PGDCA fundamentals of Computer os hindi

of 64 Rameshwar Meena(9039773106)
LL22//0066 MMAAHHAARRSSHHII PPAATTAANNJJAALLII
PPAARRIISSAARR GGAANNDDHHII NNAAGGAARR,, BBHHOOPPAALL
NOTES ON: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS & OS
MEDIUM: HINDI

QaMkesaVy vkWQ dEI;wVjlZ
dEI;wVj ¼lax.kd½ %&dEI;wVj ,d bysfDVªkfud fMokbZl gS tks MkVk ;k buQkesZ'ku dks xzg.k djrk gS
rFkk ;wtj ds funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj izkslsl djds mldk
fjtYV iznku djrk gS A
Characteristic of Computer :-dEI;wVj dh
fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa &
1- LihM %&dEI;wVj ,d cgqr gh QkLV fMokbZl gSA
;g dqN gh lsdaM esa dbZ yk[k lk/kkj.k dSydqys'ku
dks dj ldrk gS A ;s dEI;wVj dh LihM dks feyh
lsdaM ¼ 10&3½ ] ekbZØks lsd.M ¼10&6½] uSuks lsdaM
¼10&9½ esa ekik tkrk gS A
2- ,D;wjslh ;k 'kq)rk %& dEI;wVj dh ,D;wjslh cgqr
T;knk gksrh gS] ;g viuk dke fcuk fdlh xYrh ds
djrk gS rFkk bldh ,D;wjslh 100 izfr'kr gksrh gS A
3- vkVkses'ku ;k Lopkyu %&dEI;wVj viuk lkjk dke yxHkx Lopkfyr :i ls djrk gS ysfdu
Lopkyd dk dEI;wVj ds fy, ,d fof'k"V vFkZ gSA dEI;wVj dSYdqys'ku djrs le; dqN ykWftdy
vkWijs'ku Hkh djrk gS A
tSls %& ekdZ'khV cukus ds fy;s ;fn izR;sd LVwMsUV us 6 lctsDVksa esa ijh{kk nh gS] rks mldk VksVy
fudkyus ds fy;s igys ,d lctsDV ds vad fy[kus ds ckn Enter caVu nckus ds ckn nwljs lctsDV
dk vad fy[kk tkrk gS] ;fn Øe 6 ckj djuk gks rks ,d dSYdqys'ku }kjk vf/kd le; yxsxkA ysfdu
;fn blh dk;Z dks dEI;wVj ds }kjk djk;k tk;s rks flQZ lHkh lctsDV ds uEcj dEI;wVj esa buiqV
djus ds fy;s le; yxsxkA
4- High Storage Capacity;k laxzg {kerk %& ,d dEI;wVj flLVe dh MkVk LVksj djus dh
dSikflVh cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA dEI;wVj yk[kksa ist ds cjkcj esVj dks cgqr de txg esa LVksj djds
j[k ldrk gS A ;g lHkh izdkj ds MkVk dks LVksj djds j[k ldrs gSa
tSls %& 1- fiDpj
2- izksxzkEl
3- xsEl
4- lkm.M
ftUgsa dbZ o"kksZa rd LVksj djds j[kk tk ldrk gS rFkk ;wtj LVksj dh xbZ phtksa dks dHkh Hkh lsd.M
ds vanj izkIr dj ldrk gS rFkk mls mi;ksx dj ldrk gS A
5- MkVk LVksjst ;wfuV %& Smallest unit of Bit (Binary Digit) 0, 1 ls fy[kk tkrk gS A
Decimal Number 1,2,3,........9
8 Bit = 1 Byte (1 Character)
(210) =1024 Byte = 1 Kilo Byte (KB)
1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte (MB)
1024 MB = 1 Giga Byte (GB)
1024 GB = 1 Terra Byte (TB)
Note :-* ,d lhMh ds vanj 'kCn 700&800 MB 700x1024x1024
* Floppy esa MkVk vk;sxk 1-2 ,e-ch- ls 1-44 ,e-ch- (1.44 x 1024x1024)
* Hard disk :- Hard disk cukus okyh dEiuh
i) Samsung ii) Seagate
;s dEifu;ka gkMZ fMLd dks cukrh gSa A gkMZ fMLd dh {kerk 80 th-ch- dh gksrh gSA

* Ram :- Random Access Memory :- ;g fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSa &
32] 64] 128] 256 esxk ckbZV
6- ekbZØks izkslslj %& baVsy
eksVkjksyk
lsysjkWu
Cyrix
;g LihM dks esaVsu djrk gS A 333 esxk gVZt] 500 esxk gVZ~t] 1700 esxk gVZ~t
7 -enj cksMZ %& ;g cM+k lk cksMZ gksrk gS] tks dh dbZ ljfdVksa ls tqM+k jgrk gS tks lh-ih-;w-
ds vanj gksrk gS A ;g lHkh fMokbZl dks tksM+us dk dk;Z djrk gS A
8- fjyk;fcfyVh %& dEI;wVj dh LVksj djus dh {kerk] ,D;wjslh rFkk ;kn j[kus dh 'kfDr vf/kd
gksrh gS vFkkZr dEI;wVj esa ;k dEI;wVj ls tqM+h gqbZ lkjh fØ;k,¡ fo'oluh; gksrh gSaA
9- olkZfVfyVh ¼lkoZHkkSfedrk½ %&dEI;wVj viuh lkoZHkkSfed okys xq.k ds dkj.k cM+h rsth ls
ikiqyj gks jgk gSA dEI;wVj fdlh Hkh ;a= dk uke u jgdj vkVksesfVd e'khu ds xzqi dk uke gks x;k
gSA dEI;wVj dks igys xf.krh; dk;ksZa dks djus ds fy;s cuk;k x;k Fkk ysfdu /khjs /khjs ;g O;olkf;d
dk;ksZa ds fy;s mi;ksx esa yk;k tkus yxk gS A
tSls- :-
1- dEI;wVj ds lkFk fizaVj yxkdj lHkh izdkj dh tkudkjh dks dbZ vyx&vyx
fMtkbZuksa esa fjiztsaV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- dEI;wVj dks Qksu ykbZu esa tksM+us ij lkjh nqfu;k esa buQkesZ'ku dks vknku&iznku
fd;k tk ldrk gS A
3- dEI;wVj esa dbZ vyx&vyx izdkj ds xsEl [ksys tk ldrs gSa A
10- Power of Remembrance (;kn djus dh {kerk½ %& ,d O;fDr vius thou esa cgqr lkjh
ckrsa djrk gS rFkk flQZ egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks gh ;kn j[krk gS oks Hkh dqN le; ds fy;s] ysfdu dEI;wVj
lkjh ckrksa dks pkgs og egRoiw.kZ gks ;k u gks dks vius esa LVksj djds j[krk gS rFkk ckn esa Hkh dHkh Hkh
fdlh lwpuk dks vko';drk iM+us ij miyC/k djkrk gS A
dEI;wVj tujs'ku
Abacus :-fxurh djus dk dk;Z djrk gS A ys¶V lkbZM esa pyus ij ,d o jkbZV lkbZM esa pyus ij
ik¡p dgk tkrk gS A
Generation of Computer :- Complex Computing ds bfrgkl esa dEI;wVj esa iz;qDr VsDukWykth
ds vk/kkj ij ikap vyx&vyx tujs'ku esa fodflr gqvk gS A izR;sd dEI;wVj esa muds ewyHkwr fl)kar
o muds fdlh Hkkx ds u;s :i esa fodflr gksus ij ,d u;s tujs'ku dh 'kq:vkr gksrh gSA dEI;wVj esa
baVjuy ikVZ esa MsOgyi fd;s x;s u;s ykWftdy LVsVesaV esa fuEu izdkj ds lq/kkj gksrs x;s &
1. Increase in working speed.
2. Reduction in cast.
3. Easily under stable.
4. Increase in storage capacity.
5. Reduction in size.
1.First Generation :-First Generation dk dk;Zdky 1946 ls
1955 rd Fkk A bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa esu VsDuksykWth ds :i esa
oSD;we V~;wc dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk A oSD;we V~;wc cgqr gh tYnh
xje gksus ds dkj.k [kjkc gks tkrs Fks A vr% izFke tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj
esa ,-lh- dh t:jr iM+rh Fkh A oSD;we V~;wc dh lkbZt cM+h gksus ds

dkj.k bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj vkdkj esa cM+s gksrs Fks A
bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa fuEu nks izdkj dh ySaxostksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk A
1. Machine (Low level) language.
2. Assembly Language
bl tujs'ku esa ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Calculator) and EDVAC
(Electronic Desaste Variable
Automatic Computer) dk vfo"dkj
gqvk A
2.Second Generation :-bl tujs'k dk dk;Zdky 1956 ls 1964 rd dk gSA bl tujs'ku ds
dEI;wVj esa esu VsDukykWth esa oSD;we V~;wc dh txg VªkaftLVj dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k tks vkdkj esa
oSD;we V~;wc dh vis{kk NksVs gksrs gSaA vr% lsdaM tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj vkdkj esa izFke tujs'ku dh
vis{kk NksVs gksrs Fks A bl tujs'ku e
sa
izksxzke rFkk FROTRAN (Formula Translation), COBOL (Common Business Oriented
Language), High Level Language (HLL) dk fodkl gqvk A
3.Third Generation :-bl tujs'ku dk dk;Zdky 1965 ls 1975 rd dk gSA bl tujs'ku ds
dEI;wVj esa eq[; VsDukykWth ds fy;s VªkaftLVj dh txg baVhxzsVsM lfdZV dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ftls
fd 1943 esa H. Johnson us Develop fd;k Fkk A bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa dEI;wVj ds vkWijsV'ku
dks daVªksy djus ds fy;s vkWijsfVax flLVe dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk A bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa oMZ
izkslsflax lk¶Vos;j dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ftls fd lk/kkj.k VkbZfiax ds fy;s rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk A FkMZ
tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa feuh dEI;wVj dk vfo"dkj fd;k x;k gS A

4.Fourth Generation :- Fourth Generation dk ihfj;M 1976 ls
1980 rd dk Fkk A bl tujs'ku esa dEI;wVj us eq[; VsDukykWth ds :i
esa IC's dh txg Microprocessor dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA ;g vkdkj esa
,d bap ds pSkFkkbZ Hkkx ds cjkcj gksrk gS A
bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj vkdkj esa NksVs rFkk cgqr vf/kd
fjyk;cy gksrs gSa A bu dEI;wVjksa esa ghV tujs'ku yxHkx ux.; gksrk gS
ftlds dkj.k bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa ,-lh- dh t:jr ugha gksrh gS
A bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj vkdkj esa NksVs gksus ds dkj.k ,d LFkku ls
nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk;s tk ldrs gSa A
5.Fifth Generation :- (1981 to till
today);g dEI;wVj dk ikapok tujs'ku gS tks fd
orZeku esa py jgk gSA bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa
Lo;a lkspus dh {kerk (Artificial Intelligence)
iSnk dh tk jgh gS A bl tujs'ku esa iz;ksx fd;s
tkus okyh VsDukykWth dk uke Very Large
Scale Integrated Circuit VLSI fn;k x;k gSA
bl tujs'ku esa fofHkUu NksVs lkbZt ds dEI;wVj
tSls ySi VkWi] ikWe VkWi vkfn vkrs gSa A bl
tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa gh baVjusV tSlh lqfo/kkvksa
dk vfoLdkj gqvk gS A
Classification of Computer :-
dEI;wVj dks fuEufyf[kr 3 vk/kkj ij oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gSA
i) Application
ii) Purpose
iii) Size
1.Types of Computer based on Application :-
Application ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj 3 izdkj ds gksrs gSa &
i) Analog Computer
ii) Digital Computer
iii) Hybrid Computer
i)Analog Computer :-Analog Computer ,sls dEI;wVj gksrs gSa tks fQftdy ;wfuV tSls izslj]]
VsEijspj] ysaFk dks ekidj buds ifjeki vadksa esa O;Dr djrs gSaA ;s dEI;wVj fdlh dkUVsaV dk ifjeki
dEizslj ds vk/kkj ij djrs gSa A
tSls %& ,d FkekZehVj dksbZ x.kuk ugha djrk cfYd ;g ikjs ls lacaf/kr izlkj dh rqyuk djds
'kjhj ds rkieku dks ekirk gS A ,ukykWx dEI;wVj dsoy vuqekfur ifjeki gh nsrs gSa rFkk budh
,D;wjslh cgqr de gksrh gS A
ii)Digital Computer :-;s dEI;wVj ,sls dEI;wVj gksrs gSa tks fMftV] 'kwU; o ,d ¼0]1½ ij vkèkkfjr
gksrs gSa A fMftVy dEI;wVj MkVk vkSj izksxzke dks ¼0]1½ esa ifjofrZr djds mudks bysDVªkfud :i esa ys
vkrk gSA fMftVy dEI;wVj esa fjtYV dSydqys'ku ds vk/kkj ij izkIr gksrk gS rFkk bu dEI;wVjksa dh
,D;wjslh cgqr T;knk gksrh gS A

(iii)Hybrid Computer :-Hybrid Computer esa ,ukWykWx rFkk fMftVy dEI;wVj ds xq.k ik;s tkrs
gSaA gkbZfczM dk vFkZ gksrk gS vusd xq.kksa dk feJ.k A tSls & dEI;wVj dh ,ukykWx fMokbZl fdlh jksxh
ds rkieku rFkk CyM izslj dks ekirh gS A ;s ifjeki ckn esa fMftVy Hkkx ds }kjk vadksa esa cny tkrs
gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, tSls ekMe dk mi;skx baVjusV es fd;k tkrk gS A
Types of Computer Based on Purpose
Purpose ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa
i) General Purpose Computer
ii) Special Purpose Computer
i)General Purpose Computer :-General Purpose Computer ,sls dEI;wVj gksrs gSa ftuesa vusd
izdkj ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk gksrh gS ysfdu ;s dk;Z lkekU; gksrs gSa A tSls oMZ izkslsflax ls lkekU;
nLrkost ;k MkVk csl cukukA tujy ijit dEI;wVj esa yxs lh-ih-;w- lkekU; rFkk de dher ds gksrs
gSa rFkk bu tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa fdlh Lis'ky dk;Z gsrq vyx ls fMokbZl ugha tksM+k tk ldrk gS A
ii)Special Purpose Computer :-;s ,sls dEI;wVj gksrs gSa tks fdlh fo'ks"k dk;Z ds fy;s rS;kj fd;s
tkrs gSa] buds lh-ih-;w- dh {kerk ml dk;Z ds vuq:i gksrh gS ftlds fy;s bUgsa rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA
Lis'ky ijil dEI;wVj fofHkUu {ks+= esa tSls VªSfQd daVªsky] esfMdy lkbal] fQftDl ,oa des"Vªh vkSj
bathfu;fjax esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa A
3.Types of computer Based on size :-
Size ds vk/kkj ij computer dks pkj izdkj ls foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
i) Micro Computer
ii) Mini Computer
iii) Mainframe Computer
iv) Supper computer

i)Micro Computer:- Micro Computer vius uke ds vuqlkj Size esa lcls NksVs gksrs gSaA ;s
Computer ,d Desk ij ;k briefcase esa Hkh j[ks tk ldrk gSA Micro Computer esa dsoy ,d
C.P.U dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;s Computer dher esa lLrs vkSj vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs gSaA bu
Computer dks Personal use ds fy, fdlh Hkh {ks= esa yxk;k tk ldrk gSA budh dher yxHkx 15
gtkj ls vf/kd gksrh gS A lHkh Personal Computer rFkk Laptop Computer Micro Computer ds
izdkj gksrs gSaA
(ii)Mini Computer :-Mini Computer Medium Size ds dEI;wVj gksrs gSaA ;s ekbZØks dEI;wVj dh rqyuk
esa vkdkj esa cM+s rFkk vf/kd dk;Z {kerk okys gksrs gSaA feuh dEI;wVj dh dher ekbZØks dEI;wVj ls
vf/kd gksrh gS rFkk bUgsa Leky ;k ehfM;e Ldsy dh rqyuk esa mi;ksx ds fy;s yxk;k tkrk gSA bu
dEI;wVjksa esa ,d ls vf/kd lh-ih-;w- gksrs gSa rFkk budh eseksjh rFkk LihM ekbØks dEI;wVj ls vf/kd
gksrh gSA feuh dEI;wVj esa ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr dk;Z dj ldrs gSa A mnkgj.k ds fy;s igyk feuh
dEI;wVj ih-Mh-ih&8 ds uke ls cuk FkkA
(iii)Mainframe Computer :-esuQzse
dEI;wVj lkbZt esa feuh dEI;wVj ls
cM+s gksrs gSa A budh LihM feuh
dEI;wVj dh vis{kk T;knk gksrh gS A
bl dEI;wVj esa Hkh ,d ls vf/kd
lh-ih-;w- yxs gksrs gSa rFkk bu
dEI;wVj dks pykus ds fy;s 5 ls 10
;wtj dh vko';drk gksrh gS A
esuQzse dEI;wVj dh LVksjst dSikflVh
feuh dEI;wVj dh vis{kk cgqr T;knk
gksrh gSA esuQzse dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx
cM+h&2 baMLVªht ;k vkxsZukbZts'ku esa
fd;k tkrk gSA budk mi;ksx
eq[;r% isjksy ¼osru cukuk½ rFkk cMs+
dSydqys'ku ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS A
(iv)Super Computer :-Super Computer Size
esa lcls cM+s dEI;wVj gksrs gSa ftudh LihM feyh
baLVªD'ku izfr lsdaM gksrh gSA bu dEI;wVjksa dh
LVksjst dSikflVh lcls T;knk gksrh gS rFkk buesa
,d ls vf/kd lh-ih-;w- dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
bu dEI;wVjksa dks pykus ds fy;s ,d lkFk
yxHkx 10 ls 20 ;wtj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
bu dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx ekSle foHkkx dh
tkudkjh Kkr djus rFkk vkarfj{k foKku esa
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %& lqij dEI;wVj ds uke &CRAY-X,
PARAM, PARAM-10000

Block Diagram of Computer:-
Central Processing Unit.
(i)Input Unit :-Input Unit dk iz;ksx dEI;wVj esa dksbZ Hkh tkudkjh buiqV djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS A dEI;wVj es buiqV ;wfuV ds :i es fuEu fyf[kr fMokbl iz;ksx dh tkrh gS A
1. Key board
2. Mouse
Memory
;g deI;wVj dk lcls egRoiw.kZ ikVZ gSA blds cxSj deI;wVj dksbZ Hkh dk;Z ugha dj ldrk
gSA bl ikVZ dks deI;wVj czsu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA eseksjh dks nks Hkkxksaa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
1) Primary memory
2) Secondry memory
1)Primary memory :- ;g eseksjh deI;wVj dh egRoiw.kZ eseksjh gSa]A bl eseksjh ds }kjk gh deI;wVj
LVkVZ gksrk gSAbl eseksjh ds vUnj deI;wVj ds LVkVZ gksus dh iwjh fof/k fy[kh jgrh gSA bl eseksjh dks
oksysVkby vkSj uksuoksysVkby esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k Gsa
a)Volatile:-oksysVkby dks vLFkkbZ eseksjh dgk tkrk gSA og eseksjh vius vki [kRe gks tkrh gSA ftlds
vanj fdlh buQesZ'ku dks LVksj ugh dj ldrs gSaA mldks oksysVkby eseksjh dgrs gSaA
oksysVkby eseksjh ds vUrxZr jse eseksjh vkrh gSA [Ram = Random access memory]jse eseksjh
deI;wVj dks dk;Z djus ds fy;s txg izksokbM djrk gSA deI;wVj fLop vku djus ij ;g eseksjh
dk;Z djuk izkjaHk dj nsrh gS vkSj fLop can djus ij ;g dk;Z djuk can dj nssrh gSA
b)Non-Volatile Memory:-;g ,d LFkk;h eseksjh gSA ;g eseksjh vius vanj buQkesZ'ku dks LFkk;h :i
ls LVksj j[krh gSA jkse uke dh eseksjh dks uksuoksysVkbZy eseksjh dgrs gSaA jkse ¼jhM vksuyh eseksjh½ ;g
eseksjh ,d fpi ds :i esa jgrh gS tks fd enj cksMZ esa igys ls yxh jgrh gSA bl eseksjh ds vanj
igys ls cuk cuk;k izksxzke LVksj jgrk gS ftls fd ck;l dgrs gSaA BIOS [Basic Input Output
System] bl izksxzke ds vanj dEI;wVj dh buQkesZ'ku LVksj jgrh gSA blh izksxzke dh lgk;rk ls
dEI;wVj LVkVZ Hkh gksrk gS A

Type of Rom :-
1)PROM [Programable Read Only Memory] :-bl eseksjh ds vanj fy[ks gq;s izksxzke dks
fMyhV o ekWMhQkbZ djus dh lqfo/kk ugha jgrh gS exj u;s izksxzke blds vUnj fy[ks tk ldrs gSaA
2)EPROM [Erasable Programable Read Only Memory] :-blds vanj fy[ks gq;s izksxzke dks
fMyhV dj ldrs gSa] ekWMhQkbZ dj ldrs gSa vkSj u;s izksxzke fy[k Hkh ldrs gSaA
3)EEPROM [Electrical Erasable Programable Read Only Memory] :-blds vanj fy[ks
gq;s izksxzke dks bysfDVªd flxauy ds }kjk fMyhV djok;k tkrk gS vkSj u;s izksxzke Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa A
Secondary Memory :-.;g LVksjst fMokbZl ilZuy LVksjst fMokbZl dgykrh gSA lsdaMjh LVksjst
fMokbZl ij dEI;wVj ds lHkh izksxzke LVksj jgrs gSa tSls %& MkWl] foaMksl] ,e-,l- vkWfQl bR;kfn A
blds }kjk cukbZ xbZ QkbZy Hkh lsdaMªh fMokbZl ds vanj LVksj jgrh gSA lsdaMjh LVksjst fMokbZl nks
Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gSA
(a) Serial Storage Device
(b) Random Storage Devices/ Direct Storage Devices
Types of Secondary Storage :-
(i) Magnatic Tape.
(ii) Hard Disk
(iii) Floppy Disk
(iv) Compact Disk (CD)
(v) Winchaster Disk
(i) Magnetic Tape :-Magnetic Tape ,d lsdaMjh LVksjst fMokbZl Hkh dgykrh gSA bl fMokbZl
ds vanj MkVk dks LVksj djuk vkSj MkVk dks jhM djus esa cgqr vf/kd le; yxrk gSA ;g lcls iqjkuh
LVksjst fMokbZl gSA exj vkt bl fMokbZl dk mi;ksx cgqr de gksrk gS A ;g fMokbZl vkfM;ks
dSlsV dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSA blesa nks Oghy gksrh gSaA ,d Oghy esa jhy fyiVh jgrh gS vkSj nwljh
Oghy [kkyh jgrh gSA eSxusfVd Vsi dh LVksjst {kerk rdjhcu esxkckbZV gksrh gSA ;g fMokbZl cgqr
T;knk Hkjksls ean gSA D;ksafd blds [kjkc gksus ds pkUl cgqr de gksrs gSaA
(ii) Hard Disk :-Hard Disk lcls T;knk mi;ksx gksus okyh LVksjst fMokbZl gS A ;g fMokbZl jsaMe
,Dlsl fMokbZl Hkh dgykrh gSA blesa dgha ls Hkh buQkesZ'ku dks i<+k tk ldrk gS vkSj dgha ij Hkh
fy[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g fMokbZl ,Ykwfefu;e dh ckWMh ls iSd jgrh gSA blds vanj fMLd vkSj gsM
nksuksa yxs jgrs gSaA ;g cgqr eagxh gS vkSj bldh LVksjst {kerk yxHkx 80 th-ch- dh gksrh gS A
gkMZ fMLd ds vanj nks izdkj ds gsM~l dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
(a) Movable Head
(b) Non-movable Head
(a)Movable Head :- Movable Head esa flQZ ,d gsM gksrk gS tks fMLd dh ljQsl ds Åij ewo
gksrk gSA

