Os NOTES

UNITECH COMPUTER EDUCATION SHOBHAPUR Page No-1
Contact At-9826806643 Page-1 Opreating System
UNIT - I
Disk Operating System (DOS)
Introducation, History & Version of DOS :- Computer system hardware & Software nks
eq[; Hkkxksa dk lewg gS tks vkil es feydj ;wtj ds dk;Z dks iw.kZ djrs gS fdlh
Hkh rjg dh izkslsflx ds fy;s ;wtj buiqV dh Hkwfedk vnk djrk gS vr% ;wtj ds }kjk
fd;s x;s buiqV MsVk ds ek/;e ls dk;Z izkslsl gksrk gS tks flLVe ds }kjk fd;k tkrk
gS] ,d Application Software ds }kjk bl dk;Z dks iwjk djuk gksrk gS ftlds fy;s
fofHkUu izdkj dh dekaM pykbZ tkrh gSA
DOS ls rkRi;Z Disk Operating System ls gksrk gS tks System Software ds :i es
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks ;wtj ds lkFk laca/k LFkkfir djrk gSA bls CUI ( Character User
Interface ) Operating System dgk tkrk gSA tks ;wtj rFkk dEI;wVj ds chp dek.M ds
ek/;e ls laca/k LFkkfir djrk gS] Mkl dks flaxy ;wtj vkijsfVax flLVe Hkh ekuk tkrk
gS tks ,d le; es fdlh ,d dk;Z dks iw.kZ djus dh dekaM dks fdz;kfUor djrk gS]
lHkh Command Text Based gksrh gS ;g xzkfQDl dk;ksZ dks liksVZ ugh djrk gS
rFkk blls leLr dk;ksZ dks iw.kZ djus ds fy, dek.M dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftls
Prompt ij fy[kk tkrk gSA DOS ds eq[; rhu otZu ;k izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
1- PCDOS 2- DR DOS 3- MS DOS
History And Version -: orZeku le; esa cktkj eas Mkl ds N% fo'ks"k Version miyC/k
gSA tks lHkh vyx&vyx xq.kksa ij vk/kfjr gS rFkk izR;sd otZu vk/kqfud rduhd ij
iz;ksx es yk;k tkrk gS gekjs }kjk eq[; :i ls rhu fo'ks"k Mkl mi;ksx esa yk;s tkrs
gSaA
1. PC DOS &% bls ilZuy dEI;wVj fMLd vkijsfVax dgkWa tkrk gS tks O;fDrxr
dk;ksZ dks iw.kZ djus ds fy;s loZizFke iz;ksx es yk;k x;k bl Mkl dk vkfo"dkj
vkbZch,e daiuh ds }kjk fd;k x;k ftldk mi;ksx dsoy vkbZch,e daiuh ds }kjk
fufeZr fd, x;s ihlh esa gh fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk ;g flaxy ;wtj vkijsfVax flLVe dks
liksVZ djrk FkkA
2- DR DOS %& bl Mkl dk mi;ksx Digital Research Center ij fd;k tkrk gS tks osKkfud
dk;kZs ds fy;s mi;ksx es yk;k tkrk gS bl vkijsfVax flLVe dk iz;ksx ge usVofdZx

ls tqMs fofHkUu izdkj ds dEI;wVj ij vkdM+ks dk fo’ys"k.k djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk
gS A ;g fofHkUu rjg ds oSKkfud vuqla/kku dsUnzks easa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
tks dsoy fo'ks"k rjg ds dEI;wVj ij gh dk;Z djrk Fkk ihlh ij bldk mi;ksx laHko ugh
FkkA
3- MS DOS -: ;g ekbZØkslk¶V daiuh ds }kjk fodflrfd;k x;k gS vkijsfVax flLVe gS
ftldk mi;ksx ekbZØks dEI;wVj ds dks pykus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS ;g orZeku le;
eas dkQh yksdfiz; gS ftls fdlh Hkh ilZuy dEI;wVj esa pyk;k tk ldrk gSA
Function of Dos -: 1) Mkl esa ge ubZ Qkby dk fuekZ.k] iqjkuh Qkby dh lekfUor
o Qkby dks u;s uke ns ldrs gSA
2) fMLd esa LVksj Qkby dh fyLV dks ns[kk ldrs gSA
3) fMLd esa LVksj Qkby dks O;ofLFkr Qkby ds :i esa LVksj dj ldrs gSA
4) Qkby o Directory dks Mkl esa Delete & Copy dj ldrs gSA
5) Mkl ds }kjk dhcksMZ ls lqpuk izkIr djuk o mls ekuhVj ij iznf'kZr djus dk dk;Z
Hkh djrs gSa
6) Mkl eas ge Antivirus & Virus Program dks pyk ldrs gSa A
7) Mkl ds }kjk ge leLr gkMZos;j laca/kksa ds chp laca/k LFkkfir djrs gSA
8) Mkl esa flLVe Qkby dks pyk;k tkrk gSA
9) gkMZ fMLd ls ¶ykih fMLd ij Qkby dk csdvi izkIr dj ldrs gSA
10) Mkl esa Application Program dks pyk;k tk ldrk gSA
11) Mkl ds }kjk dh [kkst dj mls u"V fd;k tkrk gSA
Physical Structure of Disk
fdlh fMLd ij MkVk LVksj djus ds fy, ml ij o`Rrkdkj Path cus gksrs gS ftUgsa
Vsªd dgrs gS izR;sd Vªsd NksVs&NksVs Hkkxksa esa ckaVk gksrk gS bu
NksVs Hkkxksa dks lsDVj dgk tkrk gS izR;sd lsDVj eas 512 byte LVksj dh tk
ldrh gS fMLd ij Vsªd vkSj lsDVj cukus dh izfØ;k QkesZV ds ek/;e ls gksrh
gSA fdlh fMLd dh {kerk nks ckrksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
1) Track dh la[;k 2) Sector dh lajpuk
1 Track easa lsDVj dh la[;k = 9

vr% 40 Track eas lsDVj dh la[;k = 40X9 = 360 sector
1) lsDVj dh la[;k = 512 Byte
2) lsDVj dh la[;k = 512X2 = 1024 byte =1 kb
Drive / Device Name -: fMokbl use ls rkRiZ; dEI;wVj ls tqMs gq, mu midj.kks ls
gksrk gS ftudk mi;ksx ge lsds.Mjh eseksjh dks n’kkZus ds fy;s djrs gS ;g
fMLd ds fofHkUu Hkkxks dks n’kkZrs gS rFkk mUgs pykus ds fy;s Mªkbo dh
vko’;drk gksrh gS tks mu Hkkxks dks iznf’kZr djrh gSA bu izR;sd Hkkx dks
n’kkZus ds fy;s fn;s tkus okys uke Mªkbo use dgykrs gSA ;g midj.kkasa ds
ukekasa ls rFkk fpUgks ds }kjk izR;sd midj.k iznf’kZr gksrk gS rFkk budk lHkh
dk ,d iwoZfu/kkZfjr uke gksrk gS tks vkijsfVax flLVe dks yksM djrs le; fuf’pr
fd;k tkrk vkSj Utility Program bu lHkh ukeksa dks igpkurs gSA ;g fMokbl
fuEukuqlkj gSa A
Device Name Device
A: igyk FDD
B: nwljk FDD
C: Hard Disk Drive
D: Extra Drives
FAT ( File Allocation Table ) -: tc fdlh Qkby dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS rks vkijsfVax
flLVe ml Qkby ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu tkudkfj;ksa tSls Qkby dk uke] mldk vkdkj]
frfFk o irk bR;kfn dks ,d fyLV eas LVksj dj ysrk gS bl fyLV dks Qkby Allocation
Vscy ;k FAT dgrs gSA ;fn [kjkc gks tk;s rks fMLd ij Read djuk dfBu gks tkrk gS
MS-Dos dk Qkby flLVe 16 bit gksrk gSSA vr% bls FAT-16 dgk tkrk gSA
File & Directory Structure And Naming Rules -: 1) tc Hkh fdlh Qkby vkSj Directory dk
uke fn;k tkrk gS rks og vf/kdre vkB Charactor rd yack gks ldrk gS vr% ges lnSo
;g /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg;sa fd fdlh Qkby ;k Directory dk uke v{kj ls vf/kd ugh gksuk
pkfg;saA
2) Qkby ;k Directory dk uke nsrs le; blds uke esa varj (Space) ugh gksuk pkfg,
vr% ;g Space dks Accept ugh djrk gSA

3) tc fdlh Qkby dk Extenstion Name fn;k tkrk gS rks mls MkaV (.) ds lkFk fy[kk tkrk
gS rFkk Extenstion Name & Character 3 character ls cM+k ugh gks ldrk gSA o Directory
dk Extension Name ugh gksrk gSA
4) fdlh Hkh Directory ;k Qkby dk uke Alphabeta ;k Numbers ls gks ldrk gS ijarq
Special Character tSls - + , - ,* ,/ etc ugh gks ldrk gSA
5) Directory ds vanj Qkby vkSj Sub Directory dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gS tcfd Qkby
vdsyh gksrh gSA
Booting Process -: vkijsfVax flLVe dk dEI;wVj dh izk;ejh eseksjh (Ram) esa yksM
gksuk cqfVax izkslsl dgykrk gSA vr% tc dEI;wVj dks vkWu fd;k tkrk gS rks
lcls igys eseskjh VsLV dh tkrh gS blds ckn fofHkUu gkMZos;j psd fd, tkrs gS
;fn dksbZ dHkh gks rks lacaf/kr lqpuk ;wtj dks izkIr gksrh gS lHkh VsLV lQy
gks tkus ij vkijsfVaax flLVe dks f}rh;d LVksjst fMLd ij <w<+k tkrk gS vkSj izkIr
gksus ij mls esu eseksjh esa yksM fd;k tkrk gS rc gesa Prompt ( C:> ) fn[kkbZ
nsrk gS ;gh laiw.kZ izfØ;k cqfVax izkslsl dgykrh gS ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1- Cold/ Hard Booting 2- Worm/ Soft Booting
1- Cold/ Soft Booting -: tc ,d can dEI;qVj dks ikoj Lohp ds }kjk vkWu fd;k tkrk gS
rks gksus okyh cqfVax dksYM cqfVax dgykrh gS bl rjg dh cqfVax es flLVe
POST ls vkijsfVx flLVe dks cwV djrk gSA
2- Worm/ Hard Booting -: dHkh&dHkh dk;Z djrs le; dEI;wVj gsx gks tkrk gS ,slh
fLFkfreas dEI;wVj dks vkWQ fd, fcuk fQj ls cqV djus ds fy, dh&cksMZ ls Ctrl+
Alt + Del Press fd;k tk ldrk gS bl izdkj gksus okyh cqfVax dks Worm/ Hard Booting
dgrs gSa A
DOS System Files -: os flLVe Qkby tks Mkal ds lkFk mi;ksx dh tkrh gS rFkk ;g
eseskjh ij vkijsfVax flLVe ds lkFk yksM gks tkrh gS ftudh lgk;rk ls Mkal dk;Z
djrk gS mls flLVe Qkby dgk tkrk gSA MS Dos esa fuEu flLVe Qkby gksrh gSA
1) IO System 2) MS Dos System 3) Command Com.
1) IO System -: ;g ,d buiqV@vkmViqV flLVe Qkby gS buiqV@vkmViqV
funsZ'kksa o midj.kks dks pyrh gS] bl flLVe Qkby ds }kjk gkMZos;j rFkk

