.
The development of car-sharing programs, ride-hailing services, and electric bike-sharing schemes are
encouraged to provide sustainable transportation options.
 Charging Standards: Common standards for charging infrastructure are established to ensure
interoperability and ease of use for EV and hybrid vehicle owners. This includes the standardisation of
charging connectors, communication protocols, and payment systems.
 Green Public Procurement: Government entities are encouraged to practise Green Public Procurement
and prioritize the purchase of electric and hybrid vehicles for their fleets. Green public procurement
policies are implemented that consider environmental criteria, lifecycle costs, and fuel efficiency when
selecting vehicles.

South Korea:
 Government Support and Incentives: South Korea has provided financial incentives and subsidies to
promote the purchase and use of EVs and hybrid vehicles. Has Implemented tax incentives, registration
fee exemptions, and lower insurance premiums to make these vehicles more attractive to consumers.
 Charging Infrastructure Expansion: The public charging infrastructure network has been further
developed and expanded to enhance the convenience of EV and hybrid vehicle ownership. Collaboration
has been firmed up with private companies and utility companies to install more charging stations,
especially in urban areas and along major highways.
 Battery Technology Innovation: South Korea invests in research and development of advanced battery
technologies (such as solid-state batteries) and high-energy-density cells, to improve the performance,
range, and safety of EV and hybrid vehicle batteries. It has also promoted collaboration between battery
manufacturers and EV manufacturers to improve battery performance, safety, and energy density.
 Charging Infrastructure Development: It has established an extensive charging infrastructure network to
support widespread EV adoption. Public-private partnerships for the installation of charging stations are
encourage and fast-charging capabilities are prioritized.
 Government Support: Financial incentives and subsidies for EV purchases are provided to stimulate
demand. favourable tax policies are Implemented, registration fees are reduced and multiple benefits for
EV owners, such as free parking and access to bus lanes are also availed.
Japan:
 Collaboration and Standardization: Japan promotes collaboration among automakers, battery
manufacturers, and charging infrastructure providers to establish common standards for EVs and hybrid
vehicles. This includes charging connector standardisation and interoperability between different vehicle
models.
 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology: Japan has Invested heavily in the development and commercialisation
of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles as an alternative to battery-electric vehicles. Support the establishment of
hydrogen refuelling infrastructure to enable widespread adoption.
 Battery Recycling Programs: Japan has implemented effective battery recycling programs to recover
valuable materials from used EV and hybrid vehicle batteries. Encourage partnerships between
manufacturers, recycling companies, and government entities to ensure proper disposal and recycling.
 Collaboration and Standardization: Japan fosters collaboration between automakers, battery
manufacturers, and other stakeholders to standardise EV components and technologies. interoperability
between different charging systems is promoted and compatibility among EV models is ensured.
 Battery Second-Life Programs: Japan has developed programs to repurpose used EV batteries for
stationary energy storage applications. This maximizes the value and lifespan of batteries before recycling
or disposal.
 Safe Disposal and Treatment of EV Batteries: Japan has implemented strict regulations for the safe
disposal and treatment of EV batteries. It has ensured compliance with environmental standards and has
encouraged the development of specialized facilities for recycling and proper disposal.
These best practices contribute to the advancement of EV technologies, sustainability, and responsible practices
throughout the lifecycle of electric vehicles. They support the growth of the EV industry and help mitigate
environmental impacts associated with EV production, use, and end-of-life management.