(b)Nonmovable Head :-Non-movable head esa ,d ls vf/kd gsM gksrs gSa vkSj gsM dh la[;k
fMLd ds VªSd ij fuHkZj djrh gS A
(iii)Floppy Disk :- Floppy Disk gh Mk;jsDV LVksjst fMokbZl gSA blesa Hkh buQkesZ'ku dks Mk;jsDV
i<+k tk ldrk gSA ;g dkQh lLrh feyrh gSA bldk mi;ksx MkVk dks ,d txg ls nwljh txg ys
tkus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bldh LVksjst {kerk 1-44 ,e-ch- ¼esxk ckbZV½ gksrh gSA
exj ;g LVksjst fMokbZl T;knk Hkjkslsean ugha gSa A ¶ykih fMLd nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa
(a) 3.5 Inches Floppy
(b) 5.25 Inches Floppy
Write Protected Notch :-blds }kjk ¶ykih fMLd dks izksVsDV fd;k tk ldrk gS rkfd ¶ykih ds
vanj ok;jl u igqapsA izksVsD'ku nsus ls ¶ykih dh buQkesZ'ku dks dsoy i<+k tk ldrk gS A
Index Hole :- blds }kjk ¶ykih fMLd dh LVkfVZax dks lsV fd;k tkrk gSA rkfd izFke lsDVj esa
LVksj QSV dks i<+k tk lds A
Hub :- blds }kjk fMLd dks xksy ?kqek;k tkrk gS vkSj fMLd dks vanj fgyus ls Hkh daVªksy fd;k
tkrk gS A
Read & Writable Head Move :-Disk dh lrg ij jhM o jkbZVscy gsM ewo djrk gS rkfd og
buQkesZ'ku i<+ lds o fy[k lds A
(iv)CD, Compact Disk :-vkt bl LVksjst fMokbZl dk lcls T;knk mi;ksx gksrk gS A ¶ykih
fMLd dh rqyuk esa blds vanj cgqr vf/kd ek=k esa MkVk LVks dj ldrs gSaA ;g LVksjst fMokbZl
¶ykih ls T;knk Hkjkslsean gSA lh-Mh- dh LVksjst dSikflVh rdjhcu 740 ,e-ch- dh gksrh gSA
Types of CD :-
(i) CDR
(ii) CDRW
(i)CDR :-(Compact Disk Readable):- bl lh-Mh- ds vanj flQZ ,d ckj gh buQkesZ'ku fy[kh
tk ldrh gSA nksckjk blesa ugha fy[kk tk ldrk gSA exj buQkeZs'ku dbZ ckj i<+h tk ldrh gSA ;g
lhMh dkQh lLrh vkrh gS ftldh dher 10 :i;s ls 50 :i;s rd gS A
(ii)CDRW :-[Compact Disk Readable Writable] :- bl lhMh ds vanj dbZ ckj buQkesZ'ku
fy[kh tk ldrh gSA ;g lhMh dkQh eagxh vkrh gSA bldh dher 250 ls 300 rd gSA
Winchester Disk :-
;g fMokbZl Hkh gkMZ fMLd dh rjg ,d LVksjst fMokbZl gS] exj bl fMokbZl dh LihM gkMZ
fMLd ls T;knk QkLV gS ysfdu bldh LVksjst {kerk gkMZ fMLd ls de jgrh gSA foupsLVj fMLd dks
,yqfefu;e ckDl ds }kjk iSd fd;k tkrk gS vkSj blds vanj fcYdqy Hkh gok ugha jgrh gSA vxj
blds vanj gok igqap tk;sxh rks ;g [kjkc gks tk;sxhA
Types of P.C. :-
1. Desktop :- ;g
,d feuh dEI;wVj
gS A bldks vklkuh
ls ,d txg ls
nwljh txj ys tk;k
tk ldrk gSA
bldks MsLd ds
Åij j[kdj
mi;ksx dj ldrs
gSa] bldk mi;ksx
Ldwy] dkyst] o
?kjksa esa gksrk gSA

bldh LVksfjax dSikflVh dkQh vf/kd gSA blds }kjk dbZ flLVe dks tksM+ ldrs gSaA vkt bldh
LVksfjax dSikflVh xhxk ckbZV~l esa gSA blds vanj ¶ykih fMLd vkSj lhMh dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa vkSj
dbZ izdkj dh buiqV fMokbZl dks blds lkFk ;wt dj ldrs gSa tSls &Light Pen, OMR, MICR,
Scanner etc. ;g dEI;wVj tujy ijit dEI;wVj gS vkSj ;g ekbZØks dEI;wVj ls egxs vkrs gSa A
2. Laptop :- ;g ,d czhQdsl ds vkdkj dk dEI;wVj gS A ;g dEI;wVj bysfDVªhflVh vkSj cSVjh nksuksa
ls dk;Z djrk gSA bldh ofdZax MsLdVkWi dEI;wVj dh rjg gSA ;g MsLdVkWi dEI;wVj ls T;knk egxs
vkrs gSaA bldh LVksfjax dSikflVh Hkh xhxkckbZV~l esa gksrh gSA blds vanj Hkh ¶ykih fMLd vkSj lhMh
dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA bl dEI;wVj esa lh-vkj-Vh- fiDpj V~;wc dh txg ,y-lh-Mh- fiDpj V~;wc dk
;wt gksrk gS A bl dEI;wVj dks fdlh Hkh txg ;wt dj ldrs gSa A tSls& ?kj esa] dkj esa] gokbZ tgkt
esa] vkSj vU; txgksa ij Hkh A
Note Book :-;g dkQh NksVs vkdkj dk dEI;wVj gSA bldks ikdsV ds vanj Hkh j[k ldrs gSa exj
bl dEI;wVj esa MsLd VkWi vkSj ySiVki tSlk odZ ugha gks ldrk gS D;ksafd bl dEI;wVj esa VkbZfiax iSM
ugha gksrk gS A blesa buQkesZ'ku dks fy[kus ds fy, ykbZV isu dk ;wt fd;k tkrk gSA ykbZV isu dks
lh/ks uksV cqd dh LØhu ij pyk;k tkrk gS A blds }kjk baVjusV ,Dlsl dj ldrs gSaA bldh
LVksfjax dSikflVh esxkckbZV esa gksrh gSA bldk T;knkrj mi;ksx dSydqys'ku djus ds fy;s vkSj eSlst
dks Hkstus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dkQh lLrk vkrk gSA bldks cSVjh vkSj bysDVªhflVh nksuksa ls
pyk ldrs gSa
Palmtop :-;g Hkh dkQh NksVs vkdkj dk dEI;wVj gSA bldks Hkh ikdsV ds vanj vklkuh ls j[k
ldrs gSaA ;g fMftVy Mk;jh tSlk gS A bldh LVksfjax dSikflVh ,e-ch- esa gksrh gSA blds }kjk
dSydqys'ku vkSj MkVk dks LVksj dj ldrs gSaA bldk T;knkrj mi;ksx LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa gksrk gS A
blds }kjk Hkh baVjusV ,Dlsl dj ldrs gSaA bldh LØhu uksVcqd ls dkQh NksVh gksrh gS vkSj ;g Hkh
lLrk feyrk gS
Work Station :-odZ LVs'ku dEI;wVj esa Hkh MsLd Vki dk ;wt gksrk gS A blls ,d ls vf/kd
MsLdVki dEI;wVj vkil esa tqM+s jgrs gSaA bldh ekWuhVj LØhu dkWQh cM+s vkdkj dh gksrh gSA 19**
ekWuhVj odZLVs'ku ds dEI;wVj dk dkUQhxjs'ku lcls gkbZ jgrk gS tSls fd izkslsl LØhu] eseksjh
LVksjst] lkbZt vkQ jSe bR;kfn A bl dEI;wVj esa ¶ykih] lhMh vkSj fizaVj yxkus dh lqfo/kk jgrh gS
vkSj bl flLVe ds }kjk blls tqM+s gq;s lHkh flLVe dks daVªksy dj ldrs gSaA
UNIT – II
(i)Input Unit :- Input Unit dk iz;ksx dEI;wVj esa dksbZ Hkh tkudkjh buiqV djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS A dEI;wVj es buiqV ;wfuV ds :i es fuEu fyf[kr fMokbl iz;ksx dh tkrh gS A
1. Key board
2. Mouse
3. Scaner
4. Optical character reader
5. Optical mark reader
6. Light pen
7. Joystick
8. Bar code reader
9. Touch screen
10. Digital camera
11. Digitizing tablet
12. Trackball
13. MICR
14. Voice recognition
1.Key board:- Key boaed ,d Standerd input devies gSA bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj es eq[; buiqV
fMokbl ds :i es fd;k tkrk gS A blds n~okjk dEI;wVj es dksbzZ Hkh Information dks vklkuhiwoZd Hkstk
tk ldrk gS A dh cksMZ eq[;r% nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
aa. Standerd key board:- ftues eq[;r% 84&110 dh gksrh gS A

b. Maltimedia key board :-
~ = Wave
! = Exclamation
@ = At the rate
$ = Doller
& = Ampersand
# = Hash
^ = Carret
<-- = Back space
| = Piping
/ = Forward slash
= Back slash
2.Key Mouse :-;g fMokbl th-;w-vkbZ- ,Iyhds'ku ds mij dk;Z djus ds fy;s cuk;h xbZ gS A GUI
(Graphical User Interface) bl fMokbl dk mi;ksx Mzkabx cukus ds fy;s ;k igys ls fy[kh xbZ
dek.M dks ju djokus ds fy;s mi;ksx esa yk;h tkrh gSA bl fMokbl ds vanj ,d NksVh lh cky
gksrh gS ftlds }kjk ekml IokbaVj Åij uhps ;k ys¶V] jkbZV ?kwerk gS A
3.Scanner :-;g fMokbl QksVks dkih e'khu dh rjg gSA blds }kjk fdlh Hkh xzkfQdy best ;k
MkVk dh MqIyhdsV dkih rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA blds }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k fjtYV lh/ks dEI;wVj ds
vanj LVksj gksrk gS tcfd QksVksdkih e'khu ls rS;kj fd;k x;k fjtYV isij ds Åij fudyrk gSA
Ldsuj ds nks izdkj gSaA
i) Hand Remote Scanner
ii) Flate bad Scanner
i)Hand Remote Scanner :-;g dkQh NksVs vkdkj dk Ldsuj gksrk gSA bl Ldsuj dks gkFk ds }kjk
pyk;k tkrk gS A bldk mi;ksx NksVh&NksVh best dks Ldsu djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS A
ii)Flate bad Scanner :-;g Ldsuj dkQh cM+s vkdkj dk gksrk gSA bldh ukeZy lkbZt ,&4 jgrh
gS vkSj t:jr iM+us ij blls Hkh cM+s Ldsuj ekdsZV esa miyC/k gSaA ;g Ldsuj ¶ysV jgrk gSA blesa
ystj ohe vius vki ewo djrh gS ftlds dkj.k best dh dkih dEI;wVj esa LVksj gks tkrh gSA
4.OCR (Optical Character Reader) :- ;g ,d Lis'ky fMokbl gSA bldk mi;ksx gj txg
ugha fd;k tkrk gSA blds }kjk Lis'ky djsDVj dks jhM djok;k tkrk gS ftudks fd vkIVhdy djsDVj
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vkIVhdy djsDVj ds varxZr ;g fMokbl CySd iks'kZu dks jhM djrh gS vkSj OgkbZV
iks'kZu dks ugha i<+rh gSA CySd iksj'ku ds fy;s dEI;wVj esa 1 fy[kk tkrk gS vkSj OgkbZV iks'kZu ds fy;s
0 fy[kk tkrk gSA
5.OMR (Optical Mark Reader) :- ;g ,d Lis'ky fMokbl gSA ftldk mi;ksx OMR Sheet
ds MkVk dks i<+k tkrk gSA ;g fMokbZl lhV ds mlh MkVk dks i<+rh gS ftu txgksa ij Lis'ky djsDVj
cus jgrs gSaA
6.MICR [Magnetic Ink Character Reader] :-;g Hkh ,d Lis'ky fMokbZl gSA bldk mi;ksx
cSadksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA blds }kjk MICR Number dks jhM djk;k tkrk gS A buds }kjk
psdksa@Mªk¶V dh oSfyfMVh dks psd fd;k tkrk gSA oSfyfMVh ls rkRi;Z gS fd og vksfjtuy gS ;k
MqIyhdsV gS A ,e-vkbZ-lh-vkj- QkWUV LVkbZy ;wt gksrh gSa A
(i) E 13 B Font
(ii) CMC 7 Font
(i)E 13 B Font :-;g LVkbZy ;w-,l-,- bf.M;k esa ;wt gksrh gS A blesa 0 ls 9 rd ds uEcj gksrs gSa
vkSj pkj Lis'ky djsDVj iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa tks fd uEcj ds vkxs ihNs yxk;s tkrs gSa A
mnkgj.k %& Lis'ky djsDVj
"23"
(ii)CMC 7 Font :-;g LVkbZy ;wjksi esa ;wt gksrh gS A blesa 0 ls 9 rd ds uEcj] , ls tsM rd ds
vYQkcsV rFkk ikpa Lis'ky djsDVj ;wt gksrs gSa A

7. Light Pen :-;g ,d Qzh gS.M jkbZfVax isu gS] bl isu dks ;wtj vius gkFk ds eqrkfcd pyk
ldrk gSA bldk mi;ksx flxuspj djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g isu lh-ih-;w- ls dusDV jgrk gSA
bl isu dks ekWuhVj dh LØhu ij pyk;k tk ldrk gS ;k bldks ykbZV isu iSM ds Åij pyk;k tk
ldrk gSA blds vanj fo|qr dh rjaxsa jgrh gSaA tc bldks LØhu ij pykrs gSa rks vius vki best
cuus yxrh gSA
8. Voice :-;g Hkh ,d buiqV fMokbZl gSA bldks Hkh dEI;wVj ds vanj Mkyk tk ldrk gS exj blds
fy;s ekbZØks Qksu dh vko';drk iM+rh gS D;ksafd voice ds flxuy ,ukykWx ds :i esa gksrs gSa vkSj
ekbZØksQksu ds }kjk bu flxuy dks fMftVy esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
9.Degital Camera :- bl fMokbZl ds }kjk dEI;wVj ds vanj LVksj QksVks dks Mky ldrs gSaA ;g
dSejk dEI;wVj ds lkFk Hkh pyk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj cxSj dEI;wVj ds Hkh pyk;k tk ldrk gSA cxSj
dEI;wVj ds pykus ds fy;s ¶ykih fMLd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj tgka dEI;wVj ls pyk;k tkrk gS
rc dSejk dks lh/ks dEI;wVj ls tksM+rs gSa vkSj tks Hkh QksVks [khaph tkrh gS og lh/ks dEI;wVj esa LVksj
gksrh gS A
10.Web Camera :-;g ,d xzkfQdy buiqV fMokbZl gSA blds }kjk fdlh Hkh fiDpj dks dEI;wVj
ds vanj Mky ldrs gSaA bldk lcls T;knk mi;ksx baVjusV esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl dSejk dks vku
ykbZu dSejk Hkh dgrs gSaA D;ksafd bl dSejs ds lkeus gksus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa dks dEI;wVj ds vanj LVksj
djrk gSA
11.Bar Code Reader :-;g ,d Lis'ky fMokbZl gS A blds }kjk ckj dks jhM djk;k tkrk gSA ckj
dksM ds vanj vkbZVe dk esuhQSfDpfjax uEcj o vkbZVe dksM uEcj Nqik jgrk gSA ckj dksM jhMj
fMokbZl ls ckjksa dks jhM djus ds ckn ;g irk dj ldrs gSa fd izksMDV vksfjtuy gS ;k MqIyhdsV gS
A
12. Joy Stick :-Joy Stick dks eSftd fLVd Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vkt bl fMokbZl dk mi;ksx
dEI;wVj esa ugha fd;k tkrk gSA bl fMokbZl esa ,d MUMh jgrh gS ftldks xkM+h ds xs;j dh rjg
pkjksa vksj ?kqek ldrs gSaA bl MUMh dks ?kqekkus ls LØhu ij ekml IokbUVj ?kwerk Fkk exj vc
bldh txg ekml dk mi;ksx gksus yxk gSA
Output Devices :-
og fMokbZlsl ftuds }kjk gkMZ dkWih vkSj lk¶V dkWih ds :i esa fjtYV izkIr djrs gSa
mUgsa vkmViqV fMokbl dgrs gSaA gkMZ dkih fjtYV dks fizaVj ds ek/;e ls fudkyk tk ldrk gS vkSj
lk¶V dkih fjtYV ekWuhVj ij ns[k ikrs gSaA
Types of Output Devices :-
1. Moniter
2. Printer
3. Plotter
4. Speaker
1.Printer :-;g fMokbZl gkMZ dkih ds :i esa fjtYV dks fizaV djrh gSA fizaVj dks rhu izeq[k Hkkxksa esa
foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
1. Character Printer
2. Line Printer
3. Page Printer
1.Character Printer :- ;g fizaVj ,d ckj esa flQZ ,d iwjs djsDVj dks fizaV djrk gS A blesa djsDVj
dh lkbZt igys ls fQDl jgrh gSA djsDVj fizaVj esa psu] Mªe] MsthOghy fizaVj vkrs gSa A
2.Line Printer :-;g fizaVj ,d ckj esa iwjh ykbZu dks fizaV djrk gSA bl fizaVj esa vYQkcsV~l igys ls
fQDLM ugha jgrs gSaA blfy;s ;g fizaVj VsDLV vkSj xkfQdy nksuks izdkj dh tkudkjh fizaV dj ldrk
gSA MkV eSfVªDl vkSj badtsV fizaVj ykbZu fizaVj ds varxZr vkrs gSa A
3.Page Printer :-;g fizaVj ,d ckj esa iwjs ist dks fizaV dj nsrk gSA blds }kjk VsDLV vkSj xzkfQdy
nksuksa izdkj dh tkudkjh dks fizaV dj ldrs gSaA bl fizaVj ds varxZr ystj fizaVj vkrs gSa A

fizaVj dks nks dsVsfxjh esa fMokbZM fd;k x;k gS %&
(a) bEiSDV fizaVj
(b) uku&bEiSDV fizaVj
(a)bEiSDV fizaVj %&og fizaVj tks buQkesZ'ku dks fizaV djrs le; vkokt djrs gSa mUgsa bEiSDV fizaVj
dgrs gSaA
Types of Impact Printer :-
1. Dot Matrix Printer
2. Drum Printer
3. Chain Printer
4. Daisy Wheel Printer
(b)Non-Impact Printer :-og fizaVj tks fizaV djrs le; vkokt ugha djrs uku&bEiSDV fizaVj dgykrs
gSaA
Types fo Non-Impact Printer
1. Laser Printer
2. Inkjet Printer
Impact Printer :-
1.Dot Matrix Printer :- bl fizaVj ds ek/;e ls VsDLV vkSj xzkfQdy nksuksa izdkj dh tkudkjh fizaV
dj ldrs gSa A ;g fizaVj buQkesZ'ku dks fizaV djus ds fy;s fiUl dk mi;ksx djkr gS A blds }kjk
MkV~l ds :i esa buQkesZ'ku fizaV gksrh gS ysfdu bldh fizafVax T;knk vPNh ugha gS A bldh fizafVax
LihM Hkh dkQh /kheh gS D;ksafd ;g ,d ckj esa ,d ykbZu dks fizaV djrk gSA bl fizaVj ds vanj
mi;ksx gksus okys gsM esa ,d lkFk dbZ fiu yxh gksrh gSaA bu fizaVj dh dher de gksrh gS vkSj lkFk
gh j[kj[kko Hkh de vkrk gS vkSj fcuk :ds cgqr yEcs le; rd bl fizaVj ls dk;Z fy;k tk ldrk
gSA
2.Drum Printer :-bl fizaVj dk vkt mi;ksx ugha djrs gSa D;ksafd blds }kjk flQZ VsDLV dks fizaV
fd;k tk ldrk gS og Hkh fQDLM lkbZt esa A blls xzkfQDl fizaV ugha dj ldrs gSaA bl fizaVj ds
vanj ,d Mªe gksrk gS ftlds Åij ysVlZ yxs jgrs gSaA psu xksy ?kwerh gS vkSj ,d gSej dk mi;ksx
gksrk gS tks buQkesZ'ku dks fizaV djrk gSA Mªe fizaVj dh fizafVax LihM Lyks gksrh gSA rFkk fizafVax esa
vPNh DokfyVh dk isij ;wt gksrk gSA Mªe fizaVj MkV eSfVªDl fizaVj dh vis{kk lLrk gksrk gS ij bldk
esaVhusal vf/kd fudyrk gS A
3.Chain Printer :-Drum Printer esa gksus okyh dfBukbZ;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s psu fizaVj dk vfo"dkj
fd;k x;k A bl fizaVj esa ,d psu yxh jgrh gS ftlds Åij ysVlZ yxs jgrs gSaA psu xksy ?kwerh gS
vkSj ,d gSej dk mi;ksx gksrk gS ftlls buQkesZ'ku fizaV dh tkrh gSA gSej lh/ks pSu ds Åij
Vdjkrk gSA bl fizaVj dh xfr /kheh gksrh gSA blds }kjk dsoy VsDLV dks fizaV dj ldrs gSa xzkfQDl
dks ughaA
4.Daisy Wheel Printer :-bl fizaVj ds }kjk Hkh dsoy VsDLV dks fizaV dj ldrs gSa xzkfQDl dks ughaA
blds ysVlZ Hkh fQDLM lkbZt ds jgrs gSaA bl fizaVj esa xksy Oghy yxh jgrh gSa ftlesa igys ls cus
cuk;s ysVlZ yxs jgrs gSaA bl Oghy ds ihNs ,d gSej gksrk gS tks fd Oghy ds Åij lh/ks Vdjkrk gS]
ftlls buQkesZ'ku fizaV gksrh gSa
Non-Impact Printer :-
1) Laser Printer :- bl fizaVj ds ek/;e ls VsDLV vkSj xzkfQDl nksuksa dks fizaV dj ldrs gSaA ;g fizaVj
cgqr rst xfr ls buQkesZ'ku dks fizaV dj ldrs gSaA bl fizaVj dh fizafVax DokfyVh Hkh lcls vPNh gSA
bl fizaVj ds vanj ystj dh fdj.ks lh/ks Mªe ij IokbaV djrh gS vkSj fQj Mªe ds }kjk buQkesZ'ku fizaV
gksrh gSA ;g fizaVj cgqr egaxk vkrk gS vkSj bldh esaVhusal dher Hkh egxh gS A
2. Inkjet Printer :-bl fizaVj ds }kjk dyj vkSj CySd ,.M OgkbZV nksuksa izdkj dh buQkesZ'ku fizaV dj
ldrs gSaA ;g fizaVj Hkh MkWV eSfVªDl fizaVj dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA blds }kjk buQkesZ'ku MkWV~l ds
:i esa fizaV gksrh gSA ;g fizaVj fizaV djus ds fy;s uksty dk mi;ksx djrk gSA ;g fizaVj MkV eSfVªDl
fizaVj ls T;knk vPNk gS ysfdu ystj fizaVj ls vPNk ugha gSA
3.Plotters :-;g fMokbZl Hkh fizaVj dh rjg gS exj blds }kjk flQZ xzkfQdy buQkesZ'ku dks fizaV
djok ldrs gSaA bl fMokbZl dk mi;ksx bathfu;j] vkdhZVsDV esa djrs gSaA IykVj ls T;knkrj uD'ks