izksxzke ds e/; MsVk rFkk lw;uk ds fy;s ;wtj bUVQsl dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS] tks
vkijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk MsVk rFkk izksxzke dks funsZf’kr o esust djrk gSA
2) MS Dos System -: ;g Mkal flLVe Qkby gksrh gS tks leLr izksxzke Qkby dks
pykus o mls LVksj djus dk dk;Z djrh gS] ;g I/O device rFkk Operating System ds
chp laca/k LFkkfir djrh gS tks Command ds ek/;e ls gksrk gS A
3) Command Com. -: ;g Hkh ,d Executeable Flie gksrh gS leLr Qkby dks ju djus dk
dk;Z djrh gS] ;g ,d bUVjfiVj dh rjg gksrh gS tks Mkl es mi;ksx gksus okyh
lHkh dekaM dks le>us dk dk;Z djrh gSA ;g dekaM dks fdz;kfUor dj mlds
vkijs’ku dks eseksjh ij lqjf{kr djus dk dk;Z djrh gS A
Internal and External Dos Command
Command :- dek.M ls rkRi;Z dqN Lis'ky funsZ'k gksrs gS tks fd dEI;wVj flLVe
dks vkijsV djus ds fy, ;wtj ds }kjk fn, tkrs gS ;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1) Internal Command 2) External Command
1) Internal Command -: ;g Command, Command com. dk ,d fgLlk gksrk gS rFkk ;g Lo;a
eseksjh ij yksM gks tkrh gS] bls pykus ds fy, lgk;d Qkby dh vko';drk ugha
gksrh gS ;g flLVe dEI;wVj eas ges'kk ekStwn gksrh gS blfy, bls Internal
Command dgrs gSA tSls & MD, CD, Date etc.
2) External Command -: os dek.M tks Command.com esa ekStwn rks gksrh gS ijarq
bls pykus ds fy, lgk;d Qkby dh vko';drk gksrh gS] rFkk bls izk;ejh eseksjh ij
yksM djus dh vko’;drk gksrh gS] ;g Lo;a cwV ugh gksrh gS mls External
Command dgk tkrk gSA
Internal and External Dos Command esa varj&
Intrnal Command :- 1- Internal Command Mkal dks cqV djrs le; Lo;a eseksjh ij yksM
gks tkrh gSA
2) bl dek.M dks pykus ds fy, lgk;d Qkby dh vko';drk ugh gksrh gSA
3) Internal Command dks cgqr de eseksjh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
4) Internal Command dk mi;ksx dsoy Dos es gh fd;k tkrk gSA

5) ;g daekM lh/ks eseksjh ls tqMdj dk;Z djrh gS rFkk ges vius funsZ’k pykus
dh lqfo/kk iznku djrs gS
External Command- 1) ;g dek.M pykus ds fy;s fMLd ij yksM djuk iM+rk gSA
2) bl dek.M dks pykus ds fy, lgk;d Qkby dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
3) External Command dks vf/kd eseksjh dh vko';drk gksrh gS
4) External Command vyx&vyx izksxzke eas mi;ksx dh tk ldrh gSa A
5) bl deakM es ges lkslZ rFkk VkjxsV lsV djuk gksrk gSA
INTRNAL COMMAND
Dir Command -: bl dek.M dk iz;ksx Qkby rFkk Directory dh fyLV ns[kus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA Sy:- c:> Dir
bl dek.M dk iz;ksx djus ij ges Ldzhu ij leLr Qkby o Mk;jsDVªh dks fn[kkrk gSA
ijUrq ;fn ge Ldzhu ij leLr Qkby dks ,d lkFk ugh ns ikrs gS rks fuEu iSjkehVj ds
}kjk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
1) Dir/P -:bl dek.M dk iz;ksx Qkby rFkk Directory dh fyLV dks Page by Page ns[kus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Sy:- C:> Dir/P
2) Dir/W -: bl dek.M dk iz;ksx Qkby rFkk Directory dh fyLV dks width wise coloumn
esa ns[kus ds fy, djrs gSA tks ges Qkby rFkk Mk;jsDVªh ds fooj.k dks izLrqr
ugh djrk gSA
Sy:- C:> Dir/W
3) Dir/S -:bl dek.M dk iz;ksx ge leLr flLVe Qkby rFkk Directory,Subdirectory dh
fyLV dks ns[kus ds fy, djrs gSA tks ges Qkby rFkk Mk;jsDVªh dks rst xfr ls
Ldzhu ij iznf'kZr djrk gSA ftls ikml czsd ds }kjk jksdk tk ldrk gSA
Sy:- C:> Dir/S
4) Dir/ON -: bl dek.M dk iz;ksx Qkby rFkk Directory dh fyLV dks Assending order
esa ns[kus ds fy, djrs gSA
Sy:- C:> Dir/ON

5) Dir/O-N -: bl dek.M dk iz;ksx Qkby rFkk Directory dh fyLV dks Decending order
esa ns[kus ds fy, djrs gS A
Sy:- c:> Dir/O-N
6) Dir/OD -: bl dek.M dk iz;ksx Qkby rFkk Directory dh fyLV dks Date ds vk/kkj ij
lh/ks Øe esa ns[kus ds fy, djrs gS A
Sy:- c:> Dir/OD
7) Dir/O-D -: bl dek.M dk iz;ksx Qkby rFkk Directory dh fyLV dks Date ds vk/kkj
ij mYVs Øe esa ns[kus ds fy, djrs gS A
Sy:- c:> Dir/O-D
8) Dir/AH -: bl dek.M dk iz;ksx Nqih gqbZ Qkby rFkk Directory dh fyLV dks
ns[kus ds fy, djrs gS A
Sy:- c:> Dir/AH
2) Copy Con -:bl dek.M dk iz;ksx ubZ Qkby ds fuekZ.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vr%
blesa ;wtj vius Text dks fy[krk gS rFkk Ctrl + Z ;k F6 function Key ds ek/;e ls bls lso
fd;k tk ldrk gS dek.M dk iz;ksx djus ds i'pkr~ Qkby dk uke fy[kuk t:jh gksrk gS
vr% Qkby use dks Dot (.) Extention Name ds lkFk fy[k ldrs gS vr% ;g 8 Character ls
T;knk ugh gksuk pkfg;sA
Sy -: Copy Con < File Name >
Ex -: C:> Copy Con Vinod.Zar
Name : Vinod Zarbade
Add : Gyatri Mandir Shakti Nager
Contact : 9826806643
Institute : UNITECH COMPUTER
Ctrl + Z or F6
1 files Copied
3) Del Command (Delete) -: bl dek.M dk mi;ksx ;wtj }kjk lso dh xbZ Qkby dks
feVkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS bl dek.M dks fy[kus ds i'pkr~ ges Qkby dk uke nsuk

vko';d gksrk gS ;fn Qkby esa Extenstion Name gks rks mls Hkh nsuk vko';d gksrk
gSA
Sy -: C:> Del <File Name>
Ex -: C:> Del Vinod.Zar
4) Ren Command (Rename) -: bl dek.M dk mi;ksx ;wtj }kjk lso dh xbZ Qkby ;k
orZeku esa miyC/k Qkby ds uke esa ifjorZu djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Sy -: C:> Ren <old File Name > <New File Name>
Ex -: C:> Ren Krihna.dht Vinod.Zar
5) Date Command -: bl dek.M dk mi;ksx flLVe esa ekStwn orZeku fnukad dks
ns[kus o cnyus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
orZeku Date gesa orZeku rkjh[k fn[kykrh gS tcfd Enter New Date ds ek/;e ls
ubZ Date ns ldrs gS vr% Mkal esa MsV ds fy, ges MM-DD-YY format iz;ksx djuk
iM+rk gS MM ls rkRi;Z ekg ls] DD ls rkRi;Z fnukad ls] YY ls rkRi;Z o"kZ ls gksrk
gSA
Sy -: C:> Date
Current Date is 03/25/2009
Enter New Date (MM-DD-YY)
6) Vol Command -: bl dek.M dk iz;ksx dEI;wVj ds fMLd ds Hkkx dks ns[kus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gS ;g gesa fMLd dh lwpuk nsrk gSA
Sy -: C:> Vol
Volume is C:>
The volume Name is ..................
7) Time Command -: bl dek.M dk iz;ksx flLVe eas orZeku Vkbe dks ns[kus ds
fy;s fd;k tkrk gS o Vkbe dks cnyus dk dk;Z Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS ;g gesa Vkbe
HH-MM-SS ds :i esa fn[kykrk gS HH ls RkkRi;Z Hour, MM ls rkRi;Z Minite, SS ls
RkkRi;Z Second ls gksrk gSA
Sy -: C:> Time
Current time is 10:15:45
Enter New Time ..................

8) CLS Command -: bl dek.M dk iz;ksx LØhu ij miyC/k VsDLV dks lkQ djus ds
fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Sy -: C:> CLS
9) Path Command -: bl dek.M dk iz;ksx gksus vkijsfVax flLVe es mi;ksx gksus
okyh Qkby dk jkLrk fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vr% fdlh Hkh yksM Qkby
dk ikFk fn[kykrh gSaA
Sy -: C:> Path
10) Directory Command -: tc ge dEI;wVj ij dk;Z djrs gS rc gekjs }kjk cgqr lh
Qkby dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS tks fd gkbZ fMLd ;k ¶ykih fMLd ij ekStwn gksrh gS
vr% tc ge mUgsa ns[kuk pkgs rks Mkal esa Dir dek.M dk iz;ksx djrs gS ftlls
gesa leLr Qkby dh lwph fn[kkbZ nsrh gS Dir Command ,d LVksjst ,fj;k gksrk gS
ftlds varxZr ge viuh Qky dks O;ofLFkr :i esa LVksj djds j[krs gS vr% vko';drk
iM+us ij ml ij dk;Z Hkh dj ldrs gS Directory lkekU; rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1) Main Directory 2) Sub Directory 3) Root Directory
1) Main Directory -: ;g Directory tks Prompt esa cukbZ tkrh gS og Prompt dh Main
Directory dgykrh gS ftlls ge Sub Directory dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSaA
2) Sub Directory -: Sub Directory dk fuekZ.k Main Directory dh rjg gksrk gS ijarq ;g
fdlh Directory ds vanj cukbZ tkrh gS vr% Directory esa cuh gqbZ Directory Sub
Directory dgykrh gSA bldk fuekZ.k ml le; fd;k tkrk gS tc Qkby dks fuf'pr :i esa
O;fLFkr djuk gksrk gSA
3) Root Directory -: Mkal Directory o SUB Directory dks mlh :i esa laxzfgr djrk gS
vr% ;g ,d Tree ds :i esa fn[kykrk gS vr% blesa izR;sd Directory ds uhps Sub
Directory dsk Perent Directory Hkh dgrs gS o Sub Directory dks Children Directory Hkh
Root Directory
Sub DirectoryMain Directory

