2. What Is Tumor ?
• An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and
divide more than they should or do not die when they
should. Tumors may be
• benign (not cancer)
• or malignant (cancer).
Benign tumors :may grow large but do not spread into, or
invade, nearby tissues or other parts of the body.
Malignant tumors: can spread into, or invade, nearby
tissues. They can also spread to other parts of the body
through the blood and lymph systems. Also called neoplasm.
4. Thyroid Tumor introduction:
• Thyroid cancer occurs in the cells of the thyroid — a
butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of neck, just
below your Adam's apple. thyroid produces hormones that
regulate your heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature
and weight.
• Thyroid cancer might not cause any symptoms at first.
But as it grows, it can cause pain and swelling in your
neck.
• Several types of thyroid cancer exist. Some grow very
slowly and others can be very aggressive. Most cases of
thyroid cancer can be cured with treatment.
5. Types of thyroidcancer:
.
• Papillary thyroid cancer : The most common form of thyroid cancer, papillary thyroid
cancer arises from follicular cells, which produce and store thyroid hormones. Papillary
thyroid cancer can occur at any age, but most often it affects people ages 30 to 50.
• Follicular thyroid cancer :Follicular thyroid cancer also arises from the follicular cells of
the thyroid. It usually affects people older than age 50.
• Anaplastic thyroid cancer: Anaplastic thyroid cancer is a rare type of thyroid cancer that
begins in the follicular cells. It grows rapidly and is very difficult to treat. Anaplastic thyroid
cancer typically occurs in adults age 60 and older.
• Medullary thyroid cancer: Medullary thyroid cancer begins in thyroid cells called C cells,
which produce the hormone calcitonin. Elevated levels of calcitonin in the blood can indicate
medullary thyroid cancer at a very early stage. Certain genetic syndromes increase the risk of
medullary thyroid cancer, although this genetic link is uncommon.
6. Causes
• It's not clear what causes thyroid cancer.
• Thyroid cancer occurs when cells in thyroid undergo genetic
changes (mutations).
The mutations allow the cells to grow and multiply rapidly. The
cells also lose the ability to die, as normal cells would. The
accumulating abnormal thyroid cells form a tumor. The
abnormal cells can invade nearby tissue and can spread
(metastasize) to other parts of the body.
7. Risk factors
• Factors that may increase the risk of thyroid cancer include:
• Female sex: Thyroid cancer occurs more often in women
than in men.
• Exposure to high levels of radiation: Radiation therapy
treatments to the head and neck increase the risk of thyroid
cancer.
8. signs &symptoms:
• Thyroid cancer typically doesn't cause any signs or symptoms early in the
disease.
• A lump (nodule) that can be felt through the skin on neck
• Changes to voice, including increasing hoarseness
• Difficulty swallowing
• Pain in neck and throat
• Swollen lymph nodes in neck
10. Tests for Thyroid Cancer
• 1- Ultrasound: uses sound waves to create images of parts
of body. You are not exposed to radiation during this test.
• This test can help determine if a thyroid nodule is solid or
filled with fluid. (Solid nodules are more likely to be
cancerous.) It can also be used to check the number and size
of thyroid nodules as well as help
determine if any nearby lymph nodes
are enlarged because
the thyroid cancer has spread.
11. -
• 2- Radioiodine scan :can be used to help determine if
someone with a lump in the neck might have thyroid cancer.
They are also often used in people who have already been
diagnosed with differentiated (papillary, follicular) thyroid
cancer to help show if it has spread. Because medullary
thyroid cancer cells do not absorb iodine, radioiodine scans
are not used for this cancer.
• For this test, a small amount of radioactive iodine (called I-
131) is swallowed (usually as a pill) or injected Iv. Over time,
the iodine is absorbed by the thyroid gland (or thyroid cells
anywhere in the body). A special camera is used several hours
later to see where the radioactivity is.
12. • 3- Chest x-ray
• If you have been diagnosed with thyroid cancer
(especially follicular thyroid cancer), a plain x-ray for
chest may be done to see if cancer has spread to your
lungs.
• 4- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan : MRI be
used to look for cancer in the thyroid, or cancer that has
spread to nearby or distant parts of the body. But
ultrasound is usually the first choice for looking at the
thyroid. MRI can provide very detailed images of soft
tissues such as the thyroid gland
14. -
• 5- Biopsy
- The simplest way to find out if a thyroid lump or nodule is cancerous is
with a fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the thyroid nodule.
• Before the biopsy, local anesthesia may be injected into the skin over
the nodule, but in most cases an anesthetic is not needed. Your doctor
will place a thin, hollow needle directly into the nodule to aspirate
(take out) some cells and a few drops of fluid into a syringe. The doctor
usually repeats this 2 or 3 more times, taking samples from several
areas of the nodule.
The biopsy samples are then sent to a lab, where they are looked at to
see if the cells look cancerous or benign