vkSj e'khu dh fMtkbZu dks fizaV djrs gSaA IykVj ds vanj Qzh gS.M gsM yxk gksrk gS tks vklkuh ls
dgha Hkh ewo dj ldrk gSA IykVj nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa %&
1.Drum Plotter
2.Flate Bad Plotter
1.Drum Pen Plotter :- blesa isu iz;qDr gksrk gS tks xfr'khy gksdj dkxt dh lrg ij vkd`fr rS;kj
djrs gSaA dkxt ,d Mªe ij p<+k jgrk gS tks vkxs f[kldrk tkrk gSA isu dEI;wVj }kjk fu;af=r
gksrk gSA ;g eSdsfudy vkfVZLV dh rjg dk;Z djrk utj vkrk gSA tSls gh buesa jaxksa dk pquko
gksrk gS rks og eueksgd yxrk gSA isu dh xfr ,d ckj esa ,d bap ds gtkjosa fgLls ds cjkcj gksrh
gSA
2. Flate bad Plotter :- bl IykVj esa dkxt dks fLFj voLFkk esa ,d csM ;k Vªs esa j[kk tkrk gSA ,d
vkeZ ij isu p<+k jgrk gS tks eksVj ls dkxt ij Åij uhps ¼okbZ v{k½ vkSj nk;sa ck;sa ¼,Dl v{k½
xfr'khy gksrk gS dEI;wVj isu dks ,Dl&okbZ v{k dh fn'kkvksa esa fu;af=r djrk gS vkSj dkxt ij
vkd`fr fpf=r djrk gS A
3-Moniter :-bl fMokbZl ds }kjk lk¶V dkih fjtYV izkIr djrs gSaA ekWuhVj nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa
ftuds }kjk fjtYV ns[k ldrs gSa A
1. Colour Monitor
2. Monocrom Monitor
1. Colour Moniter :- dyj ekWuhVj ds vanj Fkzh csfld dyj dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] 1- jsM] 2- xzhu]
3- CywA vkt dsoy dyj ekWuhVj gh mi;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA
2. Monocrom Moniter :- eksuksØkse ekWuhVj esa dsoy nks csfld dyj dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA 1- CySd
2- OgkbZV ekWuhVj ds vanj buQkesZ'ku MkV~l ds :i esa fØ;sV gksrh gSA ekWuhVj ds vanj nks izdkj dh
fiDpj V~;wc dk mi;ksx gksrk gS A
1. CRT [Cathod Ray Tube]
2. LCD [Liqued Cristal Display]
4.Speaker:- bl MªkbZo ds }kjk lk¶V dkWih fjtYV izkIr dj ldrs gSaA ,d lkm.M ds :i esa exj
Lihdj dks pykus ds fy;s lkm.M dkMZ dk dEI;wVj esa gksuk t:jh gS A
Drives :- Drive ,d izksxzke gksrk gS ftlds vanj fdlh Hkh dEiksusaV dh buQkesZ'ku yxh jgrh gSA
Dot Pitch :-;g dksbZ gkMZos;j dEiksusaV ugha gS] ;g ,d eSFkM gS tks ekuhVj ds vanj mi;ksx gksrk
gSA blds }kjk ekWuhVj ds fjtksyw'ku DokfyVh dks psd dj ldrs gSaA vxj nks filsYl dk lsi vf/kd
gS rks ekuhVj dk fjtksyw'ku vPNk ugha gS A MkV fip ds }kjk ge nks filYl ds lsi dks estj dj
ldrs gSaA
Refresh Rate :- ;g Hkh ,d eSFkM gS bldk mi;ksx Hkh ekWuhVj esa fd;k tkrk gSA blds }kjk
ekWuhVj dh LØhu ij psat dk ns[k ldrs gSaA
Video Cords :-
VGA [Visula Graphics Adopter]
SVGA [Super Visula Graphic Adopter]
XGA [Extended Graphic Adopter]
bl dkMZ ds }kjk ekWuhVj dk fiDly] dyj vkSj fjtksyw'ku dEI;wVj esa lsV dj
ldrs gSaA gj dkMZ vyx&2 dylZ vkSj fiDly ds vkI'ku izksokbZM djrk gSA bu lHkh es ,l-Ogh-th-,-
dkMZ lcls vPNk dkMZ gS blesa 256 ls T;knk dyj gksrs gSaA
Interlaced/Non-interlaced :-;g ,d VsDukWykWth gS ftlds }kjk ekWuhVj ds fjtksyw'ku dh
DokfyVh lq/kkj ldrs gSaA baVjysLM ekWuhVj dk fjtksyw'ku lcls vPNk jgrk gS exj bldk fjQzs'k jsV
dkQh /khek jgrk gSA blfy;s baVjysLM ekWuhVj dk mi;ksx xzkfQdy lk¶Vos;j ds fy;s ugha djrs gSaA
tSls %& ,uhes'ku iSdst %& tcfd uku&baVjysLM ekWuhVj Hkh baVjysLM ds cjkcj
fjtksyw'ku izksokbZM djrs gSa vkSj budk fjQzsl jsV Hkh lcls QkLV gSA blfy;s lcls T;knk mi;ksx uku
baVjysLM ekWuhVj dk gksrk gSA

UNIT III
Data Storage and Retrieval Method:-
1. Sequential Method.
2. Direct Method
3. Index Sequential Method.
1. Sequential Method :-bl eSFkM esa buQkesZ'ku dks ,d Øe esa LVksj dj ldrs gSa vkSj ,d Øe
esa mls fudky ldrs gSaA bl eSFkM dk mi;ksx flQZ flDosaf'k;y eSFkM fMokbZl ds Åij dj ldrs gSa
tSls eSxusfVd Vsi ,d flDosaf'k;y LVksjst fMokbZl gSA bl eSFkM esa cgqr vf/kd le; yxrk gS
blfy;s vc bl eSFkM dk mi;ksx ugha djrs gSaA
2. Direct Method :- bl eSFkM dks jsaMe eSFkM Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd blesa fdlh Hkh buQkesZ'ku
dks lh/ks LVksj dj ldrs gSa vkSj fudky ldrs gSaA bl eSFkM dk mi;ksx flQZ vkfIVdy fMLd ds
lkFk dj ldrs gSaA tSls & ¶ykih]gkMZ fMLd bR;kfn A ;g lcls T;knk mi;ksx esa yk;h tkus
okyh eSFkM gS d;ksafd blds mi;ksx djus ls le; cprk gSA
3. Index Sequential Method :- ;g eSFkM Hkh Mk;jsDV eSFkM dh rjg gSA bldk mi;ksx Hkh
Mk;jsDV LVksjst fMokbZl ds mij djrs gSa tSls gkMZ fMLd] lhMh] ¶ykih bR;kfn A exj blesa baMsDflax
ds }kjk buQkesZ'ku dks fjVªho djrs gSa D;ksafd baMsDflax T;knk QkLV dk;Z djrh gSA
dEI;wVj ok;jl D;k gS
dEI;wVj ok;jl og gksrk gS tks fd dEI;wVj dh eseksjh esa fLFkr lHkh izksxzkeksa vFkok MkVk ;k
buQkesZ'ku dks vius laØe.k ls izHkkfor djrk gSA ftl izdkj euq"; ds 'kjhj esa ok;jl buQsD'ku ;k
ok;jy fQoj gksus ij gekjs 'kjhj esa ok;jl iwjs 'kjhj ds vanj QSy tkrs gSa vkSj gekjs 'kjhj dks vusdksa
rjhdksa ls uqdlku igqapkrs gSa oSls gh dEI;wVj ok;jl dEI;wVj dh vkarfjd dk;Z iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor
djrs gSaA tSls ok;jl gekjs 'kjhj esa cgqr rst xfr ls c<+rs gSa oSls gh dEI;wVj esa buds c<+us dh xfr
dkQh rst gksrh gS vkSj iwjs dEI;wVj esa vklkuh ls QSy tkrs gSA
bldk iwjk uke Vital Information Resourse Under Size" gksrk gSA
ok;jl gksus ij dEI;wVj es fuEu izkcye vkrh gSa %&
1- izksxzke dks eseksjh esa yksM fd;s cxSj gh miyC/k eseksjh jSe dk ?kV tkuk A
2- fcuk fdlh dkj.k ds QkbZy dk vkdkj ifjofrZr gksuk A
3- QkbZyksa dh la[;k esa vius vki ifjorZu gksuk A
4- dh&cksMZ dk vpkud vokafNr :i ls dk;Z u djuk A
5- dEI;wVj flLVe dk gSax gks tkuk A
6- dEI;wVj dk vius vki /kheh xfr ls dk;Z djuk A
7- dEI;wVj izksxzke vFkok MkVk dk ifjorZu vFkok u"V gksuk A
ok;jl dk bfrgkl %&ok;jl 'kCn dk dEI;wVj esa mi;ksx lcls igys ,d baxfyl jkbZVj dsfod
xsjksYM us viuh iqLrd "when Harlie Wasare" esa lu~ 1972 esa fd;kA mUgksaus ifjdYiukvksa ds rkSj ij
bl iqLrd esa ,d dEI;wVj izksxzke dk uke ok;jl j[kk FkkA tc VsyhQksu dh ?kaVh euekus <ax ls rc
rd ctrk Fkk tc rd fd VsyhQksu ds rkjksa ls tqM+k dksbZ dEI;wVj usVodZ mls ugha fey tkrk Fkk]
blds ckn lu~ 1988 esa dEI;wVj txr ds fy;s ,d fo'ks"k ,sfrgkfld egRo dk le; jgkA bl o"kZ esa
dqN vutkus lk¶Vos;j izksxzke fcuk fdlh iwoZ lwpuk ds dEI;wVj ds {ks= esa vk,] ,sls lk¶Vos;j izksxzke
dks u igys dHkh ns[kk Fkk vkSj u gh buds ckjs esa dksbZ tkudkjh FkhA bl izdkj ds vfr lw{e izksxzke
fo'o dh buQkesZ'ku VsDukWykth dks vf/kd izHkkfor fd;k A bu lHkh vutkus lk¶Vos;j izksxzk dks
ok;jl dgk x;k A
ok;jl izksxzke dh 'kq:vkr ikfdLrku ls gqbZ ekuh tkrh gSA lu~ 1988 ds bl cgqpfpZr izksxzke
dk uke lhczsu FkkA bl [krjukd ok;jl izksxzke ds ckn Hkh vusd ok;jl izksxzke dEI;wVj ds {ks= esa
vk;s A **vtlV] cflr nks HkkbZ *lh v'kV] lh&czsu uke ds nks ok;jl izksxzke cuk;s A
ok;jl ds izdkj %&
1. Boot Sector Virus
2. File Virus

3. Table Partition Virus
1)Boot Sector Virus :- ;g ok;jl gkMZ fMLd ;k fMLd vkWijsfVax flLVe dh cwV ¶ykih ds 'kwU;
lsDVj esa viuk laØe.k QSykrs gSaA ;g ok;jl gkMZ fMLd esa ekStwn ikVhZ'ku Vscy dks cny nsrs gSaA ;s
ok;jl dEI;wVj ds LVkVZ gksrs gh lcls igys vkijsfVax flLVe ds ih-lh- dEI;wVj esa dqN vkarfjd
funsZ'k mldh jhM vksuyh eseskjh esa laxzfgr gksrs gSa vkSj dEI;wVj ds vkijs'ku ds fy;s egRoiw.kZ funsZ'k
dEI;wVj dh gkMZ fMLd ;k fMLd vkijsfVax flLVe ds 'kwU; lsDVj esa tkdjds LVkVZvi izksxzke dsa
<w<+rs gSa A ;fn 'kwU; lsDVj esa ok;jl ekStwn gS rks LVkVZvi izksxzke ds LFkku ij ok;jl eseksjh ds
egRoiw.kZ LFkku ij LFkkfir gks tk;sxk rFkk blds i'pkr~ gh LVkVZvi izksxzke ij LFkkfir gks tk;sxkA
cwV ok;jl dEI;wVj dh eseksjh esa rc Hkh LFkkfir gks ldrk gS tc fdlh Hkh vU; fMLd ls
dEI;wVj dks cwV djus dk iz;k'k djsa D;ksafd ,slh fLFkfr esa dEI;wVj fMLd dk 'kwU; lsDVj fMLV
vkWijsfVax flLVe dks i<+us dk iz;kl djrs gSa vkSj bl le; ok;jl izksxzke i<+dj uku&flLVe fMLd
bjj iznf'kZr djsxk ijarq rc rd ok;jl eseskjh esa LFkkfir gks pqdk gksxk A bl n'kk esa cwV fMLd ds
iz;ksx ls eseksjh esa ekStwn ok;jl fMLd esa izos'k dj tkrk gSA
vHkh rd ds cwV lsDVj ok;jl ftudh tkudkjh izkIr gSa %&
1- ikfdLrkuh czsu vkSj v'kV ok;jl
2- LVksu ok;jl
3- ;sy ,yksesM+k
4- ok;flax cky ¼fiaxikx ok;jl½
5- MSutwM ok;jl
6- tS:lys'k ok;jl
7- oSDlhuk ok;jl
8- xksYMu esg ok;jl
9- fudkWYl ok;jl
10- isVkxu ok;jl
11- btjk;yh cwV ok;jl
12- vksfg;ks ok;jl
13- tS:lyse ok;jl
QkbZy ok;jl %&;g Com, Exe, Sys, OVL, Bin, file ij vVSd djrs gSaA ;g ok;jl QkbZy ls Lo;a dks
tksM+ ysrk gS vkSj igys Lo;a ,DthDohV gksrk gS vkSj fQj QkbZy dks ,DthD;wV gksus nsrk gSA
dqN QkbZy ok;jl fuEu gSa %&
1- 17xx virus (Com) file virus, xx dk vFkZ 01 ls 04
2- vizSy QLVZ ¼Exe file virus½
3- tS:lsye laLdj.k "I" (Com vkSj EXE ok;jl½
4- yh gkbZ ok;jl
5- jsuMªki ok;jl
dqN QkbZy ok;jl QkbZy ij vVSd ds lkFk cwV ,fj;k esa Hkh vVSd djrs gSa tSls & 648
ok;jlA
vU; ok;jl %& cwV lsDVj o QkbZy ok;jl ds vykok dqN vU; ok;jl Hkh gksrs gSa tks dEI;wVj esa
LVksj izksxzke rFkk MkVk dks uqdlku igqapkrs gSa A tSls Vªkstu] oeZ vkfn A
Vªkstu %&;s izksxzke mi;ksx ds le; cM+s vkd"kZd :i ds fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ds oMZ izkslslj ;k MkVkcsl
izksxzke gksus ds nkok@Hkze iSnk dj nsrs gSaA ijarq okLro esa ;g pkykdh ls cuk;s gq;s ok;jl gksrs gSaA
oeZ %& ;s yEch nwjh r; djus dh {kerk j[krs gSa ij ;s T;knkrj yEcs dEI;wVj usVodZ ij vVSd
djrs gSaA bl rjg ds ,d dEI;wVj usVodZ ls nwljs dEI;wVj usVodZ ij vklkuh ls QSyrs jgrs gSaA
;g ,d izdkj ds vR;kèkqfud ok;jl gSa ftuesa lw{e funsSZ'k gksrs gSa ftuls ;s gj izdkj dh fØ;k djus
esa l{ke gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ds ok;jl T;knkrj ;wfuolZ vkijsfVax flLVe ij vk/kkfjr dEI;wVj usVodZ
ij vVSd djrs gSaA

ok;jl dk irk yxkuk %&Ldsfuax@[kksth izksxzke cwV o QkbZy ok;jlksa ds vVSd dks jksdus ;k muds
ekStwn gksus dk izek.k fofHkUu [kksth izxzke ds ek?;e ls yxk;k tkrk gS A buesa dqN dqN [kksth
Ldsfuax izksxzke fuEu gSa %&
Boot-P, IVT Chk, M-Verify, PMRP, Nuspr memory, PHD csdkos (BSRECOV)
Computer Virus ds mipkj %&
Vac 648
Vac STONE
Vac 8290
Vac 1701
Vac Joshi
Hkkjr esa cuk;s x;s ,aVhok;jl %&
1- baVQkbZy oSDlhu izksxzke
2- VcksZ oSDlhu
3- iyZ vkSj lqij oSDlhu
1)Intfile Vacine Program :- ,EijlSM dlysVj dk baVQkbZy oSDlhu izksxzke lHkh 19xx fljht ds
ok;jlksa dk funku djus esa l{ke gSA lkFk gh 648] tS:lsye] dks Hkh u"V djrk gSA bUgha dk baVcwV
oSDlhu izksxzke [krjukd cwV {ks= ds ok;jlksa dk funku djrk gSA buesa izeq[k gSa **czsu ok;jl czkmflax
ckWy 8290 vkSj tks'kh ok;jl ftldh dher 750 :i;s gSA
2)Turbo Vacine Program :-enzkl ds ,isDl flLVe vkSj lk¶Vos;j dks VcksZ oSDlhu lHkh izdkj ds
cwV {ks= QkbZy ok;jl ls NqVdkjk fnykus esa l{ke gSA lkFk gh Vªkstu ,oa oeZ izksxzke dk Hkh ;g
funku dj ldrk gSA bl 500 :i;s esa [kjhnk tk ldrk gS A
3)Perl and Super Vacine :-enzkl ds dEI;wVj iyZ dk iyZ vkSj lqij oSDlhu izksxzke lHkh ds cwV {ks=
vkSj vU; QkbZy ok;jl dks gVkus vkSj muds izHkko dks jksdus esa l{ke gSA izR;sd oSDlhu izksxzke dh
dher 2000 :i;s gS A
UNIT – IV
Number System
dEI;wVj ds vanj pkj izdkj ds uEcj dk;Z djrs gSa %&
(i) Decimal System
(ii) Binary System
(iii) Octal Number
(iv) Hexa Decimal Number
(i) Decimal Number to Other Base :-
(a)Decimal Number to Binary Number :- bl eSFkM esa Mslhey uEcj dk ckbZujh uEcj ds
csl ls ,y-lh-,e- fudkyrs gSaA 2410 = ?2 = (11000)2
2 24 0
2 12 0
2 6 0
2 3 1
1
b)Decimal Number to Octal Number :-bl eSFkM esa Mslhey uEcj dks vkWDVy uEcj ds csl ls
,y-lh-,e- fudkysaxs A
2410 = ?8
8 24 0
3
(30)10

c)Decimal Number to Hexadecimal :-bl eSFkM esa Mslhey uEcj dks gsDlkMslhey uEcj ds
csl ls LCM fudkysaxs A
242 = ?16
16 24 8
1
(18)16
Note :-Hexadecimal Number ds fy;s %&
vxj fMokbZM djus ij 'ks"k ikVZ 9 ls T;knk vkrk gS rks bu uEcj ds fy;s vYQkcsV
mi;ksx djrs gSa A
tSls 10-A, 11-B, 12-C, 13-D, 14-E, 15-F bl rjg 15 rd tkuk gS A
16 93 13
5
(113)
9310 = 5D16
Binary Number to Other Base :-
(a)Binary to Decimal :- Method :- bl eSFkM esa ckbZujh uEcj dh gj fMftV dks 2 ls
eYVhIykbZ djrs gSa vkSj lh/ks gkFk dh rjQ ls 2 ds Åij ikoj nh tkrh gSA ikoj dh 'kq:vkr 0 ls
djrs gSaA
24(110001)2 97(1100001)2
Ex. :- 110002 = ?10
= 1x24 + 1x23 + 0x22 + 0x21 + 0x20
= 1x16 + 1x8 + 0x4 + 0x2 + 0x1
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0
= 2410
Ex. :- 97(1100001)2
= 1x26 + 1x25 + 0x24 + 0x23 + 0x22 + 0x21 + 0x20
= 1x64 + 1x32 + 0x16 + 0x8 + 0x4 + 0x2+0x1
= 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1
= 9710
(b)Binary to Octel Number :- Method :-dEI;wVj ds vanj vkWDVsy uEcj 3 fcV Vscy ds gksrs
gSaA bl fy;s bl eSFkM esa ckbZujh uEcj dks 3 fcV ds xzqi esa foHkkftr djsaxs A xzqi cukus dh 'kq:vkr
lh/ks gkFk dh rjQ ls dh tkrh gSA vxj var esa dqN uEcj de iM+ tkrs gSa rks 0 tksM+k tkrk gSA
blds ckn ys¶V gS.M lkbZM ls ,d xqzi dks lkYo djsaxs vkSj var esa lHkh xzqi ds uEcj dks ,d lkFk
fy[k nsaxs A
Ex :- (0110002)
011
= 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20
= 0x4+1x2+1x1
= 0+2+1
= 3
000

= 0x22 + 0x21 + 0x20
= 0+0+0
= 0
Ans = 308
(11000012)
= 001100001
= 0x22 + 0x21 + 1x10
= 0x4 + 0x2 + 1x1
= 0 + 0 +1
= 1
100
= 1x22+ 0x21 + 0x20
= 1x4 + 0x2 + 0x1
= 4 + 0 + 0
= 4
001
= 0x22 + 0x21 + 1x20
= 0x4 + 0x2 + 1x1
= 0 + 0 + 1
= 1
Ans. 1418
(c)Binary to Hexadecimal :- dEI;wVj ds vanj gsDlkMslhey 4 fcV Vscy ds gksrs gSaA blds fy;s
bl eSFkM esa ckbZujh uEcj dks 4 fcV ds :i esa foHkkftr djds xqzi cukus dh 'kq:vkr lh/ks gkFk dh
rjQ ls dh tkrh gSA vxj var esa dqN uEcj de iM+ tkrs gSa rks 0 tksM+k tkrk gSA blds ckn ys¶V
gS.M lkbZM ls ,d xzqi dks lkYo djsaxs vkSj var esa lHkh xzqi ds uEcj dks ,d lkFk fy[k ysaxs A
Ex :- (00011000)2 = ?16
= 0001
= 0x23 + 0x22 + 0x21 + 1x20
= 0x8 + 0x4 + 0x2 + 1x1
= 0 + 0 + 0 + 1
= 1
1000
= 1x22 + 0x22 + 0x21 + 0x20
= 1x8 + 0x4 + 0x2 + 0x1
= 8 + 0 + 0 + 0
= 8
Ans. : 18 16
Ex :- 11000012 = ?10
01100001
= 0110
= 0x23 + 1x22 + 1x21 + 0x20
= 0x8 + 1x4 + 1x2 + 0x1
= 0 + 4 + 2 + 0

= 6
0001
= 0x23 + 0x22 + 0x21 + 1x20
= 0x8 + 0x4 + 0x2 + 1x1
= 0+0+0+1
= 1
Ans. : 6116
Octal Number to other Base:-
A.Octal to Decimal :- bl fof/k es vksDVy uEcj dh gj fMftV dks vksDVy ds csl ls xq.kk djsaxsA
fQj fl/ks gkFk dh rjQ ls ikoj fn tk;sxh A vkSj ikoj dh 'kq#vkr 0 ls djrs gSA
308
=3x8
1
+0x80
=3x8+0x1
=24+0
=248
1418
=1x82 +4x81+1x80
=1x64+4x8+1x1
=64+32+1
=97
B.Octal Number to Binary Number :-bl fof/k esa vksDVy uEcj dks igys Msfley esa ifjorhZr djsaxs
vkSj fQj Msfley uEcj dks ckbZujh esa ifjorhZr djsaxs A
308
=3x81+0x80
=3x8+0x1
=24+0
=2410 Decimal number
242Binary number
2 24 0
2 12 0
2 6 0
2 3 1 1
(11000)2
b. Octal to Hexadecimal number :-
bl fof/k dks vksDVy uEcj dks Msfley uEcj blds ckn Msfley uEcj dks gsDtkMsfley
esa ifjorhZr djsaxs A
308
=3x81
+0x80
=3x8 +0x1
=24+0
=24 Decimal number
2416
Hexadecimal
16 24 8