9. Proposed Technological Impetus for EV Hub in Rohtak
Following pointers are proposed for development of Rohtak as a Hub of EV / E-Mobility Industries:
 Rohtak shall be declared as a EV / E-Mobility Hub for 2-wheeler/4-wheeler / multi-wheeler vehicles.
 The EV / e-Mobility-based Automobile Industries shall be provided with specialised benefits and incentives in
addition to those mentioned as per the EV Policy.
The EV Hub in Rohtak is proposed to consist of multiple interventions for promoting sustainable transportation and
supporting the adoption of EVs in Haryana. The Proposed Technological Impetus of EV Hub may consist of a large
complex having:
 Advanced E-Mobility & Electric Propulsion Research & Excellence Centre (AEEPREC) in Rohtak–
where research on advanced, more efficient, environmentally safe, E-Mobility/ Electric based Batteries,
Systems, Subsystems, and related technologies can be developed. The research work may be carried out
under Government and Private based Research Institutions and may also be developed and funded through
research-based investment received from National & International EV-based manufacturers / public-private
research agencies.
 An Electric Power Hub – The Hub will be energised with an Electric Power Grid infrastructure to handle
additional demand sufficiently, capacity of multiple high-energy plants, institutions, Transportation Hubs etc.
The Hub shall also be supported by multiple Power Generating modes on Renewable Sources of Energy.
 EV Charging Stations & other Infrastructure – The District Hub shall consist of multiple E-Mobility Charging
Stations, DC Fast Charging and Wireless Charging Stations equipped with online payments and related
infrastructure.
 Technology Centres of OEM/ Service Providers in the Hub: Major National and International OEMs/
Service Providers having expertise in Battery Manufacturing, Assessment, Maintenance Refurbishing and
Recycling shall setup their Technology Centres in the Hub.
 Training and Skill Development Centre – A Common Facilitation Centre (CFC) having large Training Halls
/ Skilling Rooms shall be made in the district. This shall also have relevant machines/ tools/equipment for
implementing instructor-led trainings and shall have multiple Audio-Video Seminar Rooms/ Audio-Video
Conference Rooms for cross country multiple mode trainings.
Government Department together with respective OEM / Service Providers/ technology leaders/domain
experts, shall host multiple skilling and advanced training programs on E-Mobility, Electric Vehicles and
related domains in the District Hub. The same shall train EV / E-Mobility workforce, the students, Vehicle
operators, industry workers, leaders etc. and make them technology ready.
 EV Testing, Health Assessment, Repair & Maintenance Centres -Large Testing, Health Assessment and
Repair-Maintenance Centres shall be setup in the hub for smooth working and operations of EVs/ PHEVs
and other Hybrid units in the State. These Centres shall also have separate Battery Maintenance Plants &
Battery Swapping Stations in them.
 EV Authorized Treatment Facility & Battery recycling Plant & related infrastructure: As EVs complete
their lifecycle, there will be a need for multiple Authorized Treatment Facility and robust battery recycling and
disposal infrastructure and plants. The same will be crucial for safe environmentally responsible disposal of
EV components. EV Authorized Treatment Facility & Battery recycling Plant & related infrastructure handling
multiple types of Batteries can be setup in the District for safe and complete recycling and recovery of metals.
 E-Waste Management and & ETP Units – The Facility shall also house E-Waste Management and ETP
Units.
 Public E-Transportation Fleets – The government of Haryana can also empower Rohtak, Gurgaon and
other chief cities with EV/ PHEV/ other Hybrid Fleets ( with Two Wheelers, Three-wheelers, Taxis, Buses,
Trucks and other Transportation running on conventional fuels viz Petrol/ Diesel etc.). Multi Mode
Electrification infrastructure shall also be provided in these areas for the same.