dgrs gSA Directory ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s o fofHkUu dk;ksZ ds fy;s fuEu deakM dk
iz;ksx djrs gSA
1) MD(Make Directory):bl dekaM dk mi;ksx ubZ Directory rFkk Subdirectoy cukus ds
fy;s djrs gSA
Sy -: MD < DirectoryName >
Ex -: C:> MD MCRPVV
2) CD(Change Directory):- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx Directory rFkk Subdirectoy ds vUnj
izos'k@ [kksyus ds fy;s djrs gSA
Sy -: CD < DirectoryName >
Ex -: C:> CD MCRPVV
Ex -: C:MCRPVV >
3) CD..- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx directory rFkk subdirectoy ls ckgj fudyus ds fy;s djrs
gSA
Ex -: C:MCRPVV >CD..
C:>
4) CD...- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx directory rFkk subdirectoy ls ,d lkFk ckgj fudyus ds
fy;s djrs gSA
EXTERNAL COMMAND
1. LABEL COMM:- bl dek.M dk iz;ksx ge fMLd ds Volume Label dks ns[kus o
mlds uke dks cnyus ds fy;s djrs gS ftls 11 Character es fy[kk tkrk gS] tks alphabate
ls 'kq: gksrs gSA Symbol dk iz;ksx ugh fd;k tkrk gSA
Sy:- C:>LABEL
2. MOVE COMM:- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx ,d ;k vf/kd Qkby dks ,d Mªkbo ;k
Mk;jsDVªh ls fdlh vU; LFkku ij j[kus ds lkFk Mk;jsDVªh dk uke cnyus ds fy;s
djrs gSA
Sy:- C:>Move <Source Add> <Target Add>
3.XCOPY COMM:- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx Qkby rFkk Mk;jsDVªh dks ,d lkFk dkih
djus ds fy;s ls djrs gS vr% ;g dkih dekaM dh rjg dke djrh gSA bl dekaM ds
lkFk fuEu iSjkehVj mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA

1. /S :- bl iSjkehVj dk mi;ksx Xcopy ds lkFk djus ls Mk;jsDVªh rFkk lcMk;jsDVªh
nksuks dks ,d lkFk dkih djus ds fy;s djrs gSA
2. /F :- bl iSjkehVj dk mi;ksx dsoy lcMk;jsDVªh dh dkih djus ds fy;s djrs gSA
sy:- C:>XCOPY <Source Add> <Target Add>
4. COPY COMM:- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx dsoy dh Qkby dh dkih djus ds fy;s djrs
gSA ;g viuh ,d MqfIydsV Qkby rS;kj djrh gS tks lkslZ rFkk VkjxsV nksuks txg
ij ekStwn jgrh Fkh bls fdlh LFkku ij Hkstk ldrk gSA
Sy:- C:>COPY <Source Add> <Target Add>
5. EDIT COMM:- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx ge igys ls cuh fdlh Qkby es u;s VsDLV
dks tksMus o cnyus ds fy;s djrs gS] ;g ges ,d window iznku djrh gS ftles ge
Edditing tSls dk;ksZ dks vklkuh ls iwjk dj ldrs gS A
Sy:- C:>EDIT FileName
6. DISKCOMP:- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx fMLd dh rqyuk djus ds fy;s djrs gS ;g
fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd nks fMLd es leku vkdkj es gS ;k ugh tc nks vleku fMLd dh
rqyuk djrs gS rc bjj eSlst dk Ldzhu ij n'kkZrs gSA ;g ,d fMLd ls nwljs fMLd ds
eSVj dks dkih djus ds i'pkr~ mi;ksx es yk;h tkrh gSA
Sy:- C:>DISKCOMP <Source Drive> <Target Drive>
7. DOS KEY :- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx dk Mkl izksxzke es mi;ksx dh tkus okyh
dekaM dks ns[kus ds fy;s djrs gS ;g mu dekaM dh fyLV dks iznf'kZr djrh gS
tks eseksjh ij yksM gksrh gS ftudk mi;ksx gekjs }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
Sy:- C:>DOSKEY
8. FORMAT :- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx fMLd dks QkjesV djus ds fy;s djrs gS ftlls
fdlh fMLd ij Vªsd]lsDVj rFkk dyLVj dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy;s djrs gS] ;g dekaM
leLr izksxzke Qkby dks gVk nsrk gSA
Sy:- C:>FORMAT <Drivename>
9. TREE COMM:- bl dek.M dh lgk;rk ls fdlh Mªkbo ;k Mk;jsDVªh ds vanj dh leLr
lcMk;jsDVªh dh lajpuk dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
Sy:- C:>TREE

10. MODE COMM:- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx Computer dh Ldzhu ij Video Mode Set djus
ds fy;s djrs gS]vr% ;g Ldzhu dks lsV djrk ftlls MsVk NksVs ;k cMs vkdkj es
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
Sy:- C:>MODE
11. Attribute Comm:- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx fdlh Qkby ds Attribut tSls Read only, Hide,
Arichive dks ifjorZu djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vr% Read Only ds fy, R, Arichive fy, ds
A , Hide ds fy;s H dk iz;ksx djrs gS tks fd Attribute ds lkFk tqM+rs gS bl dek.M ds
lkFk +B, +A , +H iz;ksx djus ls ;g izHkkfor gksrh gS tcfd -R , -A, -H dk iz;ksx djus
ls izHkko [kRe gksrk gSA
Sy:- C:>Attribute +A
12. Back Up -: bldk iz;ksx foMksat rFkk Mkal Qkby dks dkih djus ds fy, djrs gS
bl rjg ls fdlh dEI;wVj dk MkVk fdlh vU; fMLd esa dkih fd;k tk ldrk gS vr%
MkVk dks lqjf{kr :i ls j[kus ds fy, budk iz;ksx djrs gS o blds fy, gesa MkVk
lkslZ dk mi;ksx o Target Address dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
Sy:- C:>Backup <Source Address> <Target Address >
13. Fdisk Comm:- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx fdlh fMLd dks muds Hkkxksa eas
ckaVus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftudk mi;ksx vyx vyx dk;ksZ ds fy, djrs gS vr%
izR;sd Hkkx dks ykWftdy use nsrs gS tSls C, D, E vr% ;g dk;Z djus ij fMLd
Format gks tkrh gS o leLr MkVk feVk nsrh gSA
Sy:- C:>Fdisk
14. Append Comm:- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx Path dek.M dh rjg dk;Z djrh gS ijarq ;g
nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Qkbydks vkil esa tksMus ds fy, iz;ksx eas ykbZ tkrh gS ;g
dek.M vyx vyx Path ls Qkby dks tksMus dk dk;Z djrh gSA
Sy:- C:>Copy <1st File Name> + <2nd File Name > <New Name>
C:>Copy Raj+Deepak Unitech
15. Sort Comm:- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx v{kjksa ij vk/kkfjr Qkby dks ?kVus o c<us
ds Øe esa tekus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vr% ;g Alphabate ;k uacj ij dk;Z djrh gS o

blds fy, Sort ds ek/;e ls fdlh Qkby dh lwpuk dks Arrange dj fdlh vU; Qkby easa
LVksj dj ldrs gS o ,d ubZ Qkbydk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
Sy -: C:>Sort Raj
16. Help Comm:- bl dek.M dh lgk;rk ls Mkal es mi;ksx gksus okyh dekaM ls
lacaf/kr tkudkjh dks ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Sy -: C:>Help
17. Sys Comm:- bl dek.M dk iz;ksx leLr flLVe Qkby dks ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gS tks fd fMLd esa miyC/k gksrh gS
Sy -: C:>Sys
18. Disk Copy:- ;g ,d External dek.M gksrh gS ftldk mi;ksx fdlh fMLd esa fLFkr
Qkby dks fdlh vU; fMLd esa dkih djus ds fy, djrs gS fMLd dkih iwjh fMLd
vFkkZr gkMZ fMLd dkih djus ds fy, djrs gSA
Sy -: C:>Diskcopy <Source Drive> <target Drive>
Ex -: C:>Disk Copy C:>uni A:> raj
Executable File v/s Non Executable File in Dos
Executable File :- Executable File os Qkby gS ftUgsa ge Mkal easa pyk ldrs gS
Qkby dgykrh gS ;g fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSaA
1) Comm 2) Exe 3) Bat 4) Text
1- Com -: ftu Qkby ds Extension Name .Com gksrs gS muesa Mkal dh dek.M fy[kh
tkrh gS tc gekjs }kjk dksbZ dek.M Mkal dks nh tkrh gS rks og mls pykus dk
dk;Z djrh gS ;fn gekjs }kjk fn;k x;k funsZ'k dek.M .Comm esa ekStwn ugh gS
rks og gesa LØhu eas Error Massage fn[kykrh gSA
tSls - Bad command Or Flie Name
2) Exe -: ;g ,d Executable Qkby gS tks ;g iznf'kZr djrh gS fd ;g izksxzke ftldk
Extension Name .Exe gS Mkal Prompt ij pyk;k tk ldrk gSA bl rjg dh Qkby Application
Program dks pykus ds fy;s iz;ksx es ykbZ tkrh gSA ;g flLVe Qkby ds :i es
iz;ksx gksrh gSA
3) Bat -: ;g Batch File dks iznf'kZr djrh gS ftlesa Mkal dks nh tkus okyh leLr
dek.M nh tkrh gS tks Loa; bl dek.M dks pykus dk dke djrh gSA ;g Qkby

dekaMks ds lewg ls feydj rS;kj gksrh gS tks Lo;a lHkh dekaM dks LVsi ckbZ
LVsi pykus dk dk;Z djrh gSA
4) Text -: ;g Extenstion Text File dks iznf'kZr djrk gS vFkkZr bu Qkby dk fuekZ.k
;wtj ds }kjk fd;k tkkr gS o blesa ;wtj viuk MkVk LVksj djrk gSA gls VsDLV
Qkby ds :i es iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Non Executable File :- Non Executable File os Qkby gksrh gS ftUgsa ge Mkal esa
fØ;kfUor ugh dj ldrs gS Non Excutable File dgykrh gS rFkk bl rjg ds Qkbyks dk
vkdkj cM+k gksus ds lkFk ;g xzkfQdy gksrh gS ftl otg ls bls ge mi;ksx ugh dj
ikrs gSA ;g fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSa&
1) .DOC 2) .BMP 3) .PIF 4) .XLS