1
Ans:- 1816
Hexadecimal to other Base:-
a. Hexadecimal to Decimal :- bl fof/k esa gsDtkMsfley ds gj uEcj dks gsDtk ds vk/kkj ls
Multiply djsaxs A lh/ks gkFk dh rjQ ls ikoj nh tk;sxh A ikoj dh 'kq:vkr 0 ls gksxh A
1816
= 1x161
+ 8x160
= 1x16 + 8x1
= 16+8
= 24
b. Hexadecimal to Binary :-Hexadecimal dks igys Mslhey esa duoVZ djsaxs A blds ckn
Mslhey uEcj dks ckbZujh esa duoVZ djsaxs A
1816
= 1x161
+8x160
= 1x16+8x1
= 16+8
= 24 decimal number
242
Binary number
2 24 0
2 12 0
2 6 0
2 3 1
1
(11000)2
Ans. : (11000)2
Binary Number
c. Hexadecimal to octal :-
1816
= 1x161
+8x160
= 1x16+8x1
= 16+8
= 24 decimal number
= 248
8 24 0
3
Ans. :- 30 Octal Number
d.Octal to Decimal :-
1418
= 1x82
+4x81
+1x80
= 1x64 + 4x8+1x1
= 64+32+1
= 9710
e.Octal to Binary
1418
= 1x82
+4x81
+1x80
= 1x64 + 4x8+1x1
= 64+32+1
= 972
=
2 97 1
2 48 0

2 24 0
2 12 0
2 6 0
2 3 1
1
(11000012
)
f)Octal to hexadecimal number :-
1418
= 1x82
+4x81
+1x80
= 1x64 + 4x8+1x1
= 64+32+1
= 97 decimal number
= 9716
hexadecimal fudkyuk gS A
16 97 1
6
= 61 Hexadecimal
g)Hexadecimal to Decimal
6116
Hexadecimal Number
= 6x161
+1x160
= 6x16 + 1x1
= 96+1
= 97
h)Hexamecimal to Binary :-
6116
Hexadecimal Number
= 6x161
+1x160
= 6x16 + 1x1
= 96+1
= 97 decimal number
972
2 97 1
2 48 0
2 24 0
2 12 0
2 6 0
2 3 1
1
(11000012
) Binary Number
i)Hexadecimal to Octal Number :-
6116
Hexadecimal Number
= 6x161
+1x160
= 6x16 + 1x1
= 96+1
= 97 decimal number
978
8 97 1
8 12 4
1
1418
Octal Number
lk¶Vos;j
izzksxzke ;k buQksjes'ku dk leqg ftuds }kjk fdlh dk;ZZZ dks gy fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ftUgs flQZ ns[k
ldrs gS Nq ugha ldrs mudks lkWWWWWWWWWWWW¶Vos;j dgrs gSA lkW¶Vos;j dks fru Hkkxks es foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA

1) system softwere
2) application softwere
3) utility softwere
1) System Software;g og lkW¶Vos;j gS tks flLVe ds fy, dk;Z djrs gSA ;k ftuds }kjk flLVe
vksijsV djok, tkrs gS ,ls lkW¶Vos;j dks flLVe lkW¶Vos;j dgrs gSAvksijsfVaaaaaaaaaaaaaaax flLVe dks fg flLVe
lkW¶Vos;j dgrs gSAbu lkW¶Vos;j ds cxSj dEI;wVj dk;Z ugha dj ldrk gSA D;ksfd ;g dEI;wVj dh
eseksjh esustesaaaaaaaaaaaaaaV dks vksijsV djrk gSA gsUM oj ikLV dks esust djrk gS rFkk flLVe ds vUnj
lkW¶Vos;j dks esust djrk gSAvkSj ;qtj dks dk;Z djus ds fy, ,ufovksesUV nsrk gSA vkt fofHkUu
izdkj ds vksijsfVxaaaaaaaa flLVe ekStwn gSA ftudk mi;ksx vyx vyx {ksrzks es muds eqrkfcd gksrk
gSAmnkgj.k Dos, Windows, unix, bR;kfn
Types of operating systam
1) Single User Operating Systam
2) Multiuser O.S.
3) Multi Programing O.S.
4) Multi Tasking O.S.
5) Multi Processing O.S.
2) Application Softwere- ;g lk¶Vos;j NksV o cM+++++++++++++++++++++s nksuks vkdkj es jgrs gSAaa budks fdlh dk;Z ds
fy, cuk;k tkrk gSA ;g lk¶Vos;j vkijsfVaaaaaaaaaaaaax flLVe ds IySV QkZe ij vk/kkfjr jgrk gSA ;g ;g
cxSj vkijsfVaaaaaaaaaaaaax flLVe ds dk;Z ugha dj ldrk gSA ;g lk¶Vos;j ges'kk fdlh dk;Z dks /;ku es j[krs
gq, cuk, tkrs gSA mnkgj.k pain-brush, jsYos fjtosZlu lk¶Vos;j cSfdaaaaaaaax lk¶Vos;j bR;kfn
3) Utility Software-;qfVfyfV lk¶Vos;j Hkh vkijsfVxaaaaaaaaa flLVe ij vk/kkfjr jgrs gS gj vkijsfVxaaaaaaaaa
flLVe ds vius vyx vyx ;qfVfyfV lk¶Vos;j vkrs gSA bu lk¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx djds vius
dEI;wVj fd esuVsUl dj ldrs gSA mnk- budk mi;ksx djus ls dEI;wVj ds dk;Z dh xrh c<+++ tkrh
gS eseksjh Lisl c<++k ldrs gSA vkSj mlds vUnj gksus okyh vkUrfjsd leL;k dks Hkh nwj dj ldrs gSA
dqN ;wfVfyVh lk¶Vos;j vkijsfVax flLVe ds lkFk cus cuk;s vkrs gSa vkSj dqN lk¶Vos;j dks
vyx ls Mkyk tkrk gSA tSls %& dEik;yj] baVjizsVj] LdSufMLd bR;kfn A
ySaxost ¼Hkk"kk½ %&Hkk"kk ,d ek/;e gS ftlds }kjk fdlh Hkh O;fDr ls dE;wfudsV djus ds fy;s dEI;wVj
ds vanj nks izdkj dh Hkk"kk,sa gSa A
1) Low Level Language
2) High Level Language.
1)Low Level Language :-;g lcls iqjkuh Hkk"kk gSA dEI;wVj Hkh blh Hkk"kk ds Åij dk;Z djrk gSA
bl Hkk"kk dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
i)Machine Language :- Machine Language 0, 1 ds :i esa gksrh gSA blh dks ckbZujh dksM
Hkh dgrs gSaA e'khu ySaxost gh yks ysoy ySaxost dgykrh gSA ;g Hkk"kk ;wtj QzsaMyh ugha gS D;ksafd
gj O;fDr bl Hkk"kk dks ugha le> ldrk gS vkSj ;g Hkk"kk e'khu ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSA bl Hkk"kk dks
gj e'khu ds Åij ugha pyk;k tk ldrk gSA bldks pykus ds fy;s vyx e'khu cukbZ tkrh gSA
ii)Assembly Language :-Assembly language Hkh yks ysoy ySaxost ds :i esa dk;Z djrh
gSA ;g ySaxost e'khu ySaxost dk u;k :i gSA bl ySaxost esa dqN baxfy'k 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k
gS ftUgsa fd U;wesfud dksM Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g dksM dSydqys'ku ds fy;s cuk;s x;s Fks A
tSls%&Add, Multiply, Division bR;kfn A
2)High Level Language :-vkt dEI;wVj esa flQZ gkbZ ysoy ySaxost dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;g Hkk"kk yks
ysoy dk ekMhQkbZ vFkok cnyk gqvk :i gSA bl Hkk"kk ds vanj dsoy tujy baxfy'k dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS ftldks lHkh O;fDr cgqr vklkuh ls le> ldrs gSaA blfy;s bl Hkk"kk dks ;wtj QzsaMyh Hkk"kk
Hkh dgrs gSaA bl Hkk"kk dks fdlh Hkh e'khu ds Åij vklkuh ls pyk ldrs gSaA bl Hkk"kk ij dk;Z
djuk vklku gS rFkk blls gksus okyh xfYr;ksa dks <wa<+uk vklku gSA

Translator :-
Translator os lk¶Vos;j gksrs gSa ftuds }kjk ,d Hkk"kk dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk
gSA ;s rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa A
i) Compiler
ii) Assembler
iii) Interpreter
i)Compiler:-Compiler high level language dks e'khu ysoy ySaxost esa duoVZ djrk gSA ;g ,d ckj
esa ;wtj ds }kjk fy[ks iwjs lkslZ dksM dks i<+ ysrk gSA Compiler eseksjh dh de txg ?ksjrk gSA blds
fMcfxax djus dh xfr Hkh cgqr QkLV gksrh gS vkSj izksxzke dks gj ckj ju djokus ls igys dEik;yj
mls jhM djrk gSA ;g lk¶Vos;j vkt lcls T;knk mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA bls lk¶Vos;j
;wfVfyVh izksxzke Hkh dg ldrs gSaA
ii)Assembler :- Assembler Hkh ,d lk¶Vos;j gksrk gS ftlds }kjk ,lsEcyh Hkk"kk esa fy[ks x;s lkslZ
dksM dks e'khu Hkk"kk esa cny ldrs gSaA
(iii)Interpreter :-;g lk¶Vos;j lcls iqjkuk lk¶Vos;j gS A blds }kjk gkbZ ysoy ySaxost ds lkslZ
dksM dks e'khuh Hkk"kk esa cnyrs gSaA ;g lk¶Vos;j ;wtj ds }kjk fy[ks x;s lkslZ dksM dh ,d ykbZu
dks ,d ckj esa i<+rk gSA blds dk;Z djus dh xfr /kheh gSA ;g ,d ckj esa ,d&,d ykbZu dks
n'kkZrk gSA ;g eseksjh dh T;knk txg ?ksjrk gSA blds fMcfxax djus dh xfr Hkh /kheh jgrh gSA
Difference Between Compiler and Interpreter :-
Compiler Interpreter
1- ;g iwjs izksxzke dks ,d lkFk i<+ ysrk gS A ;g ,d ckj esa dsoy ,d ykbZu i<+rk gSA
2- blesa fMcfxax izkslsl QkLV gksrh gS A fMcfxax izkslsl /kheh gksrh gS A
3- ;g ,d lkFk iwjs ,jj dks n'kkZ nsrk gS A ;g ,d&,d djds ,jj dks n'kkZrk gS A
4- ;g eseksjh dh de txg ?ksjrk gS A ;g eseksjh dh T;knk txg ?ksjrk gS A
5- dEik;yj fjtYV dks ,DthD;wV djus ;g fjtYV dks ,DthD;wV djus ds igys
lss igys gj ckj lkslZ dksM dks i<+rk gS A ,d ckj i<+rk gS A
UNIT - V
flEiysDl %&;g MkVk dE;wfuds'ku dk lcls lLFkk ek/;e gS] flEiysDl esa buQkesZ'ku ;k MkVk dks
dsoy Hkstk tk ldrk gS] blds }kjk MkVk fjlho ugha djrs gSa blfy;s bls ou&os VªkfQd Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA flEiysDl esa MkVk dks ,d Mk;jsD'ku esa Hkst ldrs gSa ysfdu mlh MkVk dscy ls buQkesZ'ku
fjlho ugha dj ldrs gSa A tSls %& dh&cksMZ] fizaVj] ekml] ykbZV isu] ekuhVj A
gkQ MqiysDl %& bl dE;wfuds'ku pSuy esa MkVk dks ;k buQkesZ'ku dks Hkstk Hkh tk ldrk gS vkSj
fjlho Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy;s bls Vw&os pSuy dgk tkrk gSA vxj bl pSuy esa ,d le;
ij dsoy ,d gh dk;Z gks ldrk gSA vxj buQkesZ'ku Hksth tkrh gS rks ml le; buQkesZ'ku ys ugha
ldrs gSa vkSj tc buQkesZ'ku yh tkrh gS rks ml le; buQkesZ'ku ns ugha ldrs gSA tSls & gkMZ
fMLd] MkVk cl dscy A
Qqy MqiysDl %&bl MkVk dE;wfuds'ku pSuy esa buQkesZ'ku yh Hkh tk ldrh gS vkSj Hksth Hkh tk
ldrh gSA blesa ,d gh le; ij nksuksa dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA ;g lcls egaxk dE;wfuds'ku pSuy gSA
bl pSuy dks Hkh Vw&os pSuy dgk tkrk gS A tSls & VsyhQksu] ekbZØks izkslslj A
Modem
eksMse ,d Hybrid dEI;wVj gSA ftldk mi;ksx bZUVjusV es gksrk gSA blds }kjk VsfyQksu
ykbu dks vSkj dEI;wVj dks vkil es tksM+++++++++++++++++++++++++++k tkrk gSA blds }kjk VsfyQksu ykbu ls izkIr gksus okys
flXuy dks fMftVy flXuy es duoVZ djrs gSA vkSj dEI;wVj ls izkIr gksus okys fMftVy flXuy dks
,Wukykx flXuy es ifjorhZr djrs gSA
Types of Modem
1) External Modem .
2) Internal Modem.

1)External Modem-;g lcls eaagxk eksMse gSA D;ksfd bl eksMse dks dEI;wVj ds ckgj ls tksM++++++++++++++++k tkrk
gSA bldks ge vklkuh ls ,d txg ls nwljh txg ys ldrs gSA bl eksMse es QsDl vkSj okbl dh
lqfo/kk Hkh miyC/k jgrh gSA bldh xrh rst jgrh gSA uksjey ,-,u-fV- 6000 fc-fi-,l- jgrh gSaA
2) Internal modem-;g eksMse dEI;wVj ds vUnj yxk;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d dksMZ ds :i es jgrk gSA
;g cgqr gh lLrs vkrs gSA bl eksMse es obl dh lqfo/kk jgrh gSA blds dk;Z djus dh xfr Hkh
f/kfe jgrh gSA rdjhcu ipkl gtkj ls lkB gtkj ch-ih-,l bldks ,d txg ls nwljh txg vklkuh
ls ugha ys tk ldrs gSA
Network-usVodZ ,d dkWulsIV gS ftles ,d ls vf/kd dEI;wVj dks vkil es tksM++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++k tk ldrk gSA
rkfd ,d flLVe ds vUnj dh buQksjes'ku nqljs flLVe ds vUnj ns[k ldsA ;k ,d flLVe dh
tkudjh dks nqljs flLVe es Hkst ldsA
Types of Network
1) LAN-- Local Area Network.
2) WAN-- Wide Area Network.
3) MAN-- Metropolitian Area Network.
1)LAN -;g usVodZ lcls T;knk mi;ksx es yk;k tkrk gSA bl usVodZ dks ges'kk NksVh txgksa es
cuk;k tkrk gSA tSls & ,d :e ds vanj ;k ,d fcfYMax esa vkSj ;k fQj ,d fcfYMax ls nwljh
fcfYMax ds chp esa yksdy ,fj;k usVodZ dks LFkkfir djus ds fy;s vyx&vyx izdkj dh Vksiksykth
dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
Types of Topology :-
1. Star Topology
2. Bus Topology
3. Ring Topology
4. Tree Topology
5. Mixed Topology
2)WAN :-[Wide Area Netwrok] :- ;g usVodZ dkQh cM+s bykds esa dk;Z djrk gSA blds dusD'ku
,d daVªh ls nwljh daVªh ds chp esa tksM+s tkrs gSaA bl izdkj ds usVodZ dks LFkkfir djus ds fy;s
fdlh Lis'ky Vksiksykth dk mi;ksx ugha gksrk gSA bl usVodZ dks VsyhQksu ykbZu ;k lsVsykbZV ds }kjk
LFkkfir djrs gSaA
3)MAN [Metropolitian Area Network] :- ;g usVodZ ySu vkSj oSu ds chp esa dk;Z djrk gS D;ksafd
ySu ls ;g cM+k jgrk gS o oSu ls NksVkA bl usVodZ ls dusD'ku iwjh flVh esa fn;s tkrs gSaA bl
usVodZ dks dscy ds }kjk tksM+k tkrk gSA
Topology of LAN :-
1) Star Topology :-LVkj Vksiksykth esa ,d flLVe loZj curk gS vkSj 'ks"k flLVe uksM dgykrs gSaA
bls Vksiksykth esa lHkh uksM lh/ks loZj ls tqM+s jgrs gSA vxj loZj can gks tk;s rks ;g Vksiksykth Qsy
gks tkrh gSA
2) Bus Topology :-;g lLrh Vksiksykth gSA bl VksiksykWth esa ,d dscy ls gh lHkh dEI;wVj dks
vkil esa tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA vxj buesa ls dksbZ flLVe dk;Z ugha djrk gS rks Hkh ;g usVodZ pyrk
gSA
3) Ring Topology :-;g Vksiksykth Hkh cl Vksiksykth dh rjg gSA bl Vksiksykth ds vanj ,d dscy
ls lHkh dEI;wVj dks vkil esa tksM+k tkrk gS vkSj ;g ,d fjax dh rjg tqM+s jgrs gSaA bl Vksiksykth esa
termination ugha gksrk gSA
4)Tree Topology :-;g Vksiksykth o`{k dh 'kk[kkvksa dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSA blesa ,d flLVe ls dbZ
flLVe dusDV jgrs gSa vkSj bl Vksiksykth dks flaxy dscy ds }kjk gh tksM+k tkrk gSA
5)Mixed Toplogy :-bl Vksiksykth esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ruleugha gksrs gSa D;ksafd blesa ,d dEI;wVj dbZ
dEI;wVjksa ls tqM+ ldrk gS A
Component of Network :-
1) HUB
2) NIC
3) REPEATER

4) BRIDGE
5) ROUTER
6) GETWAY
1)HUB :-;g ,d gkMZ os;j dEiksusaV gSA bldk mi;ksx dEI;wVj dks vkil esa tksM+us ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA bl dEiksusaV dks odZ LVs'ku Hkh dgrs gSaA bl fMokbZl dks LVkj Vksiksykth esa ;wt fd;k
tkrk gSA bl fMokbZl esa 8 ls 9 dEI;wVj dks dusDV djus dh lqfo/kk jgrh gSA blds }kjk ;g Hkh irk
yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd dkSu lk dEI;wVj usVodZ esa dk;Z ugha dj jgk gSA D;ksafd blesa lHkh ekWM vkSj
loZj ds fy, vyx&vyx ykbZV nh tkrh gSA vxj dksbZ ykbZV ugha tyrh gS rks og uksM dk;Z ugha
dj jgk gSaA
2)NIC [Network Interface Card] :-usVodZ esa lcls egRoiw.kZ ;g dkMZ gksrk gSA bl dkMZ dks bFkjusV
dkMZ Hkh dgrs gSaA cxSj bl dkMZ ds fdlh Hkh dEI;wVj dks usVodZ esa ugha tksM+ ldrs gSaA ;g dkMZ lh-
ih-;w- ds vanj yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj fQj bl dkMZ dks dEI;wVj esa baLVkWy djrs gSaA bld dkMZ ds }kjk
gh usVodZ djus dh lqfo/kk feyrh gS vkSj dEI;wVj dks vkil esa tksM+us dh Hkh A
3)Repeater :-bl dek.M dk mi;ksx usVodZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA bls flQZ ,d gh usVodZ esa mi;ksx
dj ldrs gSaA blds }kjk usVodZ ds detksj flxuy dks nksckjk baØht dj vkxs Hkstk tkrk gSA ;g
,d gh usVodZ ij pyrk gS A
fjihVj ds nks izdkj gSa %&
a) Amplifier
b) Retrasmet Signal Device
4)Bridge :-bl dek.M ds }kjk nks vyx^&vyx usVodZ dks vkil esa tksM+ tk ldrk gS ysfdu ;g
t:jh gS fd nksuksa usVodZ ,d leku gksa vkSj muesa mi;ksx gksus okys lk¶Vos;j Hkh ,d leku gksa A
5)Rooter :-bl dek.M ds }kjk nks vyx^& vyx usVodZ dks vkil esa tksM+rs gSaA ;g ges'kk mUgha
usVodZ esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa usVofdZax ds Software,d tSls gksrs gS exj mues mi;ksx gksus
okys lk¶Vos;j vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA ;g ,d usVodZ ds izksVksdky dks nwljs usVodZ ds izksVksdky esa
duoVZ djrk gSA
6)Getway :-;g lcls vPNk dEiksusaV gS vkSj cgqr eagxk gSA bl dEiksusaV ds }kjk nks vyx&vyx
usVodZ dks vkil esa tksM+rs gSaA blesa nksuks usVodZ ds VkbZi Hkh vyx&2 gksrs gSaA tSls& MkWl vkSj
;wfuDl dk tksM+uk bR;kfnA bl usVodZ esa muds lk¶Vos;j Hkh vkil esa ,d leku ugha gksrs gSaA
Types of Connection :-
1. Dialup
2. Leased Lines
3. ISDN
1. Dialup :- ;g ,d ,slk izksxzke gS ftlds ek/;e ls baVjusV ls dusDV gksrs gSaA bl izksxzke esa
VsyhQksu uEcaj Mk;y djuk vko';d gSA ;g izksxzke foaMks vkijsfVax flLVe ds lkFk cuk cuk;k vkrk
gSA blesa lcls igys VsyhQksu ua- dks Mk;y fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fQj gesa gekjs yksdy VsyhQksu
,Dlpsat ls tksM+rk gS fQj og usVodZ ls tksM+rk gSA cxSj VsyhQksu ua- ds ge usVodZ ls dusDV ugha
gks ldrs gSaA
2. Leased Line :- bu ykbZu dks lefiZr ykbZu Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd bl ykbZu esa flQZ baVjusV
pyk;k tk ldrk gSa] blesa dksbZ nwljs dk;Z ugha dj ldrs gSaA bl ykbZu esa VsyhQksu ua- Mk;y djus
dh vko';drk ugha iM+rh gSA D;ksafd ;g ykbZu ges'kk baVjusV ls tqM+h jgrh gS] exj bl ykbZu dh
LihM FkksM+h /kheh gksrh gS A
3. ISDN [Intergreted Service Digital Network] :-bl ykbZu ds }kjk VsDLV] OokbZl vkSj
xzkfQdy best Hkst ldrs gSaA fMftVy flxuy ds :i esa ;g ykbZu VsyhQksu ykbZu dh rjg gSA
exj bldh ofdZax cgqr QkLV gS D;ksafd bl ykbZu esa QkbZcj vkfIVd dscy dk ;wt gksrk gS A blesa
Hkh VsyhQksu ua- Mk;y djuk iM+rk gS tks fd yksdy VsyhQksu ,Dlpsat ls dusDV djrk gSA bl ykbZu
dk mi;ksx cM+s usVodZ esa djrs gSaA
Line :- One country to another country.