10. Training Programs & Skill Set Required for Technology Upgradation
1. Predictive Maintenance and Artificial Intelligence: Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning
technologies can be utilized for predictive maintenance in E-Mobility Vehicles / EVs. By analysing vehicle
data and performance patterns, AI algorithms can predict potential issues or failures in advance. This
allows proactive maintenance scheduling, reducing downtime and optimizing vehicle performance.
2. High-Voltage Systems: EVs operate on high-voltage electrical systems, requiring specialized
technologies for maintenance and servicing. Technicians trained in high-voltage safety protocols,
insulated tools, and equipment are essential for safely handling and maintaining high-voltage components
in EVs.
3. Training and Certification Programs: Manufacturer/ OEM led Training, Certification Programs
supported with Infrastructure for training and certifying technicians in EV-specific maintenance and repair
is necessary. Educational institutions, vocational training centers, and manufacturers should collaborate
to offer comprehensive training programs that cover EV technology, safety protocols, diagnostics, and
repair procedures.
4. Present Day Training programs that will come in handy:
a. Electrical Engineering: A strong foundation in electrical engineering is essential for understanding
the principles behind EV technologies. This includes knowledge of electrical circuits, power
electronics, electric machines, and control systems.
b. Battery Technology: Training programs focused on battery technology provide insights into the
working principles, characteristics, and management of EV batteries. This includes topics such as
battery chemistry, charging and discharging processes, battery management systems (BMS), and
safety considerations.
c. Power Electronics: Power electronics is a critical component of EVs as it controls the conversion of
electrical energy between the battery, motor, and other subsystems. Training in power electronics
covers topics like inverters, DC-DC converters, motor drives, and power management.
d. Electric Vehicle Architecture and Systems: Understanding the overall architecture and systems
of electric vehicles is crucial. Training programs covering EV components, such as electric motors,
powertrains, regenerative braking systems, thermal management, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
technology, provide insights into EV operation and integration.
e. Charging Infrastructure: With the growth of EVs, training programs focused on charging
infrastructure are becoming increasingly important. These programs cover topics such as types of
charging stations, charging protocols, installation and maintenance of charging equipment, and
safety considerations.
f. Software and Connectivity: EVs are becoming increasingly connected and rely on software
systems for various functionalities. Training in software development, connectivity, and data analysis
prepares professionals to work on EV-related software, including battery management systems,
vehicle diagnostics, telematics, and over-the-air updates.
g. Safety and Regulations: Understanding safety protocols and regulations specific to EVs is crucial
for technicians and professionals working in the industry. Training programs that cover EV safety
practices, handling high-voltage systems, first response in case of accidents, and compliance with
regulatory standards provide the necessary knowledge and skills.
h. EV Maintenance and Repair: Training programs focused on EV maintenance and repair equip
technicians with the skills required to diagnose, service, and repair EV systems. This includes training
in battery diagnostics, powertrain maintenance, troubleshooting charging issues, and handling EV-
specific components.
i. Sustainability and Environmental Considerations: As the EV industry aims to minimise
environmental impact, training programs that address sustainability practices, life cycle assessments,
and recycling and disposal processes of EV components provide professionals with knowledge of
environmentally responsible practices.

j. Business and Project Management: Professionals working in the EV industry benefit from training
in business and project management, as it helps them understand the market dynamics, implement
technology upgrades effectively, and manage EV-related projects efficiently.
11. Policy Amendment and Strategy
The Policy can be further amended and Strategy can be devised for:
a. Facilitating Implementation & Inclusion of:
 Global best practices in Indian EV and Hybrid Industry and making it accessible locally.
 Transfer of Technology (TOT) to Indian MSMEs/ Heavy Industries for building and
maintenance of necessary infrastructure for EVs/ Hybrids, for Effective manufacturing, Remote
Monitoring, Health Assessments, Repair & maintenance, Safe Recycling of battery &
machinery parts (as per latest technologies to facilitate maximum recovery of metals and parts),
disposal and complete lifecycle management & in regard to maintenance of EV & other Hybrid
Vehicles related Systems, Sub Systems.
 Transfer of Technology and Collaboration for developing Eco-Friendly batteries and other
machinery components.
b. Capacity Building of OEMs/ Service Providers to upscale their R&D facilities, processes, quality, and
efficiencies and provide safer products and services as per global norms.
c. Provisioning major incentives / benefits to Global National and International OEMs/ Service Providers
(having expertise in Battery Manufacturing, Assessment, Maintenance Refurbishing and Recycling)
to setup their Technology & Research Centres, to collaborate with Indian Companies and build
capacities in India.
d. Development of adequate Technology Infrastructure for efficient EV & Hybrid manufacturing, Health
Assessment, Recycling, Safe Disposal and complete lifecycle management, as per stringent global
norms.
e. Development adequate infrastructure for Environment Impact Assessment and carrying Corrective &
Preventive Actions (CAPA) .
f. Policy to incorporate provision of smaller centres for e-mobility

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