UNIT-II
Introducation to Window's XP and It's Features
# Introducation to Windows XP-: Window ;g ,d System Software gSA ;g ,d ew[;
izksxzke gS flLVe dk Lohp vku djus ij eseksjh es lcls igys yksM gksrk gS ]tks
gekjs dk;kZs dks djus eas gekjh enn djrk gS foMkst dks GUI ( Graphical User
Interface) Operating System Hkh dgrs gSA tks gekjs vkSj dEI;wVj ds e/; laca/k
LFkkfir djus dk dk;Z djrk gS vr% foMkst dk fuekZ.k ekbØks lk¶V daiuh ds }kjk
fd;k tkrk gS bl fy, bls MicroSoft Windows Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
foMksat vkijsfVx flLVe xkzfQdy gksus ds dkj.k mi;ksx es vklku o fn[kus
es vkdZ"kd gksrk gS ;g eYVh;wtj gksus ds lkFk ,d lkFk dbZ izksxzke dks
pykus es l{ke gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ds leLr dk;kZs dks fu;af=r djrh gS vkSj
dEI;wVj ds dk;ksZ dks lgtrk o n{krk iwoZd djus esa enn djrh gS A
orZeku le; esa foMkst dks ,d egRoiw.kZ vkijsfVax flLVe ekuk gS tks
gesa fofHkUu dk;ksZ dks djus ds fy, MsLdVki dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS ftl ij
izksxzke ju fd;s tk ldrs gS ftUgs ge esU;w ds ek/;e ls Opreate djrs gSA ;g
loZizFke gekjs }kjk dEI;wVj dks vku djus ij eseksjh esa yksM gksrk gS vkSj
LØhu ij MsLdVki dks iznf’kZr djrk gS ftls ge fo.Mks dgrs gSA
vkt foMkast ds fofHkUu vkijsfVax flLVe cktkj esa miyC/k gS tks fd
mudh fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k izfl} gS ;g fuEu izdkj ds gSaA
1) Windows - 95 2) Windows - 98 3) Windows -2000 4) Window - NT
5) Window - XP
Features of Windows Xp -:
1- foMksat ,Dlih T;knk rst] lqO;ofLFkr o lqjf{kr %& foMksat XP vkijsfVax
flLVe rst xkfr ls izkslsflax ds dk;Z dks laiUu djrk gS rFkk fo'oluh;rk vkSJ c<+rh
gqbZ dk;Z{kerk dks iznku djrk gS foMksat XP dBksjrk iwoZd dk;Z djrk gS rkfd
ge T;knk O;ofLFkr :i ls dk;Z dj ldsA
2- fl[kkus o mi;ksx eas vklku %& foMkst XP gekjs dEI;wVj esa ,d uohure
iznf'kZr 'kSyh] vuqdqy] pqLr] ljy vkSj dkjxj iznku djrk gS vr% ljy Strat Menu

Lopkfyr :i ls ckj ckj iz;ksx gksus okys izksxzke dks LosPN n'kZu ds :i esa is'k
djrk gSA
3- laxhr fofM;ksavkSj dks pykuk %& ;fn ge euksjatu :i ls dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx
djkuk pkgs rks foMkst XP ds varxZr laxhr] lquus o fofM;ksa ns[kus dh lqfo/kk
gksrh gS ;g gesa Media Player iznku djrk gS ftleas ge fofM;ksa ds izokg dks
ns[k ldrs gSA
4- Window XP loZO;kih gS %& fo'o eas dgh ij Hkh ge vius n¶rj ds dEI;wVj dh
Qkby ns[k ldrs gSA bZ&esy i<+ ldrs gS vkSj dEI;wVj ij pkyw izksxzke dks
ns[k ldrs gS foMksat XP Preofessional ds mUur lapkj y{k.k uohure eksckby
dEI;wVfjax ds fu;a=.k vkSj Cuttingage rduhdh gesa iznku djrk gSA
5- Multiuser System -: dbZ iz;ksxdrkZ ds chp ,d dEI;wVj dh lk>snkjh djuk foMkst
esa vklku gksrk gS vr% ,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj vius Account Password ds ek/;e ls flLVe
dks lqjf{kr dj ldrs gSA
6- Photo Sharing And Oragnization -: foMksat XP ds lkFk QksVks dks ns[kuk vkSj
mldk fe= ifjokj vkSj lgdehZ ds lkFk lk>snkjh djuk lgtrk ugha Fkh tSls ge
fMthVy dsejs dks pkyw djrs gS ijarq vkidh rLohj fn[kkbZ nsxh vki laikfnr djus
bZ&esy djus ;k Nkius ds fy, rS;kj gksrs gSA
7- Wizard -: Window XP ij dk;Z djus ds fy, vkidks ekLVj gksuk vko';d gksrk gS ;g
gesa Wizard nsrk gS tks ?kj ;k NksVs O;kikj ds usVodZ lsfVax gsrw laiw.kZ
izfØ;k dks Step by Step pykus ds fy;s funsZ'k nsrk gS ftlesa dsoy gesa MkVk
buiqV djuk gksrk gS ftls ge usVodZ ds }kjk djuk pkgrs gS rkfd dk;Z Lo;a
Wizard laiUu djrk gSA
Hardware Requirement of Windows -: foMksat vkijsfVax flLVe ds fy, gesa fUkEu
gkMZos;j dh vko';drk gskrh gSA
CPU - P I , P II , P IV, 486
MAIN MEMORY - 64MB, 128 MB
MAIN BOARD
INPUT DEVICE - KEY BOARD, MOUSE

OUTPUT DEVICE - MONITOR
STORAGE DEVICE - HDD, FD , CD
Window Concept -: Window ,d GUI (Graphical User Interface) Operating System flLVe gSA
blesa lHkh dqN xzkfQdy gksrk gSa] fo.Mks vkijsfVzx flLVe es dhcksMZ rFkk
ekml nksuks dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ;g xzkfQdy gksus ds dkj.k ges lHkh
lqfo/kk;s vkbdu ds :i es izLrqr gksrh gS] ftlesa fofHkUu dk;kZs dks iw.kZ djus
ds fy, Options gksrs gS tks esU;q ds :i esa miyC/k gksrs gS foMkst vkijsfVax
flLVe gesa dk;Z djus ds fy, ,d MsLdVki iznku djrk gS tgka ge fofHkUu rjg ds
dk;ksZ dks iw.kZ dj ldrs gSaA
fo.Mks vkijsfVax flLVe ges System Software ds :i System Tool rFkk
Application Program dh lqfo/kk iznku djrh gS bles usVofdZx tSlh lqfo/kk miyC/k
gksrh gS] orZeku le; esa ge foMksat XP dk mi;ksx djrs gS tks mi;ksxdrkZ dh
vko’;drk dks ns[krs gq;s fMtkbu djrk gS] ftles dbZ lqfo/kkvks dks ,d lkFk ,d
IysVQkeZ ij mi;ksx djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrh gSA orZeku le; es ges foMksat
Version fofHkUu :i eas vkt cktkj esa miyC/k gSA
Micro Soft Corrporation }kjk loZizFke 1995 esa igyk otZu cktkj esa mrkjk x;k
ftls foMksat 95 ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS ;k vkt gesa blds fofHkUu otZu miyC/k
gksrs gSA
tsSls & Window - 95, Window - NT, Window - 98, Window - Xp, Window - 2000
Window Structure -: Window OS ds }kjk tc flLVe dks ju fd;k tkrk gS ml le; gekjs
LØhu ij gesa foMksat miyC/k gksrh gS tks fofHkUu Hkkxks ls feydj cuk gksrk
gSA
1) Desktop 2) Icon 3) Start Button 4) Task Bar
My Computer
My Document
My Network
Recycle BinIcon
Desktop

1) DESKTOP -: Window XP pkyw djus ds i'pkr gesa tks igyh cM+h LØhu fn[kkbZ
nsrh gS bls MsLdVki dgrs gS ;g ,d eq[; IysVQkeZ gS ftl ij fofHkUu izksxzke
dks ju fd;k tkrk gSA bl ij gesa izksxzke ds Icon miyC/k gksrs gSA tSls My
computer, my network, my document
2) Icon -: ;g xzkfQDy Symbol gS tks fofHkUu Application Program dks Respresent djus
dk dke djrk gS ftls ekml ds Left Side ,d ckj fDyd djds [kksyk tkrk gSA
3) Task Bar -: ;g gesa MsLdVki ij uhps dh vksj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ftlesa ,d Start
Button rFkk MsV vkSj Vkbe fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;g gesa ml izksxzke o Qkby dk
VkbZVy iznf'kZr djrk gS tks MsLdVki ij vksiu dh tkrh gSA
tc foMksat LØhu ij yksM gksrk gS rc VkLd ckj LØhu ij iznf'kZr
gksrh gS ;g ,d eq[; ckj gksrh gS tks geas foMkst esa fd, tkus okys dk;ksZ dks
iznf'kZr djrk gSA VkLdckj izR;sd Application Program ds VkbZVy dks iznf'kZr djrh
gS tks MsLdVki ij yksM gksrs gS blds vykok dbZ vkbdku gesa VkLdckj ij
iznf'kZr gksrs gS ;g fuEu izdkj ds gS A
1) Date And Time -: bl vkbdku dk iz;ksx ls flLVe esa MsV vkSj Vkbe dks iznf'kZr
djrs gSA
2) M.S.N - : ;g ,d eslst lk¶Vos;j gS tks ges ;g crkrk gS fd gekjs fy, bZesyfd;k x;k
gS ;k ugha vFkkZr bldk bZesy psd djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
3) Tesk Schedular -: ;g vyx vyx le; ij pyus okys dk;kZs ds Schedul dks fn[kkrk gS
vr% bleasa dk;ksZ dks fu/kkZj.k ,d fuf'pr le; ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftls dEI;wVj es
ekStwn vkijsfVax flLVe pykus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
4) Quick Lanch Tool Bar -: ;g u;k vkbdku gksrs gS tks fofHkUu izksxzke pykus ds
fy, iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSA
Start Button Task Bar