bl ykbzu esa fdlh Hkh buQkesZ'ku dks cgqr tYnh lpZ dj ldrs gSaA
Communication Channels :-
1. Twisted Cable
2,. Caoxial Cable
3. Fiber Optic.
4. Serial and Parallel Communication.
1. Twisted Cable :- ;g dE;wfuds'ku dk lcls ljy ek/;e gS A bl dscy esa ok;j vkil esa
fyiVs jgrs gSaA bu dscy dk mi;ksx VsyhQksu ykbZu esa gksrk gS exj bl dscy ds vanj buQkesZ'ku
dbZ ckj [kRe gks tkrh gS D;ksafd flxuy vkil esa feDl gks tkrs gSa D;ksafd bu dscy dk ckWMh doj
cgqr iryk gksrk gSA
2. Coaxial Cable :- usVodZ esa ;g dscy lcls T;knk ;wt dh tkrh gS D;ksafd ;g dscy QkbZcj
vkIfVd dh vis{kk lLrh gS exj ;g V~;wLVsM dscy ls egaxh gSA bl dscy esa Hkh cgqr de flxuy
yhd ¼dksySIl½ gksrs gSa D;ksafd dscy ds vanj Ook;klZ dks nks ckj iSd fd;k tkrk gS ,d ckj dscy ds
vanj vkSj nwljh ckj dscy ds ckgj A
3. Fiber Optic Cable :-;g lcls egaxh dscy gS A bl dscy dk mi;ksx cM+s usVodZ esa fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls ,d daVªh ls nwljh daVªh ds chp esa bl dscy esa buQkesZ'ku ywt ugha gksrh gS D;ksafd
bl ds vanj dkap ds jsls gksrs gSaA ;g dscy dkap ds jslks dh lgk;krk ls flaxuy Hkstrk gS ykbZV ds
:i esa blesa flxuy dksysIl ughsa gksrs gSA bl dscy dks dkVus ds fy;s vyx ls dVj vkrk gS
D;ksafd bl dscy ds vanj IokbZtu gksrk gSA nks dscy dks dusDV djus ds fy;s vyx ls ckDl feyrs
gS A bu ckDlsl ds }kjk vklkuh ls dscy dks tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
4. Serial and Parallel Communication :- ;g dscy lh-ih-;w- ds vanj yxh jgrh gSA lhfj;y
dE;wfuds'ku esa ,d le; ij flQZ ,d gh dk;Z gks ldrk gSA blesa vxj buQkesZ'ku Hkst jgs gSa rks
fjlho ugha dj ldrs gSa vkSj fjlho dj jgs gSa rks lsaM ugha dj ldrs gSaA
Parallel :- ;g egaxh dscy gSA blesa ge ,d le; esa gh nksuksa dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA buQkesZ'ku Hkst
Hkh ldrs gSa vkSj fjlho Hkh dj ldrs gSaA D;ksafd bl dscy ds vanj nks MkVk cl gksrh gS ,d fjlho
djus ds fy;s vkSj nwljh lsaM djus ds fy,A
Communication Protocals :- usVodZ esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds dE;wfuds'ku ds fy;s izksVksdky dh
t:jr iM+rh gS D;ksafd usVodZ esa gj dk;Z ds fy;s vyx vyx izksVksdky fn;s jgrs gSa vkSj ftuds
cxSj vkSj fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks ugha dj ldrs gSaA ;g izksVksdky vius vki esa izksxzke gksrs gSa ;k Set of
rules like - FTP, TCP/IP, POP etc.
F.T.P. [File Transfer Protocol] :- bl izksVksdky dk mi;ksx QkbZy ds VªkalQj esa fd;k tkrk
gS A
T.C.P./I.P. :- [Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol]:- bl izksVksdkWy esa Vhlhih
izksVksdky ,Q-Vh-ih- izksVksdky ds lkFk ;wt gksrs gSa vkSj vkbZ-ih- izksVksdky fd;s tk jgs dk;Z dk ,Mªsl
daVsu djrk gSA ;g izksVksdky lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd Hksth tk jgh buQkesZ'ku lgh txg ij igqapsxhA
POP [Post Office Protocol] :- bl izksVksdky dk mi;ksx bysDVªkfud esy ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA
Communication Software :-,sls lk¶Vos;j tks usVodZ esa mi;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa mUgsa dE;wfuds'ku
lk¶Vos;j dgrs gSa tSls& vkWjsdy] QkDl izks] ,e,l vkfQl bR;kfn A bu lk¶Vos;j dks usVodZ esa
Mkydj vyx&vyx dEI;wVj esa ,Dlsl ¼mi;ksx½ dj ldrs gSaA
Anolog and Digital Signals :-
1. Anolog Signals :-;g flxuy ,d osc ds :i esa jgrs gSa ftudh fQzDosalh dHkh Hkh fLFkj ugha
jgrh gS ;g ges'kk de T;knk gksrs jgrs gSaA blfy, buls izkIr fjtYV ,D;wjsV ugha jgrk gSA bl
flxuy dk mi;ksx VsyhQksu vkSj jsfM;ks esa gksrk gSA
,ukyjkWx flxuy nks ikVZ esa fMokbZM gSa&
1.Periodic

2.Aperiodic
1. Periodic :- ihfj;kfMd eSFkM esa ,d flxuy ls nwljs flxuy dk fMLVsal ges'kk cjkcj gksrk gSA
2. A Periodic :-blds vanj fMLVsal lse ugha gksrk gS] fQzDosalh ds vuqlkj de T;knk gksrk jgrk gSA
2. Digital Signal :-Digital Signal dh fQzDosalh ges'k fLFkj jgrh gSA budh fQzDosalh oso ds :i esa
ugha jgrh gS blfy;s ges'kk lgh fjtYV nsrs gSa A
Digital Signals Cetegorised into two category :-
1.Periodic Digital Signals
2.Aperiodic Digital Signals
1. Periodic Digital Signals :-ihfj;kfMd eSFkM esa ,d flxuy ls nwljs flxuy dk fMLVsal lse
gksrk gS A
2. Aperiodic Digital Signals :- buds fMLVsal lse ugha gksrs gS] fQzDosalh ds vuqlkj de T;knk
gksrs jgrs gSa A
Modulation :-
Amplitude Modulation [A.M.] :-
bldk mi;ksx ,ukykWx flxuy esa gksrk gSA blds }kjk ,EiyhV~;wM oSY;w irk dj ldrs gSa nks
flxuyksa ds IokbaV ds }kjk A ,EiyhV~;wM oSY;w ls vk'k;] flxuy ¼oso½ ds nks IokbaV~l ds chp dh
nwjh dks QkbUM djuk A
Frequency Modulation [F.M.] :-
,d lsdaM esa fdrhuh ,ukykWx oso curh gSa mudk dSydqys'ku ,Q-,e- }kjk djrs gSa A
fQzaDosalh yhoj dks daVªksy djus ds fy;s ,-,e- vkSj ,Q-,e- dk ;wt djrs gSaA ,-,e- vkSj ,Q-,e- nksuksa
gh ,ukykWx flxuy ij odZ djrs gSaA
Phase Modulation [P.M.] :-
bl eSFkM dk mi;ksx Hkh ,ukykWx flxuy ij dj ldrs gSaA ih-,e- ds }kjk ,ukykWx flxuy
ds fMxzh vkSj jsfM;l dSydqysV dj ldrs gSa &
Degree :- Signals fdruh fMxzh rd tk jgs gSa A
Radian :- Radian, degree dk lc ikVZ gksrk gS A
Use of Communication in Daily Life :-
dE;wfuds'ku ls vk'k; fopkjksa ds vknku iznku ls gksrk gSA tc rd bu fopkjksa dk vknku
iznku ugha gksrk og dE;wfuds'ku ugha dgykrk gSA ;fn ge orZeku le; esa lans'k] lwpuk o fopkjksa
dk vknku iznku djuk pkgrs gSa rks vkt gekjs ikl vusd fodYi ekStwn gSa ;fn ge vius fiNyh
'krkfCn;ksa dks ns[ksa rks vkt dh vis{kk igys lwpukvksa] lans'kksa dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij Hkstus esa
dkQh le; yxrk Fkk fdarq orZeku esa lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku ljy vkSj vklku gks x;k gS vkSj
le; Hkh de yxrk gS A lsVsykbZV vkSj Vsyhfotu us lkjh nqfu;k dks ,d uxj esa cny fn;k gS A
vkt gekjs lkeus lapkj lk/kuksa ds vusd fodYi ekStwn gSaA
tSls %& i=] VsyhQksu] QSDl] Vsyhxzke] VsysDl] v[kckj] Vsyhfotu] baVjusV
mijksDr esa baVjusV ,d ,slk 'klDr ek/;e gS ftlds }kjk ge iwjh nqfu;k ls dgha Hkh o
fdlh Hkh le; o de ls de [kpZ es lwpukvksa o fopkjksa dk vknku iznku dj ldrs gSaA lapkj ds
ftrus Hkh lk/ku gS mu lHkh lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx Hkh baVjusVj ,Dlsl dj ldrs gSaA tSls vxj ge
fdlh dks i= fy[kuk pkfgrs gSa rks baVjusV esa ge bZesy dj ldrs gSa] pSfVax dj ldrs gSa]
vyx&vyx osolkbZV vksiu djds ml fopkj ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA foKkiu ns[k
ldrs gSa] baVjusV ij gh VsyhQksu esa ckr dj ldrs gSa bR;kfn A
Data Communication Process :-
1. Massage
2. Sender
3. Medium
4. Receiver

5. Protocol
Difference Between Compiler and Interpreter :-
Compiler Interpreter
1- ;g iwjs izksxzke dks ,d lkFk i<+ ysrk gS A ;g ,d ckj esa dsoy ,d ykbZu i<+rk gSA
2- blesa fMcfxax izkslsl QkLV gksrh gS A fMcfxax izkslsl /kheh gksrh gS A
3- ;g ,d lkFk iwjs ,jj dks n'kkZ nsrk gS A ;g ,d&,d djds ,jj dks n'kkZrk gS A
4- ;g eseksjh dh de txg ?ksjrk gS A ;g eseksjh dh T;knk txg ?ksjrk gS A
5- dEik;yj fjtYV dks ,DthD;wV djus ;g fjtYV dks ,DthD;wV djus ds igys
lss igys gj ckj lkslZ dksM dks i<+rk gS A ,d ckj i<+rk gS A

DISC OPERATING SYSTEM
Introduction of DOS :-
DOS ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe gSA bl vkWijsfVax flLVe dks fMLd vkWijsfVax flLVe dgk tkrk
gS D;ksafd ;g vkWijsfVax flLVe ¶ykih fMLd ds Åij pyk;k tkrk Fkk A bl vkWijsfVax flLVe dks
pykus ds fy, flLVe esa igys ¶ykih fMLd yxkrs gSa vkSj fQj flLVe dks LVkVZ fd;k tkrk gSA MkWl
lcls iqjkuk vkWijsfVax flLVe gSA bl vkWijsfVax flLVe dks vkbZ-ch-,e- ih-lh- esa lcls igys mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj vkt bls ¶ykih dh txg gkMZ fMLd esa LVksj djds pyk;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh
e'khu ds fy;s vkWijsfVax flLVe lcls egRoiw.kZ ikVZ gksrk gS D;ksafd vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk e'khu
ds lHkh gkMZos;j o lk¶Vos;j dks vkWijsV fd;k tkrk gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe fofHkUu izksxzkeksa dk lewg gS
ftlds }kjk iwjs flLVe dks vkWijsV djrs gSaA ;g lk¶Vos;j lsdaMjh LVksjst fMokbZl esa LVksj fd;k
tkrk gS tSls ¶ykih] gkMZ fMLd] eSxusfVd Vsi bR;kfn A
vkWijsfVax flLVe flLVe esa gksus okyh lHkh vkWijs'ku dks vkWijsV djrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ds
lHkh gkMZos;j dEiksusaV dks vkWijsV djrk gSA izkbZejh o lsdaMjh eseksjh dks vkWijsV djrk gS vkSj ;wtj
ds }kjk fn;s x;s baLVªD'ku dks vkWijsV djrk gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk gh dEI;wVj cwV gksrk gSA
MkWl vkWijsfVax flLVe flaxy ;wtj vkWijsfVax flLVe gS] blesa ,d le; ij ,d dk;Z fd;k tk
ldrk gSA blesa VkbZe 'ks;fjax ugha gksrh gS vkSj u gh blesa eYVhiy izksxzke pyk ldrs gSaA ;g
vkWijsfVax flLVe djsDVj csLM vkWijsfVax flLVe gSA
History of DOS :-
DOS Operating System lcls igys ihlh MkWl vkWijsfVax flLVe ds uke ls tkuk tkrk
FkkA ilZuy dEI;wVj ihlh MkWl dks vkbZ-ch-,e- ds }kjk fMtkbu fd;k x;k ftldks fcYxsV uked
lkbafVLV us cuk;k FkkA ;g vkWijsfVax flLVe flQZ vkbZ-ch-,e- dEI;wVj esa mi;ksx gksrs FksA ih-lh- MkWl
1980 esa cuk;k x;k ckn esa fcyxsV~l us ekbZØkslk¶V dEiuh cukbZ vkSj [kqn dk ,e-,l-MkWl vkWijsfVax
flLVe cuk;k A 1981 esa ,e-,l-MkWl ,d tujy vkWijsfVax flLVe Fkk ftls fdlh Hkh tujy e'khu
ij pyk ldrs Fks A
MkWl ds otZu %&
1. MS DOS 1.0
2. MS DOS 2.0
3. MS DOS 3.0
buesa gq;s otZu esa tc Hkh IokbaV ds igys psat gksrk gS rks mls estj psat dgk tkrk
gS vkSj tc IokbaV ds ckn psat gksrk gS rks mls ekbZuj psat dgk tkrk gSA
Physical Structure of Disk :-
DOS Operating System Disk ds Åij pyk;k tkrk Fkk tSls ¶ykih fMLd] gkMZ fMLd
bR;kfn A ml le; fMLd fofHkUUk izdkj esa feyrh Fkh A
i) Single Side :-ftlesa fd 40 Vªsd gksrs gSa vkSj izR;sd Vªsd esa 90 lsDVj gksrs gSaA ,d lsDVj 512
ckbZV dk gksrk Fkk vkSj blh txg ij fMLd vkWijsfVax flLVe LVksj fd;s tkrs gSaA vc fMLd Mcy
lkbZM esa Hkh feyrh gS ftlesa nksuksa lkbZM ds Vªsd 80 gksrs gSa] lsDVj 180 vkSj fcV~l 1024 A bl fMLd
esa MkWl vkWijsfVax flLVe T;knk rsth ls dk;Z dj ldrk Fkk D;ksafd blesa eseksjh Lis'k vf/kd gksrk gSA
Drive Name :-
dEI;wVj ds vanj lHkh LVksjst fMokbZl dks fdlh uke ds }kjk ,Dlsl fd;k tkrk gS ml uke
dks Mªkbo use dgrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd Mªkbo use eseksjh rd igqapus dk ,d lk/ku
gSA Mªkbo use igys ls fMQkbZu gSA gkMZ fMLd dks *lh* Mªkbo ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ¶ykih dks *,*
vFkok *ch* Mªkbo ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA lhMh MªkbZo dks *th* vFkok *,p* Mªkbo ds uke ls tkuk
tkrk gS A
FAT [File Allocation Table] :-
Fat lHkh LVksjst fMokbZl ds QLV lsDVj esa LVksj gksrk gSA QSV ds vanj QkbZYl ds uke]
eseskjh yksds'ku] MkVk VkbZe bR;kfn tSlh buQkesZ'ku fy[kh jgrh gSA tc Hkh LVksjst fMokbZl dks

,Dlsl djrs gSa rks dEI;wVj lcls igys QSV dks jhM djrk gSA mlesa ls QkbZy dks lpZ djrk gS vkSj
fQj vius vki lpZ dh xbZ eseksjh yksds'ku rd igqap tkrk gSA
System File :-
MS-DOS.SYS :-bl QkbZy ds vanj ,e-,l- MkWl flLVe dh fMVsYl fy[kh jgrh gSA blds }kjk
gh ,e-,l- MkWl eseksjh esa yksM gksrh gS A
IO.SYS :- ;g QkbZy dEI;wVj dh lHkh buiqV vkSj vkmViqV fMokbl dh buQkesZ'ku dks LVksj j[krh
gSA tSls fMokbZl ds uke MªkbZOl bR;kfnA bl QkbZy ds }kjk gh dEI;wVj buiqV vkSj vkmViqV
fMokbl dks psd djrk gSA
Config.Sys :- bl QkbZu ds vanj dEI;wVj ds dufQxzs'ku dh buQkesZ'ku LVksj jgrh gSA tSls eseksjh
fMVsy] gkMZ fMLD] ¶ykih fMLd eseksjh bR;kfn blh QkbZy ds vanj dEI;wVj dh cwfVax izkslsl dh dqN
fof/k fy[kh jgrh gSA
Command.Com :-;g ,e-,l-MkWl dh QkbZy gSA blds vanj ,e-,l- MkWl dh dek.M fy[kh jgrh
gSaA ;g QkbZy eseksjh esa vius vki ,DthD;wV gksrh gSA tc Hkh dEI;wVj cwV fd;k tkrk gS ;g QkbZy
,DthD;wV djrh gSA blesa fy[ks funsZ'kksa dks Lor% fØ;kfUor djrh gSA blfy, bldk uke vkVks
,DthD;wV ;k Lor% fØ;kUo;u gsrq j[kk x;k gSA
Booting Process :-
Booting Process Hkh vius vki esa ,d izksxzke gS ftlds }kjk dEI;wVj LVkVZ gksrk gSA ;g
izksxzke vius vki ju gksrk gS tc Hkh ge dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ djrs gSa A bl izksxzke ds vanj dEI;wVj
ds dk;Z djus dh fofèk fy[kh jgrh gSA dEI;wVj LVkVZ gksus ij dkSu&dkSu ls ikVZ dks jhM djs vkSj
dkSu lh flLVe QkbZy dks dEI;wVj dh eseksjh esa yksM djs vkSj fQj vkWijsfVax flLVe dks yksM djs A
tc Hkh dEI;wVj LVkVZ djrs gSa rks lcls igys eseksjh esa flLVe QkbZysa yksM gksrh gSa A
tSls & Command.Com, IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS vkSj Config.Sys bR;kfn A
flLVe QkbZy yksM gksus ds i'pkr~ vkWijsfVax flLVe eseksjh esa yksM gksrk gS vkSj fQj og
flLVe ds ,d&,d dEiksusaV dks jhM djrk gSA
Types of Booting :
1) Cold Booting
2) Warm Booting
1.Cold Booting :- dEI;wVj dks dksYM cwfVax djus ds fy, ges'kk ikoj fLop dk mi;ksx djuk iM+rk
gSA bl cwfVax esa dEI;wVj dh ikWoj lIykbZ iwjs rjhds ls can gks tkrh gS vkSj fQj nqckjk ikoj Lohp
vku djds mls cwV fd;k tkrk gS A tSls 'kVMkmu djus ds ckn cxSj ikoj fLop ds dEI;wVj vkWu
ugha gksrk gS A
2.Warm Booting :- bl cwfVax esa dEI;wVj dh ikoj lIykbZ iwjh rjg ls can ugha gksrh gS vkSj mls
nqckjk fjLVkVZ djrs gSa tSls Ctrl + Alt + Del rhuksa cVuksa dks ,d lkFk nckdj dEI;wVj dks nqckjk
fjLVkVZ djrs gSa bls okeZ cwfVax dgk tkrk gS A
Rules to define of file name :-
Computer esa fdlh Hkh QkbZy dk uke nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gS A
1. Primary name
2. Secondary name
1.Primary name :- ;g uke QkbZy dh igpku gS tks fd vf/kdre 8 djsDVj dk fn;k tkrk gS A
lHkh QkbZy ds uke ,d nwljs ls vyx vyx gksus pkfg, A QkbZy ds uke dh 'kq:vkr vYQkcsV ls
djrs gSa vkSj uke ds chp esa Lisl ugha nsrs gSa A
2. Secondary name :-;g uke QkbZy ds uke ds ckn fy[kk tkrk gSA blds }kjk QkbZy dk VkbZi
n'kkZ;k tkrk gS fd QkbZy fdl izdkj dh gSA lsdaMjh use ges'k 3 djsDVj dk gksrk gSA izkbZejh use
vkSj lsdaMjh use ds chp esa - MkWV vkijsVj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A
Date Command :-
Date Command dk iz;ksx dEI;wVj dh djsaV MsV dks fMLIys ;k psat djus ds fy;s fd;k
tkrk gS A
Syntex :- C:> Date 

The Current Date is Mon 07.03.2003
Enter new Date (MM-DD-YY) .....
Time Command :-
Time Command dk iz;ksx dEI;wVj flLVe dk djsaV VkbZe fMLIys ;k psat djus ds
fy;s fd;k tkrk gS A
Syntex :- C:> Time 
The Current Time is 11:15,26.30 am 
Enter new time (HH: MM : SS) ...... 
CLS Command :- (Clear Screen) :-
bl dekaM dk iz;ksx LØhu dks Dyh;j djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS A
Syntex :- C:> CLS 
Dir Command :-
Dir Command :-bl dek.M dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh djsaV Mk;jsDVjh dh QkbZy rFkk lc&Mk;jsDVjh dh
fyLV fMLIys djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A
Syntex :- C:>Dir [/ Switches]
Switches Meaning
P Display file & Directory in page wise
W Display files & Directory in width wise
AD Display only directories
A-D Display only Files
AH Display hidden files & directories
AS Display system files
Copy Con Command :-
bl dek.M dk iz;ksx MkWl vkWijsfVax flLVe esa ,d ubZ VsDLV QkbZy cukus ds fy;s fd;k
tkrk gSA
Syntex :- C:> Copy Con file name 
Ex. :- C:> Copy Con BHOPAL
....................................
....................................
F6 or Ctrl Z ls lso djuk pkfg;s rFkk QkbZy dk uke 8 djsDVj dk gksuk pkfg, A
Edit Command :-
Edit Command dk QkbZy iz;ksx MkWl esa ,d ubZ QkbZy dks cukus rFkk fdlh cuh gqbZ QkbZy
esa ekMhfQds'ku djus esa ;k mls nqckjk vksiu djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS A
Syntex :C:>Edit File name
Find Command :-
bl dek.M ds }kjk QkbZy ds vanj fdlh Hkh buQkesZ'ku dks <wM+ ldrs gSa vxj lpZ dh xbZ
buQkesZ'ku fey tkrh gS rc ;g iwjh ykbZu ls n'kkZrk gS vU;Fkk dqN ugha fn[kk;sxkA
Syntex :C:>Find "String" File name
Copy Command :-
bl dek.M ds }kjk QkbZy dks ,d Mk;jsDVjh ls nwljh Mk;jsDVjh ds vanj dkWih djrs gSaA
Syntex : C:>Copy File name [Drive] [Path]
C:AC>Copy Ram C:B 

Move Command :-
bl dek.M ds }kjk ,d Mk;jsDVjh dh QkbZy dks nwljh Mk;jsDVjh ds vanj dkWih djrs gSa A
Syntex :- Move file name [Drive] [Path]
C:AC> Move Ram C:B
C:NishaPoonam> Move SS F:Nisha
Wild CardMethod:-Wild Card ,d Lis'ky VkbZi ds djsDVj dks eSp djokus ds fy;s fn;k tkrk gSA
okbZYM dkMZ nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa A
i) Astrick (*) :-blds }kjk iwjs 'kCn dks eSp djok;k tkrk gSA
ii) ? blds }kjk dsoy ,d djsDVj dks eSp djok;k tk ldrk gS A
iz'u 1- Mk;jsDVjh esa mu QkbZyksa dh fyLV ns[kus ds fy;s ftldk rhljk v{kj **lh** gks
C:>Dir ??C* 
Ex.:- DOC Document
Attrib Command :-
bl dek.M ds }kjk QkbZy ds Åij vyx&vyx izdkj dh ijeh'ku nh tkrh gS ftldks
QkbZy dh flD;ksfjVh Hkh dgrs gSa A
Permission :-
i) R - [Read Permision] :-bl ijeh'ku ds nsus ij QkbZy ds vanj dh buQkesZ'ku dks flQZ i<+ ldrs
gSa] blesa dqN fy[k ugha ldrs vkSj u gh bls fMyhV dj ldrs gSa A
ii) H - [Hidden] :- bl ijeh'ku dks nsus ls QkbZy fgMu gks ftudks fd Dir command dks pkyus ij
Mk;jsfDVjh fyLV esa ughs ns[k ldrs gSA
iii) A – [Archive]:- bl ijeh’ku dks nsus ij QkbZy dks fgLVksfjdy cuk;k tk ldrk gS A
Method to Give the Permision and Remove the permision :- Permision nsus o gVkus dk rjhdk
i) + :- blds }kjk ijeh'ku nh tkrh gS A
ii) - :- blds }kjk ijeh'ku gVkbZ tkrh gS A
Syntex : Attrib +/- r/h/a file name
C:AB> Shyam
Attrib +h Shyam
Attrib -h Shyam
Prompt Command :-
bl dek.M ds }kjk ,e-,l- MkWl dk dek.M izkEIV cny ldrs gSa A
Option Result
$$ - $
$D - System Date
$T - System Time
$g - >
$L - <
$P - Path
Message - Message
Ex.:- C:Window>Prompt IICE $g Change to IICE
C:Window>Prompt $P$G Change To original Prompt
C:>
Deltree Command :-
bl dek.M ls Mk;jsDVjh ds iwjs LVªDpj dks mldh lc Mk;jsDVjh lfgr fjewo dj ldrs gSa
A
Syntex :-C:deltree directory name