5) Runing Task -: tc gekjk dksbZ izksxzke flLVe ij py jgk gS rc ml izksxzke ds
[kqyus dh lwpuk ml VkLdckj ij mlds uke ds lkFk iznf'kZr gksrh gSA
4) Start Menu -: ;g gesa VkLd ckj ij iznf'kZr gksrh gS ftlesa foMkst ij dk;Z djus
ds fy, fofHkUu VwYl miyC/k gksrs gS ftuls vyx vyx rjg ds dk;Z laiUu gksrs gS
blesa fuEu Option miyC/k gksrs gSA
i) Trun Off / Shut Down -: bl Option dk mi;ksx ge dEI;wVj flLVe dks vkQ djus ds fy,
djrs gS rFkk ;g gesa lcls uhps dh vksj miyC/k gksrk gSA
ii) Run -: bl Option dk mi;ksx fdlh izksxzke dks Mk;ykx ckDl dh enn ls pykus ds
fy, djrs gS bl rduhdh ls gesa ml Qkby dks <w<+uk iM+rk gS ftls ge pykuk
pkgrs gSA
iii) Help -: bl Option dk mi;ksx gesa ,d foMksat miyC/k djkrk gS ;g ftlesa foMkst
o mlls tqMh leLr lqfo/kk dh tkudkjh miyC/k gksrh gS blds ek/;e ls ge vkijsfVax
flLVe o flLVe lk¶Vos;j ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSA
iv) Find -: bl Option dk mi;ksx ge fdlh Qkby ;k QksYMj dks lpZ djus ds fy, djrs gS
ge Directory ;k fMLd ds Hkkx ds vk/kkj ij Qkby dks lpZ dj ldrs gSA
v) Setting -: bl Option dk mi;ksx ge dEI;wVj dh lHkh Internal & External Setting dks
iwjk djus ds fy, djrs gS blds {kjk ge dh&cksMZ] ekml] fizaVj vkfn dks Install o
lsV djus dk dk;Z djrs gSA
vi) Document -: ;g ,d QksYMj gksrk gS tks fdlh Application Software esa dk;kZs dks
fd;k tkrk gS mu Qkby dh fyLV dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
vii) Program -: ;g ,d eq[; QksYMj gksrk gS ftlls leLr Application o flLVe lk¶Vos;j dh
fyLV ;k izksxzke miyC/k gksrs gSA
My Pictures -: ;g ,d Personal QksYMj gS tks My Document dh rjg gksrk gS tks
foMksat XP Operating System tqM+k gksrk gS blesa My Document dk ,d Hkkx ekuk
tkrk gS ftlesa ;wtj vius }kjk Ldsu dh xbZ ;k vU; fiDpj Qkby dks LVksj dj ldrk gS
My Picture esa ge Bmp, Wallpaper, Paint etc Picture File dks LVksj djds j[k ldrs gSA
My Music -: ;g ,d Personal QksYMj gS tks My Document es ,d Hkkx ds :i esa
dk;Z djrk gS rFkk ;g vkijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk igys ls gh rS;kj gksrk gS blesa

leLr E;wftd Qkby vkSj ewoh Qkby LVksj djds j[kk tkrk gS ;g ;wtj dh Playlist
dks rS;kj djus dk dk;Z djrh gS ftls ge fefM;k Iys;j es mi;ksx djrs gSA
Working With Recycle Bin
Recycle Bin -: ;g MsLdVki ij ik;k tkus okyk ,d QksYMj gS tks vkijsfVax flLVe ds
yksM gksus ds lkFk LØhu ij yksM gksrk gS rFkk bldk eq[; dk;Z foMkast eas
feVk;h xbZ Qkby dks LVksj djus ds fy, djrs gS vr% lHkh feVkbZ x;h Qkby
Recycle Bin esa LVksj gksrh gSA
Delete A File -: Delete Option ls fdlh Hkh Qkby dks vius LFkku ls gVk;k tk ldrk gS
;fn ge My Document Folder ls fdlh file dks delete djuk pkgrs gS rks og Closes gksuh
pkfg;s file dks delete djus dh fuEu izkslsl gSA
1.lcls igys ml QksYMj ;k Mªkbo dks vksiu djrs gS]ftles Qkby miyC/k gksrh
gSA
2.vc ml Qkby dks pqurs gS ftls ge feVkuk pkgrs gSA
3.vc dhcksMZ ls Del key ;k menu esa delete option ij click djrs gS bl rjg file delete gks
tkrh gSA delete dh xbZ Qkby dks Recyclebin es ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
Restoring A Deleted File -: Restoring ls rkRi;Z iqu% viuh txg ij fdlh Qkby dks LFkkfir
djus ls gksrk gSA tc gekjs }kjk fdlh Qkby dks feVk;k tkrk gS rc og Recycle Bin
es tkdj Store gks tkrh gS ftls iqu% vius txg ij LFkkfir djus ds fy;s Restore Option
lqfo/kk dk mi;ksx djuk gksrk] bl izfdz;k dks iwjk djus ds fy;s fuEu izkslsl iwjh
djuh gksrh gSA
1.lcls igys gesa Desktop ij miyC/k Recycle Bin Icon dks Open djuk gksxkA
2.vc ml Qkby dks pqurs gS ftls ge Restore djuk pkgrs gSA
3.vc File Menu esa Restore Option ij click djrs gS bl rjg File Restore gks tkrh gSA
Empty Recycle Bin -: Empty ls rkRi;Z iw.kZr% [kkyh ls gksrk gS] tc gekjs }kjk fdlh
Qkby dks feVk;k tkrk gS rc og Recycle Bin es tkdj Store gks tkrh gS] tks vLFkk;h
:i ls LVksj gksrh ftls iqu% vius txg ij LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS vr% og eseksjh ij
viuk LFkku ysrh gS] ;fn Recycle Bin es Store Qkby dks LFkk;h :i ls gVkuk gks rks

gesa mls Empty ds }kjk [kkyh djuk gksxk ftls nqckjk izkIr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gS ;gh
izfdz;k Empty Recycle bin dgykrh gSA
Managing Files and Folder-: Managing ls rkRi;Z O;ofLFkr Øze ls gksrk gS ftlds }kjk
ge leLr izksxzke o Qkby dk O;ofLFkr :i es LVksj dj ldrs gS] ;g lqfo/kk Window
Explore Program ds }kjk iznku dh tkrh gS ftlds ek/;e ls ge Qkby o QksYMj dks
O;ofLFkr Øe esa izLrqr dj ldrs gSA blds fy;s ges fuEu Option miyC/k gksrs
gSA
1) Window Explorer dks vksiu djrs gSA
2) vc View Menu ij fDyd djrs gS ftleas gesa Arrange Icon Option iznf'kZr gksrk gSA
3) vc blesa gesa Øe ds fy, Size , Type , ;k Modified Option dks pquuk gksrk gS leLr
Qkby o QksYMj ml Øe esa O;ofLFkr gks tkrk gSA
QksYMj fdlh fMLd ij cuk;k x;k og LFkku gksrk gS ftlesa Qkby dks O;ofLFkr
Øe esa LVksj djds j[kk tkrk gS QksYMj Directory dh rjg gkssrs gS vr% fdlh
QksYMj esa ekStwn QksYMj dks lc&QksYMj dgk tkrk gSA
QksYMj ds fuekZ.k ds fy, fuEu izfØ;k ls xqtjuk gksrk gSA
1) lcls igys ge foMksat Explorer dks [kksyrs gS ftlds fy, gesa Start - Program->
Window Explorer ij fDyd djuk gksrk gSA
2) vc gesa ml Drive ;k QksYMj dks lysDV djuk gksrk gS ftlesa ge QksYMj rS;kj
djuk pkgrs gS gS
3) vc ge Qkby Meu esa New Option ij fDyd djrs gS ftlesa QksYMj Option miyC/k
gksrk gSA
4) vc QksYMj Option ij fDyd djrs gS ftlls gesa ,d New Folder Screen ij fn[kkbZ nsrk
gSA
5) vc New folder ds text Box esa QksYMj dk uke fy[krs gSA
bl rjg New Folder rS;kj gks tkrk gSA
New Folder

Searching Files And Folder -: fdlh Qkby ;k QksYMj dks [kkstus ds fy, fuEu dk;Z
djuk gksrk gSA
1) Start ij fDyd djrs gSA ftlesa Option List iznf'kZr gksrh gS rc lpZ Option ij fDyd
djrs gSA
2) rc geas lpZ dh Tesk Pane fn[kkbZ nsrh gSSA
3) All Files And Folder's ij fDyd djrs gS blds ckn All Part of the File Name Text box aesa
Qkby ds uke Vkbi djrs gS rFkk ml Qkby dks lpZ djrk gS
4) vc lpZ dek.M ij fDyd djrs gS ftlls Qkby lpZ gksdj gesa yksds'ku iznf'kZr
gksrh gSA
Copying A File or Folder -: gesa dbZ ckj fdlh Qkby o QksYMj dh dkih foMkst
Explorer Program eas dh tk ldrh gSA
1) Window Explorer dks vksiu djrs gS rFkk ml Qkby ;k QksYMj dks Select djrs gS
ftldh dkih djuk gSA
2) vc Edit Menu easa dkih Option ij fDyd djrs gSA
3) vc QksYMj ;k Drive dks Select djrs gSA tgka geasa dkih djuk gSA
4) vc Edit Menu esa Paste ij fDyd djrs gSA
Moving a File & Folder -: Moving Option Copying Option rjg gh dk;Z djrk gS ijarq fdlh
QksYMj dks ewo djus ij og vius LFkkuls gV tkrk gSA fdlh Qkby ;k QksYMj
dks ewo djus ij og vius LFkku ls gV tkrk gSA fdlh Qkby ;k QksYMj dks ewo
djus ds fy, fuEu izfØ;k ls xqtjuk gksrk gSA
1) Window Explorer dks vksiu djrs gS rFkk ml Qkby ;k QksYMj dks Select djrs gSA
ftls ewo djuk gksrk gSA
2) vc geas Edit Menu esa Cut Option ij fDyd djuk gksrk gSA
3) vc bl QksYMj ;k Drive dks Select djrs gSA
Oppening A File And Folder -: Window Explorer ds varxZr ge fdlh Qkby ;k
QksYMj dks vksiu dj ldrs gS blds fy, gesa fuEu izfØ;k ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA
1) Window Explorer Program dks vksiu djrs gSA

2) vc geas ml Qkby ;k QksYMj dks Select djuk gksrk gSA ftls vksiu djuk gksrk
gSA
3) vc Qkby Menu esa vksiu Option ij fDyd djrs gSA ftleas Qkby ;k QksYMj vksiu
gks tkrk gSA
Formatting Floppy Drive -: Formatting ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh izfØ;k gksrh gSA ftleas
fdlh ubZ Floppy Disk dks Bootable ;k pyus ;ksX; cuk;k tkrk gSA Floppy Disk dks
Format djus ds fy, fuEu izfØ;k ls xqtjuk gksrk gSA
1) ;fn ge Floppy Disk dks Format djuk pkgrs gSA rks mls Disk Dirve eas izfo"V djrs
gSA
2) vc Window Explorer ds ck,a vksj My Computer ls FDD dks ml Disk dsk Seclect djrs
gS ftls Format djuk pkgrs gSA
3) vc Qkby Menu esa Format Option ij fDyd djrs gSA
4) vc gesa Format dk Dialog Box iznf'kZr gksrk gSA tgka vko';d fodYi dks Select
djds Start ij fDyd djrs gSA Format djus ij fMLd dh lkjh lwpuk,a lekIr gks tkrh
gSA
Delete A File or Folder -: Window Explorer esa ge fdlh Hkh Qkby ;k QksYMj dks
Delete dj ldrs gS blds fy, fuEu izfØ;k ls xqtjuk gksrk gSA
1) Window Explorer Program dks vksiu djrs gSA
2) vc ml QksYMj ;k Qkby dks Select djrs gSA ftls Delete djuk gksA
3) vc Qkby Menu esa Del Option ;k KeyBoard ls Delete Key dks Press djrs gSA ftlls
QksYMj Delete gks tkrk gSA o Recycle Bin eas igqap tkrk gSA
Windows Accessories -: Accessories dk vFkZ fdlh midj.k ds vfrfjDr Hkkx ls gS tks
mi;ksxh ijarq vko';d ugha gksrs gSA Window O.S ds tqM+k gq, ,d Hkkx
Accessories gksrk gSA ftlesa ,sls Tools gksrs gS tks gesa Window ij dqN vfrfjDr
dk;Z djus esa lgk;rk djrs gSA blds fuEu Tools ;k izksxzke gksrs gSA
1) Calculator -: Calculator dk mi;ksx ge Calculation ls lacaf/kr dk;Z djrs gSA ;g ,d
NksVh Window esa iznf'kZr gksrk gS tks Calculator dh rjg gh fn[kkrk gSA ftleas