XCopy Command :-
Xcopy command copy command dh rjg gS exj blds }kjk Mk;jsDVjh vkSj muds vanj dh
lc Mk;jsDVjh dks Hkh dkWih dj ldrs gSa A lc Mk;jsDVjh dkih djus ds fy;s /s dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
Syntex :-Xcopy directory name /s [Drive] [Path] 
Ex. : Xcopy A/S C:K 
Tree Command :-
;g dek.M Mk;jsDVjh ds LVªDpj dks ,d Vªh ds :i esa n'kkZrk gSA
Syntex :-Tree directory name
Format Command :-;g ,d ,DlVuZy dek.M gSA blds }kjk fdlh Hkh LVksjst fMokbZl dks QkesZV
dj ldrs gSaA QkesZV djus ls LVksj fMokbZl ds vanj dh lkjh tkudkjh fMyhV gks tkrh gS vkSj ml
LVksjst fMokbZl dks nqckjk mi;ksx djus y;kd cukrh gSA
Syntex :-format drive 
DISKCOPY Command :-
bl dek.M ds }kjk ,d ¶ykih fMLd dh MqIyhdsV ¶ykih rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA bl dek.M
ds fy;s ;g t:jh gS fd nksuksa ¶ykih fMLd ,d leku lkbZt dh gksa A
Syntex :- DISKCOPY A: 
SYS Command :-
bl dek.M ds }kjk LVksjst fMokbZl ds vanj flLVe QkbZy dkWih djrs gSaA ;g dek.M
QkjesV dek.M ds ckn gh dk;Z djrh gS A
Syntex :-SYS Drive name 
SORT Command :-
;g dek.M QkbZy ds vanj dh buQkesZ'ku dks ?kVrs ;k c<rs vkMZj esa vjsat djds n'kkZrh
gS A ckbZ fMQkYV ;g ,lsafMax vkMZj ds mij dk;Z djrh gSA fMlsafMax vkMZj ds fy, /R dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
Syntex : i) Sort filename asending
ii) Sort /R file name desending
Batch File :-
;g ,d VsDLV QkbZy gSA blds vanj dsoy ,e-,l- MkWl dh dek.M fy[kh tkrh gS vkSj bl
QkbZy dks ju Hkh djk;k tk ldrk gSA cSp QkbZy ds vanj fy[kh xbZ dek.M LVsi ckbZ LVsi
,DthD;wV gksrh gSA cSp QkbZy ,d ,slh QkbZy gS tks vius vki ,DthD;wV gks ldrh gSA cSp QkbZy
dk ,DVsa'ku .BAT gksrk gSA bl QkbZy dks ju djokus ds fy;s QkbZy dk uke fy[kdj baVj ekjk
tkrk gS A
Command Line Parameter :- Command Line Parameter esa Mk;jsDVjh vFkok QkbZu ds uke cSp
QkbZy dks ju djrs oDr dek.M izkEIV esa fn;s tkrs gSaA dek.M ykbZu iSjkehVj ds fy, % dk
mi;ksx djrs gSa A % dh 'kq:vkr 1 ls dh tkrh gS A
Syntex : C:>file name %1 %2 %3 %
Ex. C:file name Ram Sama, Sonu, Sam
Example:-
Copy con Bhopal.bat
Cd
md %1
md %2
md %3

md %4
cd %2
copy con %5
cd..
cd%3
copy con %6
cd..
cd %4
copy con %7
cd..
F6
syntex : BHOPAL A X Y Z A1 A2 A3
Doskey Command:-bl dek.M ds }kjk ,e-,l- Mkl dh dek.M dks ,sjks dh ds }kjk ns[kk tk
ldrk gSA ;g mUgha dek.M dks n'kkZrk gS tks dek.M ;wtj ds }kjk pykbZ tkrh gSa A ;g pykbZ xbZ
dek.M dh fgLVjh n'kkZrk gS A
Syntex : Doskey
Mode Command :-bl dek.M ls ,e-,l- MkWl dh LØhu dk eksM de ;k T;knk dj ldrs gSa vkSj
;fn LØhu ds eksM de dj nsrs gSa rks LØhu ds ysVlZ cM+s fn[kus yxrs gSa vkSj ;fn eksM c<+k nsrs gSa
rks ysVj NksVs&NksVs fn[krs gSa A
Syntex : Mode 40
Mode 80
Diskcomp Command :- ;g ,d ,DlVuZy dek.M gSa A blds }kjk nks fMLd dks vkil esa dEis;j
dj ldrs gSa ysfdu ;g t:jh gS fd nksuksa fMLd ,d leku lkbZt dh gksaA ;g dEis;j djrs oDr
fcV ckbZ fcV] Vªsd ckbZ Vªsd vkSj lsDVj ckbZ lsDVj dEis;j djrk gS A dEis;j djus ds ckn var esa
,d fyLV fMLIys djrk gS ftlesa nksuksa fMLd dh rqyuk dh tkrh gS A
Syntex : Diskcomp [Dirve name]
CHKDSK Command :- blds }kjk fdlh Hkh LVksjst fMokbl ds vanj dh bjj dks <w<+ ldrs gSaA ;g
ykWftdy vkSj fQftdy nksuks izdkj dh bjj dks<wa<+rk gS A
Syntex : CHKDSK [Drive Name]
FDISK Command :-;g ,d baVjuy dek.M gS A blds }kjk fdlh Hkh LVksjst fMokbl dk ikVhZ'ku
dj ldrs gSaA ikVhZ'ku djus ls igys ;g dek.M LVksjst fMokbl dks igys QkesZV djrh gS A blds
ckn ;g crk;k tkrk gS fd fMLd dks fdrus ikVZ~l esa foHkkftr djuk gS fQj gj ikVZ~l :V ds fy,
eseksjh dh txg lsV dh tkrh gSA
Syntex :FDISK
Backup Command :-bl dek.M ds }kjk fdlh Hkh QkbZy dk cSdvi rS;kj dj ldrs gSa exj cSdvi
gkMZ fMLd ls ¶ykih fMLd esa ;k ¶ykih fMLd ls gkMZ fMLd esa fy;k tkrk gSA tc Hkh fdlh QkbZy
dk cSdvi cukrs gSa rks dEI;wVj mls ckbZujh QkesZV esa LVksj djrk gSA cSdvi cukbZ xbZ QkbZy dks
cxSj fjLVksj fd;s vksiu ugha dj ldrs gSa A
Syntex :-Backup filename [Drive][Path]
Restore Command:- bl dek.M ds }kjk cSdvi okyh QkbZy dks nksckjk ukeZy ekWM esa fjLVksj dj
ldrs gSaA
Syntex : Restore file name [Drive][Path]

Print Command :-bl dek.M ls fdlh Hkh QkbZy ds vanj dh tkudkjh dks fizaVj ds }kjk fizaV djok
ldrs gSa A
Syntex :Print filename
Path Command :-Path Command ls fdlh Hkh Mk;jsDVjh dk ikFk fMQkbZu dj ldrs gSa A
Path = C:A:
Label Command :-
blls fdlh Hkh LVksjst fMokbZl dk yscy ns[k ldrs gSaA blesa vf/kder 11 djsDVj fy[k
ldrs gSaA
Syntex : Label
Append Command :-
,d QkbZy dh tkudkjh dks nwljh QkbZy esa tksM+us dk dk;Z vis.M dek.M ds }kjk gksrk gSA
;g ges’kk QkbZy ds var esa buQkjesa’k tksM+rh gSA
Syntex :Append filename C:filename
blls nwljh QkbZy ds var esa fjdkMZ~l tqM+rs gSa A
Executable & Non Executable File :-
og QkbZysa ftudks ju dj ldsa rFkk ftUgsa ju djus ls fjtYV izkIr gksrk gS mUgsa
,DthD;wVscy QkbZysa dgrs gSaA ,DthD;wVscy QkbZy dks QkbZy dk uke fy[kdj ju dj ldrs gSaA bu
QkbZyksa ds ,DVsa'ku vyx&vyx izdkj ds gksrs gSaA .EXE, .SYS, .COM bR;kfn A ,DthD;wVscy
QkbZy ds vanj dek.M dk ,d lewg fy[kk tkrk gS ftuds }kjk fdlh dk;Z dks gy dj ldrs gSaA
MkWl esa dqN ,DthD;wVscy QkbZyksa ds dkj.k cwV gksrs oDr flLVe vius vki cwV gks tkrk gSA tSls&
dek.M MkWV dke] vkbZvks MkWV fll bR;kfn vkSj dqN QkbZyksa dks ;wtj use fy[kdj Hkh ;wt dj
ldrk gS tSls back files.
Non Exicutable File :-
Non Executable File Text File dgykrh gS A bu QkbZyksa ds vanj] VsDLV] uEcj QksVks o
xzkfQDl tSls tkudkjh LVksj dh tkrh gSA bu QkbZyksa dks ,DthD;wV ugha dj ldrs gSaA budks dsoy
vksiu djds budh buQkesZ'ku dks i<+k tk ldrk gSA bu QkbZyksa ds vanj dek.M dh txg egRoiw.kZ
MkVk LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA bu QkbZyksa dk ,DLVsa'ku .TXT, .BMP, DOC, XLS bR;kfn gksrs gSa A
Windows :
Window ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe gS tks GUI (Graphical User Interface): ij vk/kkfjr gS
A vkt lcls T;knk foaMks vkWijsfVax flLVe dk ;wt gksrk gSA D;ksafd ;g ;wtj QzsaMyh vkWijsfVax
flLVe gSA fosaMks vkWijsfVax flLVe esa 3-1 otZu ,d lseh vkWijsfVax flLVe Fkk ysfdu foaMks 95 ls ;g
,d dEiyhV vkWijsfVax flLVe gSA vkt foaMkst ds dbZ vkWijsfVax flLVe ekStwn gSa A
tSls Window 95, Window 98, Window 2000, Window Melanium, XP Windows Experts

Interface of Windows :-
1) Short cut Icon : Short cut Icons ges'kk MsLd VkWi ds mij cuk;s tkrs gSa rkfd buds }kjk tYnh
vkSj vklkuh ls igqap ldsa A lkVZdV vkbZdkWu ds :i esa Mk;jsDVjh Qkby ;k ,Iyhds'ku dks j[k
ldrs gSaA foaMkst vkijsfVax flLVe esa igys ls dqN lkVZ dV vkbZdkWu cus gq;s vkrs gSaA tSls ekbZ
dEI;wVj] fjlkbZDfyd fcu bR;kfn A
2) Task Bar :- Task Bar window ges'kk djsaV VkWLd dks n'kkZrk gS] bl foaMks dks LØhu ds fdlh Hkh
dkuZj ij ys tk ldrs gSaA tSls mij&uhps] nk;sa&ck;sa ys tk ldrs gSa A VkWLd ckj ds jkbZV gS.M
lkbZM ij dqN vkbZdkWu gksrs gSa rFkk MsV vkSj VkbZe fMLIys gksrk gS A ys¶V gS.M lkbZM ij LVkVZ esuw
gksrk gS ftlds vanj dEI;wVj ds lkjs izksxzke LVksj jgrs gSa vkSj t:jr iM+us ij VkLdckj dh izkiVhZ
Hkh cny ldrs gSa A
Property of Taks Bar :-
Alway top
Auto hide
Start Clock
Small Icon
Property esa nks rjhds ls tk;k tk ldrk gS &
1- LVkVZ ls lsfVax esa tkdj VkLdckj dks fDyd djsaxs A
2- ekml dh jkbZV cVu dks fDyd djds izkiVhZ esa tk;saxs A
1- Always Top :- ;g LØhu ds Åij fn[kkbZ nsrk gS A
2. Auto Hide :- bldks ;fn ge fDyd djsaxs rks tc ge foaMkst esa tk;saxs ;k
VkLdckj ds mij gesa ekml IokbaVj ij ys tk;saxs rHkh LVkVZ esuw fn[kkbZ nsxk ojuk LVkVZ
fn[kkbZ ugha nsxk A
3. Show Clock :- bldks fDyd djus ij gesa gekjs VkLd ckj ds mij ?kM+h fn[kkbZ
nsrh gS tks VkbZe crkrh gSA
4. Small Icon :- blesa vkbZdkWu NksVs&NksVs fn[kkbZ nsaxs tks fd esU;w ds vanj gS A
3.Desk Top :- ;g foaMks dh lcls esu foaMks gS] blh ds mij lHkh foaMkst vksiu gksrh gSa A bl foaMks
ds mij lkVZ dV vkbZdkWu cus gksrs gSa t:jr iM+us ij MsLd VkWi foaMkst dk cSdxzkm.M cnyk tk
ldrk gSA

Basic Structure of Windows :-
Title Bar :- Title Bar Window ges'kk mij dh rjQ jgrk gS] blds }kjk ge foaMks dk VkbZVy
ns[k ldrs gSa tks fd ys¶V gS.M lkbZM esa fy[kk jgrk gS vkSj jkbZV gS.M lkbZM esa dqN cVu gksrs gSa A
tSls Close, Minimize, Maximize bR;kfn A VkbZVy ckj ds }kjk viuh foaMkst dks LØhu ds fdlh Hkh
txg ij ys tk ldrs gSaA
Menu Bar :-;g foaMks VkbZVy ckj ds uhps gksrh gS] blds vyx&vyx vkWI'ku fn;s jgrs gSa tSls
QkbZy] ,fMV bR;kfnA buds vanj dk;Z djus ds fy;s igys ls vyx&vyx dek.M fy[kh jgrh gSa A
Tool Bar :-Vwy ckj feuw ckj ds uhps jgrk gS ftlds vanj dbZ cVUl cus jgrs gSa] ftuls fdlh Hkh
dk;Z dks gy dj ldrs gSa] Vwy ckj ds vanj esuw ckj dh gh dek.M gksrh gSaA
Horizontal & Vertical Scroll Bar :-
blds }kjk ist dks mij ls uhps ;k uhps ls mij nk;sa ls ck;sa ;k ck;sa ls nk;sa f[kldk ldrs
gSaA
Minimize :- bl vkWI'ku ls foaMks dk fefuekbZt djds VkLdckj ij j[k ldrs gSa A
Maximize :- blds }kjk foaMkst dks iwjh LØhu ij QSyk ldrs gSa A
Close :- blds }kjk fdlh Hkh foaMks dk Mk;jsDV Dykst dj ldrs gSa A
Note Pad :-;g ,Iyhds'ku ,Dlsljht esuw ds vanj feyrh gSA ;g foaMkst vkWijsfVax flLVe ds lkFk
cuh cukbZ vkrh gS] blds vanj fdlh Hkh VsDLV dks VkbZi dj ldrs gSa A ;g QkbZy ASCII format ds
mij dk;Z djrh gSA bl QkbZy ds vanj vf/kdre 64 fdyksckbZV dh buQkesZ'ku LVksj dj ldrs gSaA
blls vf?kd buQkesZ'ku gksus ij oMZ iSM dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA uksV iSM ds }kjk cukbZ xbZ
QkbZy dk Extension .TXT gksrk gSA uksV iSM gesa fofHkUu izdkj ds vkWI'ku izksokbZM djrk gSA tSls lpZ
djuk] dkWih djuk] lso djuk bR;kfn dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA
ASCII (American Standard Coded Information Interchange)

WORD PAD :-
Word Pad Application Accessories ds vanj feyrh gSA ;g uksV iSM ,Iyhds'ku dk
,Mokaflax otZu gS D;ksafd blesa uksV iSM ls T;knk lqfo/kk;sa gSaA bl ,Iyhds'ku dks oMZ izkslsflax
,Iyhds'ku Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl ,Iyhds'ku ds }kjk ysVj o MkD;wesaV tSls dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA blds
vanj ,Iyhds'ku dks lqanj cukus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds vkWI'ku fn;s x;s gSaA tSls& dylZ] cqysV~l]
QkSaV bR;kfn A oMZiSM dh QkbZy dk ,DVsa'ku .DOC gksrk gS A oMZ iSM ,Iyhds'ku dh foaMks vkWijsfVax
flLVe esa cuh cukbZ vkrh gSA
Option of Work Pad :-
1. Bullets dh lqfo/kk
2. Point Size c<+kus rFkk ?kVkus dh lqfo/kk
3. Tab Setting dh lqfo/kk
4. Paragraph Setting dh lqfo/kk gS A
Paint Brush :-
Paint Brush Accessaries Menu ds vanj feyrk gSA ;g ,d ,Iyhds'ku gS tks fd MªkbZax
cukus ds fy;s lqfo/kk iznku djrh gSA ;g ,Iyhds'ku foaMks vkWijsfVax flLVe ds lkFk cuh cukbZ vkrh

gSA blds }kjk cukbZ xbZ QkbZy dk ,DVsa'ku .BMP gksrk gSA ;g MªkbZax cukus ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj
ds VwYl izksokbZM djrk gS ftuds }kjk vklkuh ls MªkbZax cuk ldrs gSaA VwYl tSls& VsDLV QkbZy] ,vj
czs'k] isafly] lfdZy] jsfDVsaxy ykbZu bR;kfn vkSj dylZ Hkh cnys tk ldrs gSaA isaV czs'k ds }kjk cukbZ
xbZ QkbZy dks MsLd VkWi ds Åij cSdxzkm.M ds :i esa lsV dj ldrs gSaA
Calculater :- Calculater ,Dlsljht esuw ds vanj feyrk gSA ;g foaMks vkWijsfVax flLVe ds lkFk
cuk cuk;k vkrk gSA bl ,Iyhds'ku ls fdlh Hkh eSFkesfVdy dSydqys'ku dks dSydqysV dj ldrs gSaA
blesa nks izdkj ds dSydqysVj jgrs gSaA
i) Standard Calculater blesa lk/kkj.k dSydqys'ku dj ldrs gSa A
ii) Scientific Calculator blesa lkbZafVfQd dSydqys'ku dj ldrs gSaA
SHUT DOWN :-
Shut down option Start Menu ds vanj feyrk gSA blds }kjk dEI;wVj dks vyx&vyx
rjhds ls can fd;k tk ldrk gSA 'kV Mkmu foaMks ds vanj pkj vkWI'ku feyrs gSaA
i) Shut Down
ii) Restart
iii) Restart in MS-DOS
iv) Stand By

i)Shut Down :- bl vkI'ku ds ,IykbZ djus ij dEI;wVj iwjs rjhds ls can gks tkrk gSA bldks nqckjk
pkyw djus ds fy;s ikWoj cVu dk mi;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA
ii)Restart :- bl vkWI'ku ds ,IykbZ djus ij dEI;wVj vius vki can gksdj nksckjk pkyw gks tkrk gS
vkSj lhèks foaMks vkWijsfVax flLVe esa igqaprk gSA
iii)Restart in MS DOS :- bl vkWI'ku ds ,IykbZ djus ij dEI;wVj vius vki can gksdj nqckjk
LVkVZ gksrk gS vkSj lh/ks ,e-,l-MkWl esa igqaprk gSA
iv)Stand By :-LVSaM ckbZ esa dEI;wVj pkyw ekWM esa jgrs gq, gkMZ fMLd dks jhM ugha djrk gSA
Option of Start Menu
RUN :- bl vkWI'ku ds }kjk fdlh Hkh ,DthD;wVscy QkbZy dk iwjk ikFk crk;k tkrk gSA blesa
dsoy .Exe extension okyh QkbZyksa dks gh ju dj ldrs gSaA tSls dSydqysVj] uksViSM] oMZiSM] xsEl]
isaV czs'k] ,e-,l- ,DlsyA C:Windows directory ds vanj feyrh gS ;k fQj Browse
Button nck;saxs rks ge mlesa vksiu dj ldrs gSa A
FIND :-blds }kjk LVksjst fMokbZl ds vanj fdlh Hkh QkbZy vFkok QksYMj dks lpZ ;k <wa<+ ldrs gSaA
;g <wa<+us ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj ds vkI'ku izksokbZM djrk gS ftldh enn ls lfpZax vkSj vklku gks
tkrh gSA
tSl & i) Name vFkok Wild Card ds }kjk
ii) Date ds eqrkfcd
iii) Size ds eqrkfrc
DOCUMENT :-Document ds vanj ges'kk 10 ls 12 QkbZyksa dh fyLV jgrh gS blesa mUgha QkbZyksa
ds uke vkrs gSa ftu QkbZyksa dks ;wtj orZeku esa ;wt djrk gS dh fyLV jgsxhA t:jr iM+us ij og
MkD;wesaV vkWI'ku ls og QkbZy dks vksiu dj ldrk gSA
MkD;wesaV ds vanj dh fyLV dks gVk Hkh ldrs gSaA fyLV dks gVkus ds fy, VkLdckj dh
izkiVhZ esa tkrs gSa] fQj ml VkLdckj foaMks esa ls LVkVZ esuw ij fDyd djrs gSa] mlds vanj Dyh;j cVu
gksrk gS ftl ij fDyd djus ls MkD;wesaV dh fyLV gV tkrh gSA
QksYMj dks cukuk %&
QksYMj dks MsLd VkWi ds Åij ykus ds fy, %&
lcls igys MsLd VkWi ds [kkyh txg ij jkbZV fDyd djsaxs fQj lkVZ dV esuw esa U;w vkWI'ku
ij fDyd djsaxs rc ,d vkSj lc esuw fMLIys gksxk A ml esuw esa ls QksYMj ij fDyd djsaxsA blds
ckn QksYMj cu tk;sxk] mldk uke fy[kdj baVj ekjsaxs A
To delete an File and Folder :-
fdlh Hkh QkbZy dks o QksYMj dks fMyhV djus dk rjhdk %&
1- lcls igys ml vkbZVe dks lysDV djds ftldks fMyhV djsaxs mls lysDV djus ds ckn dhcksMZ ls
fMyhV cVu izsl djsaxs A
2- ml vk;Ve ds mij jkbV fDyd djsaxs] ftldks fMyhV djuk gS fQj lkVZ dV esuw esa ls fMyhV
ij fDyd djsaxsA

To Rename any file or folder :-
1. File ;k QksYMj ds Åij jkbZV fDyd djsaxs vkSj fQj lkVZ dV esuw esa ls fjuse ij fDyd djsaxs A
2- QkbZy ;k QksYMj ds uke ds mij nks ckj ekml dk ys¶V cVu fDyd djsa ysfdu dqN varjky ds
ckn fDyd djsaxsA
OPEN ANY FILE , FOLDER AND APPLICATION:-
1. File or Folder ds mij Mcy fDyd djsaxs
2- QkbZy ;k QksYMj ij jkbZV fDyd djds lkVZ dV esuw ds vanj ls vksiu ij fDyd djsaxs A
3- QkbZy ;k QksYMj dks lysDV djds bZVj ekjsaxs A
ENTERTAINMENT MENU :-
1 Media Player :-;g vkWI'ku ,lsljht esuw ds baVjVsuesaV esuw esa feyrk gSA blds }kjk ewoh ;k
fiDpj ns[kh tk ldrh gSA blesa flQZ MSV ,DVsa'ku okyh QkbZyksa dks gh pyk ldrs gSaA bl vkI'ku
dks pykus ds fy, dEI;wVj esa lkm.M dkMZ] Lihdj vkSj lhMh jkse dk gksuk t:jh gSA buds ,DVsa'ku
.DAT gS A
2.CD Player :- bl ,Iyhds'ku ds }kjk vkfM;ks lkWx lqu ldrs gSa A blesa dsoy .WAV vkSj MP3
Extension okyh QkbZyksa dks gh pyk ldrs gSA ;g vkWI'ku ,Dlsljht esuw ds baVjVsuesaV esuw esa
feyrk gSA bl vkWI'ku dks pykus ds fy, dEI;wVj esa lkm.M dkMZ] Lihdj vkSj lh-Mh- jkse dk gksuk
t:jh gSA
3. Sound Recorder :-blds }kjk vkfM;ks lkm.M ij ,MhfVax dj ldrs gSaA blesa vkWu ykbZu vkSj
vkWQ ykbZu nksuksa izdkj ds lkm.M ij dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa .WAV Extension okyh
QkbZyksa dks vksij fd;k tk ldrk gS A ;g vkWI'ku ,Dlsljht esuw ds baVjVsuesaV esuw esa feyrk gSA bl
vkWI'ku dks pykus ds fy, dEI;wVj esa lkmaM dkMZ Lisl vkSj lhMh jkse dk gksuk t:jh gSA
4. Volume Control : bl vkWI'ku ls vius dEI;wVj flLVe ds vkfM;ks o fofM;ks nksuksa ds lkm.M
dks daVªksy dj ldrs gSaA tSls& lkm.M c<+kuk o de djuk] FkzhMh bQsDV~l Mkyuk] cSysal djuk]
bDosykbZtj lsV djuk bR;kfn A ;s vkWI'ku ,Dlsljht esuw ds baVjVsuesaV esuw esa feyrk gSA bl vkI'ku
dks pykus ds fy, dEI;wVj esa lkm.M dkMZ vkSj lh-Mh- jkse dk gksuk t:jh gSA

SYSTEM TOOL :-
1.Scan Disk :- ;g ,d ;wfVfyVh izksxzke gS A bl izksxzke ds }kjk fdlh Hkh LVksjst fMokbZl dh
ykWftdy vkSj fQftdy bjj dks Bhd dj ldrs gSa A bldk mi;ksx djus ls LVksjst fMokbZl dh
txg Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA ;g vkWI'ku ,lsljht esuw ds flLVe Vwy esuw esa feyrk gSA
2.Disk Defregmenting :- ;g Hkh md ;wfVfyVh izksxzke gSA bl izksxzke ds }kjk Hkh LVksjst fMokbZl
esa txg c<+k ldrs gSa vkSj dEI;wVj dh LihM c<+k ldrs gSaA bl ;wfVfyVh izksxzke ls LVksjst fMokbZl
dh Qkby dks eseksjh ds vanj nqckjk fjvjsat djrs gSa rkfd csdkj iM+h txg dk mi;ksx dj ldsaA ;g
,lsljht esuw ds vanj flLVe VwYl esa feyrk gSA

3. Character Map :- bl ,Iyhds'ku esa igys ls dbZ cus cuk;s flEcYl gksrs gSa ftudks fd djsDVj
;k QkSaV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA gj QkWUV esa vyx&vyx izdkj ds flEckWy gksrs gSaA bu flEckWy dks fdlh
Hkh ,Iyhds'ku esa bUlVZ dj ldrs gSaA ;g ,lsljht ds vanj flLVe VwYl esa feyrk gS A
4. Backup :- blds }kjk fdlh Hkh QkbZy vFkok Mk;jsDVjh ;k LVksjst fMokbZl dk cSdvi cukdj
j[k ldrs gSaA cSdvi gkMZ fMLd Vw gkMZ fMLd cuk;k tk ldrk gS] gkMZ fMLd Vw ¶ykih fMLd esa
cuk;k tk ldrk gSA cSdvi cukbZ xbZ QkbZy dk ,DVsa'ku .QIC gksrk gSA ;g Qkby ckbZujh QkesZV esa
curh gS A ;g eseksjh dh de txg ?ksjrh gS vkSj bu QkbZyksa dks nqckjk i<+us ds fy, fjLVksj djuk
t:jh gSA ;g ,Dlsljht esuw ds flLVe Vwy esa feyrk gSA
5. Drive Converter Fat 32 :- ;g ,d ;wfVfyVh izksxzke gS A blds }kjk 16 fcV QSV dks 32 fcV
QSV esa duoVZ dj ldrs gSaA ,slk djus ls eseksjh dh Lisl c<+ tkrh gSA ysfdu vktdy foaMks 98] 95]
2000 tSls vkWijsfVax flLVe ds vanj duoVZ djus dh t:jr ugha iM+rh D;ksafd ;g igys ls 32 fcV
esa ifjofrZr feyrh gSA ;g ,lsljht esuw ds vanj flLVe Vwy esa feyrk gSA

6. Disk Cleanup :- bl ;wfVfyVh izksxzke ds }kjk dEI;wVj ds vanj dh vuuslsljh QkbZyksa dks
fMyhV dj ldrs gSa A ;g dEI;wVj dh VsEijsjh QkbZyksa dks ftudk ,DVsa'ku .TMP gksrk gS mUgsa
fMyhV djrh gSA
7. System Moniter :- blds }kjk vius flLVe dh ijQkjesal dks ,d xzkfQdy :i esa ns[k ldrs
gSaA ;g ijQkjesal ,d pkVZ ds :i esa fn[krk gSA tks fd gj 5 lsd.M ij vkVksesfVd viMsV gksrk
jgrk gSA
8. System Information :- bl izksxzke ds ek/;e ls dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j vkSj lk¶Vos;j nksuksa izdkj
dh fMVsYl ns[k ldrs gSaA gkMZos;j fMVsYl tSls ekuhVj] MªkbZoj dh tkudkjh] dh cksMZ dh tkudkjh]
ekml dh tkudkjh o IokbaVj dh tkudkjh bR;kfnA

9. Clip Board Viewer :-,d le; ij ,d gh tkudkjh gksrh gSA ;g ,d NksVk lk izksxzke gS tks
fd dEI;wVj dks vLFkkbZ eseksjh Lisl izksokbM djrk gSA blds }kjk fdlh Hkh buQkesZ'ku dks blds
vUnj LVksj dj ldrs gSaA exj ;g mUgha buQkesZ'ku dks LVksj djrk gS ftudks dV ;k dkih fd;k
tkrk gSA blds vanj ,d le; esa flQZ ,d gh buQkesZ'ku jgrh gSA
10.Drive Space :-bl izksxzke dk mi;ksx djds gkMZ fMLd dk eseksjh Lis'k c<+k ldrs gSa D;ksafd ;g
gekjh QkbZyksa dks dEizsl dj nsrh gS ftlls fMLd dh T;knk txg cu tkrh gSA
Control Panal :-
1. Add New Hardware :- blds }kjk vius dEI;wVj ds vanj fdlh U;w gkMZos;j dEiksusaV dks
,M dj ldrs gSa A bl vkWI'ku dh enn ls u;s gkMZos;j ds dEiksusaV dks baLVkWy fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
vkWI'ku vius vki gekjs dEI;wVj ls tqMs+ u;s gkMZos;j dEiksusaV dks jhM dj ysrk gS blds i'pkr~ ml
gkMZos;j dEiksusaV dk MªkbZoj bUlVky fd;k tkrk gSA
2. Add Remove Program :- blds }kjk dEI;wVj ds vanj u;s lk¶Vos;j dks bUlVkWy dj
ldrs gSa vkSj muls igys ls bUlVkWy lk¶Vos;j dks fjewo Hkh dj ldrs gSaA ;g izksxzke fjewo djrs
oDr ml lk¶Vos;j dh lHkh QkbZysa vius vki <wa<dj fjewo dj nsrk gSA

3. Date & Time :- bl ,Iyhds'ku ds }kjk ;wtj flLVe MsV vkSj flLVe VkbZe ns[k ldrk gSA
;g ,Iyhds'ku flLVe MsV vkSj flLVe VkbZe dks xzkfQdy :i esa n'kkZrk gSA t:jr iM+us ij MsV
vkSj VkbZe cny Hkh ldrs gSaA blds }kjk VkbZe fMftVy vkSj ,ukykWx nksuksa rjhds ls ns[k ldrs gSa
rFkk fdlh Hkh eghus vkSj lky dh MsV dks ns[k ldrs gSaAlhih;w ds enj cksMZ ds vanj ,d lsy yxk
jgrk gS ftlds }kjk gh og MsV vkSj VkbZe fMLIys djrk gSA

4. Mouse :- bl ,Iyhds'ku ds ek/;e ls ekml dh izkiVhZ dks cny ldrs gSaA blesa fofHkUu izdkj ds
vkWI'ku fn;s jgrs gSa ftuds }kjk ekml ds dk;Z djus dh fof/k dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA
tSls& 1- Mcy fDyd dh LihM dks de ;k T;knk djuk A
2- ekml ds IokbaVj dk 'ksi vyx vyx dk;Z ds vuqlkj cnty
3- ekml ds ewo djus dh xfr dks de ;k T;knk djuk A
4- ekml ds Vªsy vkWI'ku dks ,IykbZ djuk A
5- ekml dks ys¶V gS.M vFkok jkbZV gS.M ds eqrkfcd lsV djuk A
dlZj Qkby dk ,DlVsa'ku .CUR gksrk gSA
5. Display :-bl vkI'ku ds }kjk ekWuhVj dk fMLIys cny ldrs gSaA tSls cSdxzkm.M cnyuk] LØhu
lsoj cnyuk] lsfVax cnyuk bR;kfn A
i) Background :-bl vkI'ku ls MsLd VkWi dk cSdxzkm.M cnyk tk ldrk gS A tSls cus&cuk;s
oky isij cSdxzkm.M esa yk;s tk ldrs gSaA vkSj isaV czs'k esa cuk;s x;s isij dks Hkh cSdxzkm.M esa yk;k
tk ldrk gSA
ii)Screen Saver :- bl vkI'ku ds }kjk ge viuh LØhu dks lso dj ldrs gSaA vxj ikloMZ ns
fn;k gS rks LØhu lsoj rHkh gVsxk tc lgh ikloMZ Mkysaxs A
iii) Apperance :-Apperance ds ek/;e ls foaMks esa fMLIys gksus okyh vyx&vyx foaMkst dk
,fi;jsal cny ldrs gSaA tSls foaMks dk dyj] VkbZVy ckj dk dyj] esuw dk dyj bR;kfn A vkSj
viuh [kqn dh dyj lsfVax dks lso Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
iv) Setting :- bl vkI'ku ls dEI;wVj ds dylZ dks vkSj dEI;wVj ds fiDly lkbZt dks de ;k
T;knk fd;k tk ldrk gSA

6. Printer :- bl vkI'ku ds }kjk dEI;wVj esa u;s fizaVj balVky dj ldrs gSa vkSj igys ls baLVky
fd;s x;s fizaVj dh izkiVhZ dks Hkh cny ldrs gSaA tSls dyj ;k CySd ,.M OgkbZV fizafVax fudkyuk]
ykbZV vFkok MkdZ fizaV fudkyuk] iksjVªsV vFkok yS.M Ldsi esa fizaV fudkyuk vkfn A
u;s fizaVj dks baLVkWy djuk %&
u;s fizaVj dks baLVkWy djus ls igys fizaVj dks dEI;wVj esa tksM+k tkrk gS mlds ckn ,M U;w
fizaVj ij Mcy fDyd djrs gSa rc fizaVj fotkMZ foaMks fMLIys gksrh gSA
LVsi %&
1- igys usDLV cVu ij fDyd fd;k tkrk gSA
2- fQj usVodZ ds VkbZi dks lysDV djrs gSa A yksdy ;k usVodZ yksdy ij fDyd djds usDLV ij
fDyd djsaxs A
3- bl LVsi esa MªkbZoj dk uke lysDV fd;k tkrk gS A blesa eSuqQSDpfjax o MªkbZoj dh fyLV nh jgrh
gSA MªkbZoj lysDV djus ds ckn usDLV ij fDyd djrs gSaA
4- bl LVsi esa fizaVj dk iksVZ lysDV djrs gSaA ckbZ fMQkYV dEI;wVj [kqn iksVZ dks lysDV dj ysrk gS
blds ckn usDLV ij fDyd djsaxs A ftlesa ge isij yxkrs gSa mls iksVZ dgrs gSaA
5- bl fizaVj esa fMQkYV fizaVj cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj fQj usDLV ij fDyd djsaxs A
6- bl LVsi esa VsLV ist fizaV djok;k tkrk gSA vkSj fQj fQfu'k ij fDyd fd;k tkrk gSA
Recycle Bin :-;g foaMks dh cuh cukbZ ,Iyhds'ku gS] bl ,Iyhds'ku dks MLV fcu Hkh dgrs gSaA
D;ksafd foaMks esa jgrs gq;s vxj fdlh QkbZy vFkok Mk;jsDVjh dks fMyhV djrs gSa rks og lh/ks
fjlkbZdy fcu esa tkdj LVksj gks tkrh gSA fjlkbZdy fcy fMyhV dh xbZ QkbZy vkSj Mk;jsDVjh dk
dysD'ku gS rFkk t:jr iM+us ij fjlkbZdy fcu ds }kjk fMyhV QkbZy vkSj QksYMj dks fjLVksj dj
ldrs gSaA fjlkbZdy fcu dh LVksjst dSikflVh de ;k T;knk dj ldrs gSa vkSj t:jr iM+us ij
fjlkbZdy fcu dh QkbZy ,oa QksYMj dks ges'kk ds fy;s Hkh gVk ldrs gSaA ;g ,Iyhds'ku ckbZ fMQkYV
MsLdVkWi ds mij cuh jgrh gS A

My Computer :-My Computer Desk Top ds Åij cuk gqvk vkrk gS A ;g gesa dEI;wVj ds
gkMZos;j vkSj lk¶Vos;j nksuksa dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA blds }kjk fdlh Hkh LVksjst fMokbl ds vanj
igqapdj mldh tkudkjh ns[k ldrs gSa] QkbZy dks dkWih dj ldrs gSa] fMyhV dj ldrs gSa bR;kfn A
blds vykok dEI;wVj esa yxs gq;s gkMZos;j dEiksusaV dh tkudkjh Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
tSls& gkMZ fMLd dh LVksjst dSisflVh] jSe dh LVksfjax dSisflVh vkSj vU; gkMZos;j dEiksusaV
dh tkudkjh ns[k ldrs gSa A
Windows Explorer :-
;g ,d ,Iyhds'ku gS ftlds }kjk foaMks ds vanj dh vkSj dEI;wVj dh lHkh LVksjst fMokbZl
dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA foaMks ,DlIyksjj ls fdlh Hkh LVksjst fMokbl esa tkdj bldh
tkudkjh ns ldrs gSaA blds vykok ;wtj [kqn ds QksYMj Hkh cuk ldrk gSA ;g foaMkst nks Hkkxksa esa
foHkkftr gSA
1. Folder or Storage Device Details
2. Files or Sub-folders Details
igyh foaMks ges'kk QksYMj vkSj LVksjst fMokbZl dh tkudkjh nsrh gS vkSj ;g buQkesZ'ku dks
,d Vªh ds :i esa fn[kkrh gSA vxj fdlh QksYMj ds vanj lcQksYMj gksaxs rks mlds vkxs $ dk fpUg
cuk nsrh gS vkSj vxj $ ds fpUg ij fDyd djrs gSa rks ;g QksYMj ds vanj dh tkudkjh fn[kkrk gSA
tcfd nwljh foaMks ds vanj lc QksYMlZ vkSj QkbZy dh fMVsYl fMLIys gksrh gS ftldks fd dkih dj
ldrs gSa] fjuse dj ldrs gSa] ewo dj ldrs gSa] fMyhV dj ldrs gSa vkSj fdlh Hkh QkbZy dks Mk;jsDV
vksiu dj ldrs gSaA blds vykok fdlh Hkh QkbZy vFkok QksYMj dh izkiVhZ ns[k ldrs gSaA

Object Embedding :-
;g eSFkM dV vkSj isLV ;k fQj vkCtsdV ds }kjk ,IykbZ fd;k tkrk gSA bl eSFkM esa isLV
dh xbZ buQkesZ'ku ds Åij Mcy fDyd djds mlh ,Iyhds'ku esa jgrs gq, blesa ,MhfVax dj ldrs
gSaA vkctsDV ,EcsfMax ds fy;s buQkesZ'ku dks dkih ;k dV djrs gSa vkSj fQj tgka pkfg, ogka ij
ukeZy isLV djrs gSaA isLV dh xbZ buQkesZ'ku esa tc Hkh psat djrs gSa ml buQkesZ'ku ij Mcy fDyd
djrs gh ,MhfVax LØhu fMLIys gks tkrh gS ftlds }kjk mlesa psat dj ysrs gSaA ;k fQj bulVZ esuw esa
ls vkctsDV ds }kjk Hkh vkctsDV ,EcsfMax fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Sharing Information between Programs :-
1. OLE [Object Linking Embeding] :-
OLE ,d eSFkM gS tksfd ,d ,Iyhds'ku gS A bldk mi;ksx nks lse ,Iyhds'ku o nks
vyx&vyx ,Iyhds'ku ds Åij fd;k tkrk gSA vks-,y-bZ- dks nks vyx&vyx Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gS &
1. Object Linking
2. Object Embeding
OLE Object Linking Embed esa dkWih ;k dV] isLV tSls vkI'ku ds lkFk rFkk fQj vkWOtsDV
vkWI'ku ds lkFk cuk;k tk ldrk gS A
1. Object Linking :-
Object Linking Copy vkSj isLV vkI'ku ls gh rS;kj gksrk gSA blesa dkWih dh xbZ buQkesZ'ku
lkslZ buQkesZ'ku ls fyad jgrh gSA tc Hkh lkslZ buQkesZ'ku esa psat fd;k tkrk gS dkWih dh xbZ
buQkesZ'ku vius vki psat gks tkrh gSA vks-,y-bZ- eSFkM esa dkWih fd;k x;k vkOtsDV dsoy lkslZ QkbZy
dh eseksjh Lisl dks vkD;wikbZ djrk gSA vkOtsDV fyafdax ds fy;s nksuks QkbZyksa dk lso gksuk t:jh
jgrk gSA vkCtsDV fyafdax dk eSFkM nks leku iSdst okyh ,Iyhds'ku ij gh ,IykbZ gks ldrk gSA
blds fy;s lcls igys buQkesZ'ku dks dkWih djrs gSa fQj tgka bulVZ djuk gS ogka ij dlZj j[kdj
isLV Lis'ky ij fDyd djsaxs vkSj fQj isLV cVu ij fDyd dj nsaxs A blesa nksuksa QkbZysa lso gksuk
pkfg, A
Multiple Users Features of Windows :-
blesa eYVhiy ;wtj dk;Z dj ldrs gSa &
1. Multiprocessing
2. Multitasking
3. Multi Programming
4. Multi Saving

lHkh izdkj ds ;wtj ,d gh gkMZos;j dks ,lsl djsaxsA foaMks vkWijsfVax flLVe esa dbZ ;wtj dks
dk;Z djus ds fy;s muds vyx&vyx ykfxu fØ;sV fd;s tkrs gSa ftlesa fd ;wtj use o ikloMZ
fn;k tkrk gSA lHkh ;wtj ds fy;s MsLd VkWi] ekbZ MkD;wesaV] LVkVZ esuw tSls vkI'ku fey tkrs gSaA gj
;wtj vius vyx MsLdVkWi esa ekbZ MkD;wesaV esa dk;Z djrk gS A ;g lHkh ;wtj eYVhVkLfdax] eYVh
izksxzkfeax] eYVh izkslsflax QhplZ dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA foaMks vkWijsfVax flLVe mudk vyx ls izksQkbZy
fØ,V djrk gS ftlesa lHkh ;wtj dh Mk;jsDVjh LVksj jgrh gS vkSj mlesa mudk dk;Z u;s ;wtj dks
cukus ds fy;s daVªksy iSuy esa tkdj ;wtj vkWI'ku ds }kjk fØ,V fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa fd ;wtj use
vkSj ikloMZ nsrs gSaA
uksV %& daVªksy iSuy esa ikloMZ ;wtj esa fDyd djsaxs fQj ikloMZ nsuk gksxkA og nks ckj ikloMZ
iwaNsxk rks ogh ikloMZ nsuk gksxk tks fd igys fn;k x;k gSA ykWfxu vkWQ djus ls ;wtj vius ykWx~l
ds ckgj vk tk;sxkA
ykbusDl
ykbuDl ,d vkijsfVx flLVe gS A bl vkijsfVx flLVe dks ;wfuDl vkijsfVax flLVe ds
vk/kkj ij cuk;k x;k gS A bl vkijsfVax flLVe dks ;wfu;jVªksoksYM us Msoyi fd;k gSA
ykbusDl vkijsfVax flLVe th];w]vkbZ ¼xzkfQdy ;wlj baVjQsl½ ij vk/kkfjr gS A ;g
vkijsfVax flLVe Qkby flD;wjhVh ¼flD;wjhVh½ ds fy;s lcls ikojQwy gS A ;g vkijsfVax flLVe dh
lfdZy csLM vkijsfVax flLVe gS ;g vkijsfVax flLVe baVjusV ls Qzh es MkmuyksM fd;k tk ldrk
gS A vkSj bl vkijsfVax fLkLVe ds dusZy dks dksbZ Hkh O;fDr eksMhQkbZ ughsa dj ldrk gS A bl
vkijsfVx flLVe dk mi;ksx mUgh txgks ij fd;k tkrk gS tgka flD;wfjVh dks egRo nsrs gS A ;g
vkijsfVaax flLVe usVodZ cukus dh lwfo/kk nsrk gS A yk;usDl ds ekdsZV esa fofHkUu izdkj ds olZu
ekSwtwn gS ysfdy bues jsMgsM vkSj fou yk;usDl lcls T;knk mi;ksx ayk;k tkrk gS A
QhplZ vkQ yk;usDl %&
1- eYVhizksxzkfeax %&
yk;usDl vkijsfVax flLVe eas ,d lkFk dbZ izksxzke dks dbZ ;wlj ds }kjk pyk;k tk ldrk gS
A ;gka rd dh ,d flLVe ds vUnj Hkh ,d lkFk dbZ izksxzke dks ju dj ldrs gS D;ksafd ykbusDl
vkijsfVax flLVe dk izkslhlj eYVhizksflax dks liksV djrk gS A
2- eYVh;wlj %&
bl vkijsfVax flLVe dEi;wVj dks vkil es tksM dj ,d gh le; dbZ ;wlj ;k O;fDr dk;Z
dj ldrs gSA
3- eYVhVkfLdax %&
bl vkijsfVax flLVe esa ,d ls vf/kd VkLd dks ,d gh le; ij mi;ksx djus dh lwfo/kk
gksrh gSA
4- Vk;lsfjax %&
bl vkijsfVx flLVe es lHkh ;wtj ;k flLVe dks izkslsl ds fy;s VkbZe ,syksV fd;k tkrk
gS A
5- opwZvy eseksjh %&
yk;usDl tc fdlh izksxzke dks ju djrk gS vkSj vxj og izksxzke vf/kd cMk gS rks mldks ju
djus ds fy;s jse d }kjk nh xbZ eseksjh lkfQfl;sUV ugh gS rc ;g gkMZ fMLd ds vUnj ls dqN Lisl
fudky dj izksxzke dks ju djrk gS mls gh opwZvy eseksjh dgrs gS A
6- Mkt bE;wysVj%&
yk;usDl vkijsfVx flLVe es b],e];w] uke dk izksxzke gksrk gS ftldks dh Mksfle dgrs gS
ftldks pykus ij bE;wysVj curk gS ftl ij dh og Mksl ds fdlh izksxzke dks pyk ldrk gS bles
Mksl es tkus dh vko';drk ugh iMrh gSA