vadxf.kr tSls& tksM+ ] ?kVkuk bR;kfn dk;ksZ dks vklkuh ls iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA
;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
1) Standerd Calculator 2) Scientific Calculator
1) Standerd Calculator -: ;g ,d lk/kkj.k Calculator gS tks lkekU; dk;ksZ ds fy, mi;ksx
esa yk;k tkrk gSA
2) Scientific Calculator -: ;g ,d oSKkfud Calculator gS ftldk mi;ksx lkaf[;dh; ;k mPp
oSKkfud ls lacaf/kr dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s djrs gSa A
Using the Calculator -: Calculator dks Use djus ds fy, fuEu izfØ;k iw.kZ djuh gksrh
gSA
START ------> PROGRAM ------------> ACCESSORIES ---------> CALULATOR
2) Note Pad -: Note Pad Program ,d izksxzke gS tsk lkekU; Text File dks rS;kj djrk gS
,oa mls Edit djrk gS blh dkj.k bls Text Editor Hkh dgrs gSA Note Pad Program ds
varxZr Text dks Format djuk laHko ugha gksrk gSA Text Formatting ls rkRi;Z Text
dks vkdkj jax vkfn esa ifjorZu djuk gksrk gSA
Note Pad Program dsoy 64 KB ds vkdkj dh Qkby dk fuekZ.k djus esa
laHko gS blls vf/kd ugh blesa rS;kj dh tkus okyh Qkby dk Extension Text gksrk
gSA blds varZxr fuEu dk;Z dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1) File dks lso djuk A 2) Text dks Select djuk A 3) Text dh dV]dkih o Paste
djuk A
4) Date o Vkbe dks mi;ksx es ykuk A 5) Word Wrap djuk A
3) Word Pad -: Word Pad Note dh rjg gh Text File Program gS ftldk mi;ksx
Documentation Title ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA Word Pad gesa uksVisM dh rqyuk esa
vf/kd lqfo/kkvksa dks miyC/k djrk gS ftleasa Text ds vkdkj jax bR;kfn dks
ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Word Pad Program esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh Qkby dks ge Ms Word esa
mi;ksx esa yk ldrs gS rFkk bleasa rS;kj Qkby dk Extension Doc gksrk gSA Word
Pad Program esa fuEu lqqafo/kka miyC/k gSA
1. Qkby dk fuekZ.k djukA 2. Text dks Find o Replace djuk A

3. Text dks dV o dkih djukA 4) Text ds vkdkj o jax dks ifjorZu djukA
5) Paragraph dk fuekZ.k djuk A
4) Paint :- ;g ,d Graphical Application Software gS ftldk mi;ksx ge xzkfQDl ls lacaf/kr
dk;ksZ ds fy;s djrs gS bl izksxzke es ge fofHkUu izdkj dh vkd`fr;ksa] fiDpj dks
dyj ds lkFk rS;kj o Editting djus dh lqfo/kk iznku gksrh gS ge bles fp=ks dks
rS;kj dj mls DeskTop ij izLrqr dj ldrs gSA ;g dk;Z djus ds fy;s ges fofHkUu
lqfo/kk;s iznku djrk gS
5) Command Prompt :- ;g ,d Text Based Program gS ftl ij dekaM ds }kjk fofHkUu
izdkj ds dk;ksZ dks iw.kZ fd;k tkrk gS ;g dk;Z djus ds fy;s ges izkEIV izLrqr
djrk gS] ftl ij lHkh dk;ksZ dks iw.kZ djus ds fy;s Command dks pyk;k tkrk gSA
Entertenment Tools:- ;g fo.Mks dh ,d fo’ks"k lqfo/kkvksa dk lewg gS ftldk mi;ksx
euksjatu ds {ks= es fd;k tkrk gSA bles fofHkUu izdkj ds Vwy gksrs gS ftlds
}kjk ge lkmaM Qkby ij dk;Z djrs gS] ;g ges fuEu lqfo/kk;s iznku djrk gSA
1) Media Player :- ;g eYVhfefM;k dk ,d ek/;e gS ftldk mi;ksx ge lkmM Qkbyks dks
mi;ksx djus ds fy;s djrs gS ;g DVD, CD, VCD dks mi;ksx djus ds fy;s lqfo/kk
iznku djrk gSA bles ge fQYeks] xkuks dks lquus o ns[kus dk dk;Z djrs gS
bles ge lkmM fiDpj bR;kfn dks lsV djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrs gS bles Playlist
dks rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS rFkk Online Song Downloading dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA
2) Sound Recorder :- ;g Sound file dks rS;kj djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS bl izksxzke
ds }kjk ge Micro phone ds lgk;rk ls viuh vkokt dks fjdkMZ djds eseksjh ij lqjf{kr dj
ldrs gS rFkk Editing dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA
3) Volume Control:- bl izksxzke dk iz;ksx ge lkmM lsV djus ds fy;s ftlds }kjk
lkmM de T;knk dj ldrs gSA
4) Movie Maker :- ;g izksxzke eqoh dks dkV dj NksVh& NksVh fDyi ds :i es rS;kj
djus ds fy;s mi;ksx es yk;k tkrk gSA

UNIT-IV
Linux Operating System
Introduction To Linux :- Linux ,d Multi Programming, Multi User, Multi tasking Operation
System gS ftldk mi;ksx vius Stand aLone Computer ls ysdj cMs Corrporate Network ij dj
ldrs gS Linux , Window dh rjg mi;ksx drkZ dks Graphical User Interface ds lkFk lkFk
Hkh Command Line Interface iznku djrk gSA
Linux Networking Operating System tks ,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj dks vkil es tksMdj
dk;Z djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS] bles izR;sd ;wtj dks dk;Z djus ds fy;s
;wtjuse rFkk ikloMZ dh vko’;drk gksrh gS bles izR;sd dk;Z duZy ds }kjk fd;k
tkrk gSA
History of Linux -: Linux ,d fu'kqYd vkijsfVax flLVe gS ftldk fodkl ykbul
VkjoSYMl us lu~ 1991 easa fd;k Fkk Lernel ds lkFk Linux dk fodkl gqvk ftls Linux
vkijsfVax flLVe dk eq[; Hkkx ekuk x;k gS Linux operating System ds lkFk usVodZ
ds dbZ xq.kksa dks fu%'kqYd miyC/k djkrk gS rFkk bls dksbZ Hkh
MkmuyksM djus dk dk;Z dj ldrk gSA Linux dk fodkl oLrqr% fopkjksa rFkk
lk¶Vos;j rFkk lk¶Vos;j ds fu%'kqYd vknku&iznku dh laLÑfr ls 'kq: gqvkA
Q.1 Linux System D;k gS] bldh fo’ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu fdft;sA
;g ,d Multi-user rFkk Multitasking operating system gS A bldk vFkZ dbZ ;wtj ,d
lkFk ykbuDl es ykWx bu gksdj usVodZ ls tqM ldrs gS vkSj ,d lkFk dEI;wVj ij
dbZ izksxzkeksa dks pyk ldrs gSA ykbuDl flLVe] ;wfuDl ds lkFk vuqdwyuh;
gksrk gS tks lkslZ dksM dks ljyrkiwoZd rS;kj djrk gSA bles vklkuh ls ,d ls vf/kd
IysVQkWeZ dks ’ks;j djus laca/kh QhplZ dks ljyrk ls [kkstk tk ldrk gSA
;g ,d usVofdZx vkijsfVax flLVe gS ftldk mi;ksx cM+s cM+s laLFkkvksa
es fd;k tkrk gS ftles lwpukvks dk vknku iznku rFkk mls laxzfgr djus dh lqfo/kk
miyC/k gksrh gSA ;g ,d vksiu lkslZ lkQVos;j gS ftls izR;sd ;wtj ds }kjk vklkuh
ls mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% ;g ,d le; es gtkjksa ;wTkj dks dk;Z djus ds fy;s
IysVQkeZ lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA
Linux System Features – 1. Multi-user 2. Multitasking

3. Hardware Support 4. Networking Connectivity 5. Network Server
6. Application Support 7. Graphical Interface
1. Multiuser- bl vkijsfVax flLVe es ,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj ,d lkFk usVodZ ls ykWxbu dj
ldrs gSA
2.MultiTasking- bl flLVe es ge fofHkUu dk;ksZ dks ,d IysVQkeZ ij fdz;k tk ldrk
gS rFkk ,d lkFk ,d le; es fofHkUu midj.kks tSls& eksMse] fizUVj bR;kfn dks
,Dlsl dj ldrs gSA ;g loZj ls ges fuEu dk;Z djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA
1- osc ist dk ns[kuk 2- Qkby dk fizaV fudkyuk
3- Qkby dh dkih djuk 4- MsVk dk vknku&iznku djukA
3. Hardware Support- dEI;wVj ls tqMs gksus okys yxHkx lHkh izdkj ds gkMZos;j
ds fy;s ykbuDl es lqfo/kk miyC/k gksrh gS ftls ge mi;ksx es ykus dk dk;Z djrs
gSA tSls&
1. Floppy Disk Drive 2. CD-ROM / DVD
3. Sound Card 4. Tape Drive
5. Video Card
4. Networking Connectivity -ykbuDl flLVe dks usVodZ ls tksMus ds fy;s vusd izdkj
ds ysu dkMZ] eksMse vkSj vU; midj.kks dks liksVZ djrk gSA blds vfrfjDr ysu
izksVksdky dh lqfo/kk bles igys ls gh tqMh jgrh gSA
5. Network Server- Linux, LAN ;k lEiw.kZ bUVjusV ij mifLFkr DykbaV dEI;wVlZ
dks loZJs"V usVofdZxlfoZlsliznku djus es l{ke gSA ykbuDl dks mi;ksx djus ij
vusd izdkj ds lkQVos;j iSdstsl dh miyC/krk gksrh gS] ftuesa ykbuDl dks
fuEufyf[kr :iksa es mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA
1. Print Server 2. File Server
3. FTP Server 4. Mail Server 5. Web Server
6. Application Support- ykbuDl es API (Application Programming Interface)
dh lqfo/kk miyC/k gksrh gSA ftlds dkj.k bles Qzhos;j vkSj ’ks;jos;j ds vusd
izdkj ds lkQVos;j miyC/k gksrs gS ftl ij ;wtj ds dk;Z vklkuh ls lEiUu fd;s tkrs
gSA

7. Graphical Interface- ykbuDl vkijsfVax flLVe es NksVs&NksVs izksxzke ds :i
esa lafpr VwYl dk ,d bruk cM+k laxzgky; gS] ftuls Qkby dkih ewo rFkk fMyhV
djus tSls NksVs&NksVs dk;ksZ ds vfrfjDr MkVk izca/ku ds cM+s&cM+s dk;Z
Hkh vklkuh ls lEiUu djk;s tkrs gSaA lkFk dbZ ;wtj ,d lkFk usVodZ ls ykWxbu
dj ldrs gSA
Q.2 Linux System ds egRo dks le>kb;sA
Ans- ;g vkijsfVax flLVe vU; dh rqyuk es lLrk vkSj fo’oluh; gSA bles
mi;ksx gksus okys gkMZos;j lLrs o dEisfVcy gksrs gS] bldh ykxr de
gksrh gS rFkk blesa Qzh&,M vkWu ,Iyhds’ku dh lqfo/kk Hkh gksrh gSA
blds mi;ksx ds fy;s bUVjusV ij ges’kk tkudkjh miyC/k gksrh gS]
ftlds }kjk ge bls vklkuh ls iz;ksx dj ldrs gS ;g vU; vkijsfVax flLVe ls vf/kd
lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA rFkk ,d lkFk dbZ gkMZos;j midj.kks rFkk izksxzke
dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA rFkk bles ifjorZu djus ij bls fjcwV djus dh vko’;drk
ugh gksrh gSA
Linux System ds ykHk &
1- ;g ,d fu%’kqYd miyC/k izksxzke gSA
2- bldk mi;ksx fdlh dEI;wVj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3- bls Opreating System dk Floppy Disk ds }kjk Hkh ju fd;k tk ldrk gSA
4- ;g lHkh izdkj ds gkMZos;j midj.kks dks liksVZ djrk gSA
5- blds lkFk bUVjusV izksVksdky miyC/k gksrs gS ftl otg ls MsVk
LFkkaukrfjr tSls dk;ksZ dks vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
6- ;g ges xzkfQdy ;wtj bUVjQsl dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS ftlls bldk mi;ksx
vklku gks tkrk gSA
7- bles ge fofHkUu izdkj ds O;kikfjd izksxzkeksa dk fdz;kUo;u vklkuh ls dj
ldrs gSA
8- ;g lcls vf/kd lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA
Q.3 Linux System Operating System ds Structure dks le>kb;sA

Ans. 1. Kernel-;g Opreating system dk eq[; dsUnz gksrk gS duZy eq[; :i ls csfld
Operating system ds fy;s mRrjnk;h gksrk gSA lkekU;r% ;g dEI;wVj dh eSeksjh
vkSj lkQVos;j funsZ’k ml eseksjh es dSls O;ofLFkr fd;s tk;sxsa bls fu/kkZfjr
djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA ;g ,d gh le; esa ,d gh lkFk ,d gtkj ls vf/kd mi;ksxdrkZ
dks lgk;rk djus es l{ke gksrk gSA ;g Multi Operating system gksus ds lkFk ,d
Multitasking o.s. Hkh gS tks fofHkUu fdz;kvksa dks eseksjh ij fdz;kfUor djrk gSA
2. Shell- ;g Linux Operating system dk fgLlk gksrk gS] ’kSy dk eq[; dk;Z vkids
funsZ’kks dks ifjHkkf"kr dj bl Lo:i es funsZ’kks dks cukuk gS] tks fd duZy
vklkuh ls le> ldsA ;g mi;ksxdrkZ ,oa duZy ds e/; bUVjQsl gSA ;g Lo;a esa ,d
izksxzkfeax ysXosat gS ftlesa mi;ksxdrkZ fLdzIV fy[kdj flLVe QaD’kuksa dks
fdz;kfUor dj ldrk gSA
3. File System- ;g Linux Opreating system dh Qkby lajpuk dks fijkfeM ds vuqlkj
n’kkZrk gS ftles lcls igys :V Mk;jsDVjh gksrh gS mlds i’pkr~ vU; Mk;jsDVªh
gksrh gS A bles Qkby ds vkWujf’ki ,oa ijfe’ku dh lqn`<+ O;oLFkk gS tks fd
egRoiw.kZ MsVk rd voS/k ,Dlsl ls lqj{kk djrk gS A
4. Window Manager-;g ,d X-Window system Application gSA tks fd mi;ksxdrkZvksa
dks Window dh fLFkfr ,oa mlds vkdkj dks fu;af=r djus dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkrk
gSA
5. Desktop Environment-,slk lkQVos;j tks fd X Window & Window Manager ij fdz;kfUor
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ekbdzkslkQV foUMkst ,oa eSd mi;ksxdrkZvks }kjk mi;ksx es
yk;s tk jgs izksxzke ds chp laca/k LFkkfir djrk gSA
Q.4 Linux File System dks le>kb;sA
Ans. Linux File System dks fuEu Hkkxks esa ckWVk x;k gSA
1- File Name
2- directory and directory structure
3- Shell Pattern
1- File Name- Linux File System ilZuy Qkby flLVe ls vyx gksrk gSA bles ,d :V
Mk;jSDVªh gksrh gSA Linux File System Tree ds vkdkj dk gksrk gS] :V

Mk;jSDVªh ml o`{k dh cgqr lh lc Mk;jsDVªh gksrh gS ftles cgqr lh Qkby
rFkk Mk;jsDVªh ekStwn gksrh gSA
le>kb;sA
2.directory and directory structure-Linux File System fofHkUu Mk;jsDVjh dh
iSjkfeMkuqlkj lajpuk ds :i esa O;ofLFkr gksrk gSA Mk;jsDVªh Vªh ds lcls
Åij :V Mk;jsDVjh gksrh gSA lkekU;r% :V Mk;jsDVjh dks fpUg ¼@½ }kjk
iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
blds vUrxZr fuEu directory vkrh gSA
 home- blds vUrxZr absulative directroy vkrh gSA
 bin - blds vUrxZr binary dk laf{kIr :i gS bl Directory es Single user mode gsrw
mi;ksx es vkus okys Startup program ,oa Command gksrs gSA
 boot - bl Directory es System Start djus ds fy;s mi;ksx gksus okyh Qkbyks
dks LVksj djds j[kk tkrk gSA
 dev – bl Directory es lHkh midj.kks ds fy;s mi;ksx gksus okys Device Driver
dks j[kk tkrk gSA
 etc – System Level Configuration files & Script dks bl Directory es j[kk tkrk gSA
/
bin dev homelibtmp sbin etc varuser
dsk fdo lpo user 1 user 2 bin sbin lib local
file1 file 2
file1
file 2

 home – ;g mi;ksx drkZ ds fy;s mi;ksx gksus okyh Directory gksrh gSA
 lib – Shared Library files dks bl Directory es j[kk tkrk gSA
 root – ;g ;wtj dh Home Directory gksrh gSA
 tmp- ;g vLFkk;h Qkbyks ds fy;s mi;ksx gksus okyh Directory gksrh gS
3- Shell Pattern- Linux system dk lapkyu ,oa fu;a=.k lkekU;r% nks izeq[k vo;oksa ij
vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] tgkWa ,d dk laca/k mi;ksxdrkZ ls gS rks nwljk e’khu dks
ns[krk gSA ’kSy eq[;r% mi;ksxdrkZ dks funsZ’k djrs gq;s duZy rd igqWpkrk
gSA ‘’kSy iSVuZ ds vUrxZr ’kSy fuEufyf[kr izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1. ash shell- ;g NksVk ’kSy tks fd (/bin, / ash) directory ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA
2. ash Static shell- ;g ’kSy ash dk gh otZu gSA ;g Software library ij fuHkZj ugha
djrk gSA
3. bash shell - ;g ’kSy ,d Born Again gS] tks fd (/bin /bash) directory ds vUrxZr vkrk
gSA
Q.5 Various Linux Flavors dks le>kb;s A
Linux viuh fo’ks"krkvks ds dkj.k izfl) gS vr% blds vyx&vyx :i miyC/k
gSaA bls bl izdkj Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd Linux ds dbZ Distribution gS vkSj
izR;sd dh viuh [kwfc;kWa vkSj dfe;kWagS ftlds vk/kkj ij ykbuDl ds
fofHkUu izdkj fuEufyf[kr gSA
1. Caldera Open Linux &;g ,d Distribution linux Package gS vkSj blesa Utilities, Graphical
Interface, Business Development workstation, custom vkSj vU; phtksa lfgr izhiSdsTM
baLVky dj ldrs gSaA
Caldera E-Server dh Hkh is’kd’k djrk gSA ;g Web vkSj E-Commerce Application ds fy;s
dkQh mi;ksxh gSA ;fn vki ykbuDl ds fy;s u;s gS vkSj ,slk flLVe pkgrs gSa tks
yxkus o mi;ksx djus es vklku gks] rks Caldera blds fy;s ,d vPNk fodYi gks ldrk
gSA bles Formatting, Partition cukuk Hkh ’kkfey gSA
2. Dabiyan Linux - Linux ds lHkh :ikUrjksa es Msfc;u ykbuDl dks baLVky djuk lcls
tfVy izfdz;k gSA bls Install djus dh iwjh fof/k Text ij vk/kkfjr gSA ,slk ekudj pyk
tkrk gS] tks dqN vki dj jgs gS mlds ckjs esa vkidks ekywe gks blfy;s bls u;s

yksx pykus es ijs’kkuh eglwl djrs gS rFkk tYnh fujk’k gksdj bls mi;ksx djuk
NksM+ nsrs gSA
3. Red Hot Linux- ;g lcls yksdfiz; Commercial Linux Distribution Version es ls ,d gS tks
Window ds leku gS] Desktop PC vkSj Hard & Server nksuks ij dk;Z djrk gSA ;g Secure
Web Server, Red Hot Enterprise, Red Hot Embedded Software Development Kit bR;kfn dh
lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA
4 Linux Pro - ;g ih lh dkMZ ij mi;ksx gksus okyk izksxzke gS tks iSdst ds lkFk
Application dh lqfo/kk Hkh iznku djrk gSA
5. Coral Linux- bldk Installation Program pkj pj.kksa dk gSA bleas tfVyrk dgha Hkh
ugh gS] lkFk gh tkus igpkus Point & Click Interface gSA blds vykok Qkby eSustj]
osc czkmtj bZ&esy] tSlh [kwfc;ka Hkh bles miyC/k gSA
Q- 5 Hardware And Software Requirement of Linux dks fyf[k,
1) X-86 Processor -: gekjs dEI;wVj esa Intel CPU dh vko';drk gS tks 80386 ;k mlls
vf/kd ds gks ldrs gSSA
2) FDD or CD Rom -: ge Installation izfØ;k dks cqV@izkajEHk djus ds fy, CD ;k FDD
dk gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA
3) Hard Disk -: Linux Installation ds gkMZfMLd ;k gkMZ fMLd ds Partion dh vko';drk
gksrh gS ftlls de ls de 350 MB LFkku gksuk pkfg, A
4) RAM -: Linux Operating system dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, 64 MB ;k blls vf/kd dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
Software
1) Boot Up Disk -: bldk iz;ksx ge Linux Installation Program pykus ls igys flLVe dks
cqV djus ds fy, djrs gS bl ¶ykih esa vko';drk :i ls ¶ykih fMLd uked Qkby gksrh
gSA
2) Linux Installation Program -:;g izksxzke Linux ds laLdj.k ds mij fuHkZj djrk gS
vr% DVD ;k CD ds ek/;e ls gesa Install fd;k tkrk gSA
Q 6 ykbusDl esa Login & Log out dks le>k;saA