7- uaasVodZ buQkjeslu lfoZl %&
yk;usDl vkijsfVsax flLVe es ;wlj viuh QkbZyks ds vyx vyx :i es cukdj mls usVodZ
es 'ks;j dj ldrk gSA
8- oso lfoZl %&
ykbusDl vkijsfVax flLVe es osc ist dks pykus ds fy;s vkSj oso ist cukus ds fy;s fofHkUu
lksQ~Vos;j fn;s gS A bu lkQVos;j ls oso ist cukdj mUgs ju dj ldrs gS bl dk;Z ds fy;s
yk;usDl ih]MCy],l dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Qkby loZj vkQ yk;usDl %&
yk;usDl vkijsfVax flLVe es QkbYl dks LVksj djus ds fy;s ikojQqy lhD;wfjVh ¼flD;wfjVh½
nh xbZ gS A bles lHkh ;wlj viuh Qkby dks viuh [kqn dh Mk;jsDVjh Hkh cuk ldrk gS vkSj cuh
cukbZ Hkh feyrh gS A
yk;usDl vkijsfVax flLVe es Mk;jsDVjh dks Hkh Qkby dgka tkrk gS bles lHkh Qkby ,d Vªh
ds QkeZ es LVksj gksrh gS] bles ,d esu Mk;jsDVjh gksrh gS] ftldks #V dgrs gS A ftldks dh @ ls
n'kkZ;k tkrk gS #V Mk;jsDVjh ds vUnj igys ls n'kZk;k tkrk gS A dqN cuh Mk;jsDVjh Hkh gksrh gS
vkSj bu Mk;DVjh ds vUnj Hkh vyx&vyx Qkby LVksj jgrh gS] Mk;jsDVjh tSls %&bin, lib, dev, etc,
usr etc. ;s lHkh Mk;DVjh fl/ks #V Mk;jsDVjh ls twMh jgrh gS A
1- bin Mk;jsDVhª %&fou Mk;jsDVªh ds vUnj bDthD;wVsoy Qkby LVksj jgrh gS] ftu Qkby ds vUnj
yk;usDl dh dekUM fy[kh jgrh gS A
2- lib Mk;jsDVªh %& blds vUnj yhsusDl vkijsfjax flaLVe dh yk;czsjh Qkby LVksj jgrh gS A ftles
yk;usDl dh QU'ku fy[ks jgrs gS ftus dh izksxzke mi;ksx djrs gS A
3- dev Mk;jsDVªh %& Mso Mk;jsDVªh es os Qkby jgrh gSs ftuds vUnj buiqV] vkmViwV fMokbZlst dh
tkudkjh gksrh gS A bl Mk;jsDVªh es gj MhsokbZlst dh vyx&vyx Qkby jgrh gS A
4- etc Mk;jsDVªh %& blds vUnj Hkh ,DthD;wVsoy Qkby LVksj jgrh gS A ftudks dh flLVe Qkby~l
Hkh dgka tkrk gSA
5- usr Mk;jsDVªh %& tc Hkh flLVe ,MhehuhLVªsVj u;s ,dkmUV cukrk gS rc mldh ;wlj Mk;jsDVªh
vius vki cu tkrk gS ;g Mk;jsDVªh ;wlj ls twMh jgrh gS ;wlj ds }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;Z fdlh
Mk;jsDVªh ds vUnj LVksj gksrs gS vkSj t:jr iMus ij ;qlj viuh lc Mk;jsDVªh bles cuk ldrk gS A
Installing requirement of Linux.
Linux Operating System dks install djus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr Minimum Hardware dh vko';drk gksrh
gS%&
&Motherboard ¼enjcksMZ½
&HARD DISK ¼gkMZ fMLd½
&VIDEO SYSTEM ¼ohfM;ks flLVe½
&Mouse ¼ekml½
&TAPE DRIVES ¼Vsi MªkbO;½
&CD-ROM ¼lh-Mh- jkse½
&REMOVABLE MEDIA ¼fjewoscy ehfM;k½
&PRINTERS ¼fizUVlZ½
&MODEMS ¼eksMse½

&TERMINALS ¼VfeZuYl½
1. Mother Board & CPU Requirements : - Linux O.S. dks Intel 80386, 80486 or Pentium
CPU esa pyk;k tk ldrk gSA Linux O.S. dks Apple Powermac esa Hkh pyk;k tk ldrk
gSA
2. Linux Opersting System dks cgqr de Memory dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA nwljh Advance
O.S. dh vis{kk Linux dks de ls de 4 MB dh vko';drk iM+rh gS pkgsa rks blesa vf/kd
eseksjh dk mi;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA Linux Memory System 32 Bit AT Processor dks
liksVZ djrk gSA
3. HDD - Linux O. S. ,d gh e'khu ij ,d ls vf/kd Hard Drive dks Support djrk gSA
Linux Operating System esa vyx&vyx LVksjst fMokbl esa Lisl ,yksdsV dj ldrs gSaA
Linux Operating System dks de ls de 20 MB Lisl dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA Linux dks
lgh <+x ls pykus ds fy;s yxHkx 200 MB ;k vf/kd Mega Byte dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
4. Video Adapter :-Linux dbZ Video Card dks Support djrk gSA tSls &CGA, EGA, BGA,
IBM, Mono, Chrom, SPGA, bR;kfnA
5. Miscellaneous Hardware:- Linux Operating System esa dbZ vyx Hardware fMokblsl
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tSls &CD ROM, Printer, Modem, Eathernet Card etc.
izksxzke vkSj izkslsl vkQ yk;usDl%&
yk;usDl vkijsfVx flLVe esa tks Hkh dk;Z ;wlj ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS mu lHkh dk;Z dks
djus ds fy;s flLVe es ,d eseksjh Lisl lsysdV gksrh gS ;g Lisl yk;usDl vkijsfVx flLVe ,yksdsV
djrh gS bldks d.kZy ds }kjk ,yksdsV djok;k tkrk gS A bu lHkh izkslsl ds fy;s yk;usDl vkijsfVzx
flLVe ;wuhd izkslsl vkbZ Mh cukrk gS A ftldks dh ih-vkb-Mh uEcj dgrs gS A bu izkslsl vkbZ Mh
dks ,d izkslsl use Hkh fn;k tkrk gS A t:jr ijuas ij flLVe es py jgh lHkh izkslsl dk uEcj dks
ns[k ldrs gS vkSj mudks chp es [kRe Hkh dj ldrs gS A izkslsl vkbZ-Mh- uEcj dks ns[kus ds fy;s ih-
,l-Mh- use dh dekUM dk ;wt fd;k tkrk gS A fdlh Hkh izkslsl tSls izkslsl 10 dks [kRe djus ds
fy;s dhy dekUM dk ;wt djrs gS dhy dekUM izkslsl ds lkFk izzkslsl vkbZ-Mh- dk use fn;k tkrk gS ]
ftldks fdy djuk gksrk gS A
Process Creation and Process Identifiers :-
Linux esa tc Hkh fdlh Process dks Execute djok;k tkrk gS rks Memory Allocation ds
lkFk lHkh Process dks Process Name fn;k tkrk gS vkSj lHkh dks Unique Process ID Number fn;k
tkrk gSA Process ID Number dks Process Identifier Hkh dgrs gSA Process Name vkSj Process ID
Number dks PS Command ds }kjk ns[k ldrs gSa vkSj mu Process dks Process ID dh enn ls chp esa
gh Brake dj ldrs gSA bl dk;Z ds fy, Kill Command ds lkFk Process ID Number nsuk iM+rk gSSA
User [kqn Hkh fdlh Process dks Background eas Hkst ldrk gSA blds fy, Command Name ds ckn
(&) Symbol yxk;k tkrk gSA
Function of a Profile :-
yk;usDl vkijsfVx flLVe esa lHkh ;wlj ds fy;s ,d Lis'ky Mk;jsDVªh nh tkrh gS A ftl
Mk;jsDVªh ds vUnj ;wlj vius lHkh odZ dks LVksj djrs gS vkSj gj ;wlj Mk;jsDVªh ds lkFk ds lkFk
,d Lis'ky Qkby Hkh curh gS ftldks dh izksQkby Qkby dgrs gS A ;g izksQkby Qkby lHkh
Mk;jsDVªh es cukbZ tkrh gS mldks [kwn vkijsfVax flLVe curk gS bu Qkby ds vUnj ;wlj dh dkjsaV
ofdZx Mk;jsDVªh ds uke] Mk;jsDVªh dk ikFk ] lsy dk uke bR;kfn tSlh tkudkjh fy[kh jgrh gS A bl
Qkby dks ;wlj [kqn vksiu djds cnyko dj ldrk gS ;k ,MhfVaax dj ldrk gS A

Loging in and Logging out:-
yk;usDl vkijsfVax flLVve fldjhZVh vkQ ofdZx izksokbM djus ds fy;s tkuk tkrk gS A bl
fy;s yk;usDl es lHkh ;wlj dks vyx ls mldk ysfxax uke fn;k tkrk gS A ykafxax lcds ,d leku
gks ldrs gS ] ysfdu muds ikloMZ lcls vyx vyx gksaxs A tc Hkh ;wlj dks usVodZ ls twMuk gksxk]
lcls igys ykafxax uke vkSj ikloMZ Vkbi djuk gksxk A vxj ykaafxx uke o ikloMZ lgh gS rks usV
odZ es dusDV gks tk;sxk vU;Fkk ugh A
ykafxax uke o ikloMZ u;s ;wlj dk ,dkmUV cukrs oDr rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS ;g dk;Z
,MehLVsªVj ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS yk;usDl ls dk;Z [kRe djus ds i'pkr ckgj vkus ds fy;s
ykaxvkmV izkslsl dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A
Linux Structure:
Linux kernal:-
djuy ,d lkQVos;j gS tks fd lsy vkSj gkMZos;j ds chp es dk;Z djrk gS A ;g ,d
izksxzke gS tks dh funsZ'kks dks gkMZos;j rd vkSj fjtyV~l dks ;wtj ;k lsy rd igqpkus dk dk;Z djrk
gS tc Hkh ;wlj dksbZ funs'Zk nsrk gS og funZ'k lcls igys lsy ds ikl vkrk gS fQj blds ckn lsy
mUgs djusy dks nsrk gS djusy mldks e'khu QkeZ es duoVZ djds gkMZos;j dks nsrk gS yk;usDl ds
dkuZy dks dksbZ Hkh O;fDr eksMhQkb ugha dj ldrk gS A
Shell:-
'ksy ,d lkIVos;j gS ;g izksxzke ;wlj dks dk;Z djus ds fy;s buokjesaV cukdj nsrk gS 'ksy
;wlj vkSj djuy ds e/; dk;Z djrk gS ;wlj ds }kjk fn;s x;s funsZ'k lcls igys lsy ds ikl vkrs gS
vkSj fQj lsy mUgs duZy dks Hkstrk gS A
'ksy ges'kk duZy o ;wlj ls ges'kk twMk jgrk gS A gkMZos;j dh uksys ugh gksxh rks Hkh ;g
flLVe ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS A
Application:-
flLVe lkIVos;j dks ,Iyhds'ku lkQVos;j es jgrs gw;s gh cuk;k tkrk gS fdlh fo'ks"k dk;Z
ds esustesV vkfn es ;wlj es ;wt fd;k tkrk gS A tSls oMZ izkslslj] MkVk osl esustesaV vkfn es ;qt
fd;k tkrk gS A
Utlility:-
;s ,sls lkIVos;j gS tks flLVe is MhisUM gksrs gS A gj flLVe lkIVos;j ds ;wfVfyVh
lkIVos;j gksrs gS A lkIVos;j flLVe lkIVos;j ds lkFk bufoysV vkrs gS A
Boot block, Super block, Index table, Data block dks le>k,sa A
Boot Block:
S – 5 File System Type
Linux Operating System esa Standard File System gksrk gS] ftldks fd S – 5 File
System Type dgk tkrk gSA blesa lcls igys Boot Block gksrk gSA ftldks fd First Block dgrs gSA
;g ges'kk Zero Block esa jgrk gSA bl Block ds vUnj Booting Procedure Define jgrs gSA tks fd
System Files ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
Super Block
;g Block File, System ds Block No. 1 esa jgrk gSA bl Block dks Super Block dgrs gSA
bl Super Block ds vUnj System Files dh tkudkjh fy[kh jgrh gS tSls &
System Files dh Memory Size, States, System Files ds Index vkSj muds Storage
Block.

Index Table
Index Table Memory Block ds vUnj Store jgrk gSA Index Table ds fy, Hkh Linux
Operating System dbZa Memory Block nsrk gSA Boot Block vkSj Super Block ds ckn ds 'ks"k
Blocks Index Table ds fy, jgrs gSA Index Table ds vUnj lHkh System Files dh Information
Store jgrh gSA
Data Block
Data Block dks Storage Block Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl Block ds vUnj System File dh
Information fy[kh jgrh gSA
Explain basic structure of linux operating system:
KERNEL:
ykbuDl ,d eYVhVkfLadx ¼Multitasking½ eYVh;wtj ¼Multiuser½ vkWijsafVx
flLVE ¼Operating System½ gS tks fd duZy ¼Kernel½ vkSj iSjhQsjy ¼Peripheral½
liksVZ ¼Support½ ds vk/kkj ij fcYdqy ;wfuDl ¼Unix½ vkWijsfVax flLVe ¼Operatin
System½ dh rjg gSA okLro esa] ykbuDl Intel 80 386 CPU izksVsDVsM eksM
¼Protected Mode½ ds fy;s fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA ykbuDl lh-ih-;w- bULVªD'ku lSV
¼CPU Instruction Set½ esa vk/kqfud xq.kksa dk cgqr vPNk mi;ksx djrk gSA
ykbuDl 80396 dk eSeksjh eSustesaV ¼Memory Management½ cgqr vPNk
FkkA ¶yksfVax ikWbUV bE;wys'ku :Vhu ¼Floating Point Imulation Routine½ ykbuDl
dks mu e'khuksa ij Hkh dk;Z djus nsrk gS ftuesa fd eSFkdksizkslslj ¼Math Co
processor½ ugha gksrk gSA
ykbuDl c¡Vs gq, dk;ksZ dk Hkh leFkZu djrk gSA dbZ dk;Z ,d gh eSeksjh esa ,d
lkFk gks ldrs gSa ftls dkWih&vku&jkbV ¼Copy-on-write½ ist dgrs gSaA
;g ,d Program gS tks fd Hardware Part ls Direct tqM+k jgrk gSA bl Program ds }kjk gh
User Hardware Part ls Connect gks ldrk gSA Kernel ds ikl Shell ds }kjk funsZ'k igaqprs gS vkSj
fQj Kernel mUgsa Hardware Part rd igqapkrk gS Machine Language esa Convert djrs gq, vkSj
Kernel Hardwarels feys gq, Instruction okil Shell dks nsrk gSA
Kernel Hardware vkSj Shell ds chp esa dk;Z djrk gSA
Explain the File System of Linux:
Linux Operating System esa Files dks mudh Category ;k Type ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx Directory
esa Store fd;k tkrk gSA bl Operating System dk File Structure ,d Tree ds :i esa gksrk gSA blesa
,d Root Directory gksrh gS ftldks dh Main Directory dgrs gSA bl Directory esa Linux dh lHkh
KERNEL
SHELL
Hardwar
eTools & Application program

Directory vkSj Files Store jgrh gSA Root Directory dks ( / )Symbol ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gS vkSj blds
vanj By Default igys ls dbZa Directory cuh jgrh gSSSA
tSls% Dev, Bin, Lib, Usr, Etc
Explain VI Editor.
VI Editor Unix Operating System dk Part gSA ;g Addition Unix vkSj Linux nksuks esa
pyk;k tk ldrk gSA VI Editor Edit vkSj Edin dk Advance :i gSA bl Addition esa Text File
vkSj Shell File cukbZ tk ldrh gSA blds }kjk File cuk Hkh ldrs gS vkSj File ds vanj dh Information
iM+ Hkh ldrs gSA VI Editor esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds dk;Z dks djus ds fy, mlds Command Mode dks
Change fd;k tkrk gSA blds ckn dk;Z vuqlkj Command nsdj Work djrs gSA
lcls igys Command Mod Change djus ds fy, Esc Key Press dh tkrh gSA
(1) H  blds }kjk Left Hand Side esa dlZj Shift dj ldrs gSA
(2) L  blds }kjk Right Hand Side esa dlZj Shift dj ldrs gSA
(3) J  blds }kjk Down esa dlZj Shift dj ldrs gSA
(4) K  blds }kjk Up esa dlZj Shift dj ldrs gSA
(5) I  Insert djus ds fy,A
(6) A  Append djus ds fy,A
(7) Y  Copy djus ds fy,A
(8) X  Character dkss Delete djus ds fy,A
(9) PP  Paste djus ds fy,A
(10) do  First Line dkss Delete djus ds fy,A
(11) dd  Current Line Delete djus ds fy,A
(12) dw  Word dkss Delete djus ds fy,A
(13) :QW  Save djus ds fy, vkSj ckgj vkus ds fy,A
gesa bl ckr dk [;ky j[kuk pkfg, fd gj Command dks Use djus ds ckn tc nwljh Command nsuk
gS rks Esc Key Press djsaxsA
Syntax:– VI File Name 
root
Dev Bin Lib Usr Etc Home

Explain the following Commands:
1. wc 2. mail 3. date 4. cal
1. wc
bl dekaM ds }kjk fdlh Hkh QkbZy ds vUnj ds oMZ~l] djsDVlZ vkSj ykbu dks dkmUV djds n’kkZ
ldrs gSaA blds lkFk fofHkUu vkWIlu mi;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA
Option:-
-w : only word
-l : only line
-c : only character
syntax
wc option filename
2. mail
bl dekaM ds }kjk ;wtj fdlh vkSj ;wtj dks esy Hkst ldrk gS vkSj vius ,dkmUV dh esy fyLV
dks ns[k ldrk gSA
Syntax
a) mail
b) mail username
--------------
-------------
ctrl+d
3. date
bl dekaM ds }kjk ;wtj dEI;wVj dh flLVe MsV ,oa Vkbe dks ns[k ldrk gSA ckbZ fMQkYV ;g
flLVe MsV vkSj Vkbe n’kkZrk gS blds lkFk fofHkUu vkWI’ku mi;ksx esa yk;s tk ldrs gSaA
option : -
%d day
%m month
%y year
%H hour
%M minute
%S second
syntax
date option
4. Cal
bl dekaM ds }kjk ;wtj fdlh Hkh ekg vkSj o"kZ dk dsysUMj n’kkZrk gSA

syntax
cal monthno year
cal 3 1999
1- B C Command [binary calculator]-
bl dyD;wysVj ds }kjk yk;usDl es eSFkesfVdyl dyD;wys'ku dj ldrs gS A tSls dh
dyD;wys'ku dyD;wds'ku jhekUM dyD;wys'ku bR;kfn A
Syntex - B C -
Example- 4+5
= 9
Exqmple- 2+3
= 6 Quit
Quit Command -
chul dyD;wys'ku ls ckgj fudyus ds fy;s D;wV dekUM dk ;wt fd;k tkrk gS A
2- Cat Command -
dkV dekUM ls ubZ Qkby cukbZ tkrh gS vkSj cuh gqbZ Qkby dh baVjes'ku dks ns[kk Hkh
tkrk gSA
Create the File Syntax-
Syntax- Cat Newfile Name Fifle - dks cukus ds fy;s bl dekUM dk ;wt fd;k tkrk gS A
Syntax - Cat Filename -
Qkby ds dUVs'k dks ns[kus ds fy;s usV Qkby dks lso djus ds fy;s Ctrl+ D djsxs A
3- RMDIR Command -
bl dekUM ds }kjk flQZ Mk;sDVªh dks MhysVfd;k tkrk gS blds fy;s ;g t:jh gS dh
Mk;jsDVªh igys ls [kkyh gksA
Syntex- Rmdir mame Directcry name -
4- MKDIR COMMAND-
bl dekUM ds }kjk flQZ Mk;DVªh dks fMysV fd;k tkrk gS bldsfy;s ;g t:jh gS dh
Mk;jsDVªh igys ls [kkyh gksA
SYNTAX -RMDIR directory name -
4- MKDIR command-
bl deklUM ds }kjk ubZ Mk;jsDVªh cukbZ tkrh gS A
SYNTAX : MKDIR Directry name -
5- RM command -
bl dekUM ds }kjk flQZ Qkby djs fMVsy dj ldrs gS A
SYNTAX : RM file name-
vkj ,e dekUM ds lkFk vkj vki'ku dj mi;ksx djs rc ;g Mk;jsDVªh dks Hkh MhysV dj
nsrh gS A pkgs Mk;DVbl dekUM ds }kjk flQZ Qkby djs fMVsy dj ldrs gS A
SYNTAX - RM file name-
RM

bl dekUM ds }kjk flQZ Qkby djs fMVsy dj ldrs gS A
SUNTEX - RM file name-
vkj ,e dekUM ds lkFl vkj vki'ku dk mi;ksx djs rcf ;g Mk;jsDVªh dks Hkh MhVsy dj nsrh gS A
pkgs Mk;jsDVªh [kkyh gks ;k uk gkss A
6. MV command -
bl dekUM ds }kjk Qkby dks ,d Mk;jsDVªh es ewHk dj ldrs gS ;gh dekUN Qkby o
Mk;jsDVªh ds uke psUt djus d fy;s Hkh mi;ksx es ykbZ tkrh gS A
SYNTEX- MV file named Path
Move djus ds fy;s ]
Syntex : MV Old Name New Name
Name Change or Rename
Conditional Statement
1) if -then -else-fi
2) Case statement
1) if <condition> then
<statement>
else
<statement>
fi
Example :-
echo enter 1 value
read a
echo enter 2 value
read b
if test $a -gt $b
then
cho $a
else
cho $b
fi
2) Case Statement :-
case value in
choice1)
<statement>
;;
choice2)
<statement>
;;
*)
<statement>
;;
esac

Example :-
echo "enter no between 1 to 3"
read a
case $a in
1) echo "you are enter 1"
;;
;;
;;
*) echo "you are enter wrong no"
;;
esac
Define several file test option ?
1) -s true if the file exist and has a size greater then 0
2) -f true if the file exist and is not a directory
3) -d true if the file exist and is a directory file
4) -c true if the file exist and is a character special file
5) -b true if the file exist and is a block special file
6) -r true if the file exist and you have a read permission to it
7) -w true if the file exist and you have a write permission to it
8) -x true if the file exist and you have a exicutable permission to it
Explain loop control structure ?
Those statement are used to repeat any statement is called loop statement.
In a linux operating system several types of loop's
1) while loop
2) for loop
3) until loop
1) while control command
do
command1
command2
done
2) for control variable in value1 value2 value3....
do
command 1
command 2
command 3
done
3) until control command doesn't return true
do

this
command 1
command 2
done
Write a program to check the file is writeable or not ?
echo Enter file name
read filename
if [-w $filename]
then
echo Type matter to append. To stop type ctrl D.
cat>>$filename
else
echo No write permission.
fi
Write a Program to print nos. between 1 to 10 ?
j=1
while[ $j -le 10 ]
do
echo $j
j=`expr $j + 1`
done

WINDOWS NT
Hardware requirement of windows NT are:
1. 486 processor or above (i.e. Pentium)
2. 80 MB hard disk or above.
3. 16 MB RAM or above.
4. CDROM
5. Video card
6. NJC (network interface card)
7. Printer
8. Floppy
9. Modem
10. Keyboard
11. Mouse
All above hardwares are required for window NT.
Features and capabilities of Window-NT.
1. No special training is required to operate Window-NT.
2. This operating system is GUI based. It provides facility of networking.
3. This operating system is multi programming, multi processing, Batch
processing, time sharing. It supports all facilities of network.
4. Two types of server can be created in window NT 1. Main server 2. Work
station server.
In a network there is only one main server , We can make more servers,
which is called work station server.
5. Inbuilt drivers are available in window NT and it has inbuilt network
protocols.
6. Window NT provides most security to the files. In window NT without login
and password cannot enter in window NT.
7. Windows NT has inbuilt web browsers through which we can create and
see the web pages.

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PGDCA fundamentals of Computer os hindi