Login Files In Linux -: Linux ,d eYVh;wtj vkijsfVax flLVe gS ;fn ge Linux dks futh :i
esa iz;ksx dj jgs gks rks nks izdkj ls Linux esa izos'k dj ldrs gS igyk Root User
ftlesa gesa dqN egRoiw.kZ lsafVax djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS nwljk Secondary
User ftlls ge dke rks dj ldrs gS ijarq lasfVsx ughaA
Login vFkkZr tSls gh flLVe cqV gksrk gS ;g Login dk bartkj djrk gSA Login
,d lk/kkj.k uke gksrk gS tks vkijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk fdlh ;wtj dks mldh igpku ds
fy, iznku fd;k tkrk gSA Linux dsoy mUgh ;wtj dks ,Dlsl djus nsrk gS tks Linux
Vaild user gS ;g izR;sd ;wtj ds fy, vyx vyx Login Issue djrk gSA
Logout -: Logout Linux esa dk;Z djus dh vof/k dks Work Session dgrs gSA tc fdlh
Work Session dks Terminate fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g izfØ;k Logout djuk dgykrh gS Linux
flLVe esa Logout djus ds fy, Prompt ij Exit ;k Logout dek.M dk mi;ksx djuk gksrk
gSA
Profile -: fdlh Qkby dks Customize djus ds fy, Public Domain Kernal Shell esa Install File
dks crkuk gksrk gS ftlls ;wtj dh ml Qkby dks gkse Directory ls fudky dj Profile ds
:i esa crkrk gS tc flLVe Read gksrk gSA rks bl Qkby dks Read fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls
LVksj fd, dek.M fØ;kfUor gksrs gSA
Function of Profile -:
1) bldk mi;ksx Qkby dks Read djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
2) Profile ds }kjk Directory esa miyC/k Qkby dks pyk;k tk ldrk gSA
3) Profile , File dk vkdkj ifjorZu djrh gSA
Q 8 - Program And Process dks le>k;sa
Program And Process -: Linux Operating System esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okyh fofHkUu
Application S/W Linux U/s ds lkFk Package ds :i esa miyC/k gksrs gS ftlesa Linux
Distrubution dgrs gS tks fofHkUu izksxzke dk lewg gksrk gSA
,d izksxzke fdlh fo'ks"k mnns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, dk;Z djrk gS rks ;g dk;Z
fof/k izkslsl dgykrh gS fdlh izksxzke dks ju djus ij izksxzke foMksat ds :i esa
fjtYV feyrk gS vFkkZr izksxzke eas buiqV djus ds ckn gesa vkmViqV izkIr

gksrk gS ml vkmViqV ds izkslsl izfØ;k iw.kZ gksrh gS ftls izkslsl dgk tkrk gSA
izkslsl fuEu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA
1) Runing Process -: Linux Operating System esa orZeku le; esa fjtYV nsus ds fy,
dk;Zjr izkslsl ftls jksdk ugh tk ldrk gSA
2) Block Process -: Processing ds fy, rS;kj izkslsl tks ,d orZeku Vkbe ij izkslsl dh
tkrh gS Cykd izkslsl dgykrh gSA
3) Kill Process -: Processing ds fy, rS;kj izkslsl ftls izkslsflax dk orZeku Vkbe
ifjHkkf"kr ughaa fd;k x;k gS ysfdu Waiting esa bartkj dj jgh gks rks mls Killed dj
fn;k tkrk gSA

UNIT-5
LINUX COMMAND
1. bc :- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx Ldzhu ij dsyD;wysVj dks iznf'kZr djus ds fy;s fd;k
tkrk gS] tks ges vFkZesfVd vkijs'ku iw.kZ djus es lg;ksx nsrk gSA
Sy:- $bc
2. cal :- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx Ldzhu ij dsysUMj iznf'kZr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Sy:- $cal 2002
3. cat :- bl dekaM dh lgk;rk ls Qkby dks Ldzhu ij [kksyus ds fy;s djrs gSA
Sy : - $cat
4. cd :- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx orZeku Mk;jsDVh dk uke ifjorZu djus ds fy;s djrs
gS
Sy:- $cd dirname
5. chgrp :- bl dekaM dh lgk;rk ls ;wtj xzqi dks cnyk tk ldrk gS bls Administrator ds
}kjk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Sy:- $chgrp
6. chmod :- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx File Access Permision change djus ds fy;s djrs gSA
Sy:- $chmod filemode
;g dekaM Symbolic and Numerical nksuks rjg ds Modes Use djus nsrk gSA blds dqN
eqq[; eksM fuEu gS &
Mode Permission
400 R (Prmission Only Read)
6 C/W (Prmission only Conact& Read)
7. chown :- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx Administrater or root ds }kjk Lo;a dk Group or
Permission Change djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Sy :- $chown
8. clear :- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx Ldzhu dks lkQ djus ds fy;s djrs gSA
Sy:- $ clear

9. cmp :- bl dekaM ds }kjk nks Files dks Binary Comparision djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk
gSA fdlh Text File ds Path ds fy;s ;g Frist non mathing line number and character count djds
Output ds :i es crkrk gSA
Sy:- $cmp FileName-1 FileName-2
10. copy :- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx ge fdlh Hkh File dh dkih djus ds fy;s djrs gS blds
fy;s User's Source and Target add dks fuf'pr djrk gSA
Sy:- $copy <Source add> <Target Add>
11. date :-bl dekaM ds }kjk Date And Time dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA
Sy:- $date
12. find :- bl dekaM ds }kjk nks ge Search djus dk dk;Z djrs gS ftlls fdlh Hkh
Mk;jsDVªh rFkk Qkby dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS] rFkk ml ij funsZ'kks dks
fdz;kfUor djrs gS A
Sy:- $find filename
13. ps :- bl dekaM dh lgk;rk ls ;wtj vius ikloMZ dks cny ldrk gSA
Sy:- $ps
14. kill :- bl dekaM ds }kjk ,d ;k vf/kd Process Hkstus ds fy;s djrs gS ;g Signal dk
Receive djus okyh izkslsl dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
Sy:- $kill
15.mail :- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx ,d Terminal ls nwljh Terminal dks Mail Hkstus ds fy;s
fd;k tkrk gSA bl dekaM ds lkFk ,d eSlst vkSj Terminal Specify djuk gksrk gSA
Sy:- $mail
16. is :- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx fdlh Mk;jsDVªh ;k Qkby ds vo;o rFkk Mk;jsDVªh
ns[kus ds fy;s djrs gSA
Sy:- $is <option>[Name]
17. mkdir :- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx ubZ Mk;jsDVªh dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy;s djrs
gSA
Sy:- $mkdir name

18. pwd :-bl dekaM dk mi;ksx djds orZeku Mk;jsDVªh dk iqjk Path name ns[kus ds
fy;s djrs gS
Sy : - $pwd dirname
19. more :- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx fdlh File es miyC/k Data dks Screen ij Page Wise Page
ns[kus ds fy;s djrs gS
Sy:- $more
20. mv :- bl dekaM dh lgk;rk ls fdlh Qkby rFkk Mk;jsDVªh dk LFkku o uke dks
cnyk tk ldrk gS
Sy:- $mv (option) <source dir> <target dir>
21. rm :- fdlh Mk;jsDVªh es miyC/k ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Files Delete djus ds fy;s djrs
gSA ysfdu bls mi;ksx djus ds fy;s ges Write Permission dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
Sy:- $rm (option) (file name(s))
22. rmdir :- bl dekaM dk mi;ksx fdlh Mk;jsDVªh dks feVkus ds fy;s djrs gSA
Sy :- $rmdir (directory name)
23. tty :- bl Qtility Command dk mi;ksx Standered Input ds fy;s Connect fd;s x;s Terminal dk
uke Print djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Sy:- $ tty
24. wc :- ;g ,d Filter command gS ftldk mi;ksx fdlh Text file esa character, Word vkSj
Line dh l[;k fxuus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Sy:- $wc(option) (filter)
25. Who :- bl dekaM ds }kjk mu lHkh ;wtj dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS
tks orZeku esa flLVe esa ykfxau gS blds lkFk Ami yxkrkj dsoy orZeku ;wtj dh
lwpuk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA
Sy:- $Who
$who Ami
26. Write :- bl dekaM ds }kjk nwljs ;wtj dks Massage fy[kk tkrk gSA
Sy:- $Write
27. Grep :- fdlh Qkby eas Text dks [kkstu ds fy, Grep dek.M dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA

Sy:- $grep
VI Editor :- vim blds O;olkf;d (professional) Text Editor gSA ftls VI Editor dgrs gSA
bldk mi;ksx Text Qkby cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS bls 'kq: djus ds fy, Shell Prompt ij
VI fy[kdj baVj izsl fd;k tkrk gS VI command VI Editor dks vksiu dj nsrk gS tgka ,d
Text File cukbZz tk ldrh gS vFkok igys ls cuh gqbZ fdlh Text File easa la'kks/ku
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn fdlh fof'k"V Qkby dks Vi Editor esa vksiu djuk gks rks VI ds
vkxs ml Qkby dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA
VI Editor dh fo'ks"krk,a %&
1- vf/kd funsZ'k dsoy ,d drkj ds :i esa gS ftlls fØ;k p;u rst gksrk gSA
2- Syntax dks fofHkUu jaxks esa gkbZ ykbZV djrk gSA
3- blesa ,d lkFk dbZ vkijsfVax flLVe ij dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA
4- blesa funsZ'kkasa dks fjdkMZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5- ;g vksiu lkslZ Text Editor gksus ds dkj.k dksM esa la'kks/ku dj mls
vko';drkuqlkj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
Working With Vi Editor And Types of VI Editor -: vi editor eas dk;Z rhu eksM esa
fd;k tkrk gS eksM esa dk;Z djus dh lqfo/kk ds vk/kkj ij rhu VI Editor gksrs gSA
1) Input mod -: bl eksM eas Text ls lacaf/kr dk;Z fd, tkrs gS tSls Text cukuk ;k Text
ls lacaf/kr dk;Z djuk A
2) Command Mod -: Command Mod dk mi;ksx Text ds lkFk dek.M dk mi;ksx djus ds
fy, ,oa Text dh Formating djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
3) Execution Mod -:bl eksM dk mi;ksx vfUre ykbZu Editor dh rjg fd;k tkrk gS Text
dh Edditing or Formating ds fy, Editor 24 Lines AT a Time Provide djrk gSA
Using Fdisk -: blds fy, ,d cqV fMLd dk fuekZ.k foMksat vkijsfVax flLVe 98 ls djrs
gSA rFkk ¶ykih fMLd dk mi;ksx dj dEI;wVj dks izkajHk djsxsa ftl ij nks
vkijsfVax flLVe LFkkfir gksrs gS ftlesa ge FD dks pqurs gS ftlls gesa A:> Prompt
iznf'kZr gksrk gSA

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